CHEMISTRY CAPSULE 30.

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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, REGIONAL OFFICE, RAIPUR

CHEMISTRY STUDY CAPSULE FOR CLASS – XII

SESSION – 2022-23
CHAPTERS INCLUDED –
1. SOLUTIONS – 7 MARKS
2. CHEMICAL KINETICS – 7 MARKS
3. d- & f- BLOCK ELEMENTS – 7 MARKS
4. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS – 7 MARKS
5. AMINES – 6 MARKS
6. BIOMOLECULES – 7 MARKS
Prepared by – Mr Wasim Khan PGT Chem KV Dongargarh
Mrs Meenakshi PGT Chem KV NTPC Korba
SOLUTIONS
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Define the term molarity and molality. What is the effect of temperature on these
concentration terms?
Ans – No of moles of solute in 1 litre of solution is molarity whereas no of moles of
solute in 1 kg of solvent is called molality. Molality does not change with temperature
whereas molarity changes because M depends on volume and volume changes with
temperature change.
2. State Henry’s law and explain the effect of it solubility of gases in liquids.
Ans – “Solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of
the gas present above the surface of liquid or solution”. More the value of KH, less
will be the solubility of the gas.
3. State Roult’s law if (i) both the components of a solution is volatile and (ii) solution
contains a non-volatile solute.
Ans – (i) Partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution is directly
proportional to its mole fraction present in the solution.
(ii) The vapour pressure of the solution containing non-volatile solute is directly
proportional to the mole fraction of solvent only.
4. Compare ideal and non-ideal solutions.
Ans -

Ideal solutions Non-ideal solution

Obeys Roult’s law. Does not obey Roult’s law.
∆Vmix & ∆Hmix both = 0 ∆Vmix & ∆Hmix both ≠ 0
n- hexane & n- heptane, bromoethane & Ethanol & water, acetone & chloroform
chloroethane
5. Compare non-ideal solutions showing positive and negative deviations.
Ans -

Positive deviation Negative deviation

 Observed V.P. > calculated V.P.
CHEMISTRY
A-B interactionCAPSULE
decreases. 30.docx A-B interaction increases.
Minimum boiling azeotrope is formed. Maximum boiling azeotrope is formed.
Water & Ethanol. Chloform & Acetone.
6. What is abnormal molar mass? How will it be corrected?
Ans – Due to association or dissociation of solute particles in the solution the molar
mass observed is found different from actual molar mass of the solute. Now the
observed molar mass is called abnormal molar mass. It will be corrected using vant-
Hoff’s factor while using calculation of molar mass of solute using any colligative
property.
7. What will be vant-Hoff factor for the followings?
(a) Acetic acid in water (b) Acetic acid in benzene (c) K4[Fe(CN)6] in water.
Ans – (a) More than 1 (b) less than 1 (if 100% dimerization takes place). (c) 5 if
100% ionisation.
8. To find the molar mass of biomolecules, osmotic pressure method is preferred.
Justify.
Ans – because using osmotic pressure method temperature of the solution does not
change and therefore correct molar mass is calculated whereas other methods are
based on temperature change and therefore the biomolecules may decomposed or
denaturized.
9. Arrange the following solutions in increasing order of boiling points and freezing
points. Give justification also.
0.1 M KCl AND 0.1 M glucose.
Ans – B.P. = 0.1 M glucose < 0.1 M KCl – because KCl is ionized in solution and
gives approximately double number of particles as compared to glucose solution.
F.P. = 0.1 M KCl < 0.1 M glucose – reason is same.
10. What is meant by Colligative Properties? Give types of colligative properties.
Ans – The properties of a solution depends upon no of particles of solute not on the
nature, in the solution are called colligative properties.
(a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure (b) Elevation of boiling point (c) Depression
of freezing point (d) Osmotic pressure. All are directly proportional to the molality of
the solution.
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Define Osmotic pressure. What do you understand by the term hypertonic and
hypotonic solutions? What happens when blood cells are kept in fresh water?
Ans – Movement of solvent particles through the semipermeable membrane from
dilute to concentrate solution is called osmosis.
The solution which has higher osmotic pressure is called hypertonic whereas the
solution which has lower osmotic pressure is called hypotonic solution.
Blood cells swell because of endosmosis.
2. Given below is the sketch of a plant for carrying out a process.

(a) Name the process occurring in the above plant.

(b) To which container does the net flow of solvent take place?
(c) Give one practical use of the plant.
Ans - (a) Reverse osmosis
(b) To fresh water container
 (c) This can be used as a desalination plant to meet potable water requirements.
3.CHEMISTRY
Calculate the CAPSULE 30.docx
boiling point of a solution prepared by adding 15 g of NaCl to 250 g of
water. (Kb for water = 0.512 K Kg mol-1 and molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 g/mol).
Assuming that NaCl is 100% ionized in water.

Ans - ∆Tb =

=
= 1.052 K
Boiling point of the solution = 373 + 1.052 = 374.052 K
4. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850 bar. A non-
volatile solute weighing 0.5 g when added to 39.0 g of benzene (molar mass =
78g/mol). Vapour pressure of the solution, then, is 0.845 bar. What is the molar mass
of the solid substance?
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5.

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CHEMICAL KINETICS
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Define the term average rate and instantaneous rate of reaction.
Ans – Change of concentration of either reactant or product in a measurable time
interval is called average rate and if time interval is taken zero then average rate
becomes instantaneous rate. Unit of rate = mol/L/s.
2. Write the rate expression with respect to each reactant and product for the
reaction given below.

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3.

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4. What are the units of rate constant for the zero, first and second order of
reactions?
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 CHEMISTRY CAPSULE 30.docx

5.

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6. Compare molecularity and order of a reaction.

Ans – OR any two considerable points.

7. Write the integrated rate equations for both zero and first order reactions. Also
write their formulas to find half-life.
Ans – For zero order – K = [R]0 – [R]/t & t1/2 = [R]0/2K
For first order – K = 2.303/t . log [R]0/[R] & t1/2 = 0.693/K
8.

9. (a) What is the effect of temperature change by 100C on rate constant?

(b)Define pseudo first order reaction.
Ans – (a) Rate constant becomes doubled.
(b) In a bimolecular reaction, if concentration of one of the reactant is taken in
excess, then reaction becomes first order kinetics. Such reactions are known as
pseudo first order reactions.
10. Define activation energy. Explain the effect of catalyst on activation energy of a
reaction?
Ans – The minimum amount of energy that is required to cross the energy barrier
and form activated complex for the reactant molecules, is called energy of activation.
A catalyst provides an alternate path of lower activation energy and increase
the reaction rate.
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain the key features of Collision theory.
i. Collision between the reactant molecules is must.
ii. Colliding molecules must have proper orientation.
Iii.Collision frequency must be high.
2. A reaction is first order in A and second order in B.
(i) Write the differential rate equation.
(ii) How is the rate affected on increasing the concentration of B three times?
 (iii) How is the rate affected when the concentrations of both A and B are doubled?
CHEMISTRY
Ans - . CAPSULE 30.docx
(i) Rate = K[A] 1 [B]2
(ii) Rate = K[A]1 [3B]2 = 9K[A]1 [B]2 hence, it becomes 9 times.
(iii)Rate = K[2A]1 2[B]2 = 8K[A]1 [B]2 hence, it becomes 8 times.
3. Draw the graphical representations of zero and first order reactions showing time
and conc. Of the reactant.

Ans - (i) zero order (ii) 1st order

4. How is the activation energy of a reaction calculated by graphical method?

Ans -

Find the slope and calculate Ea as slope = -Ea/R

5. A first order reaction is 50% completed in 40 minutes at 300 K and in 20 minutes at
320 K. Calculate the activation energy of the reaction.
(Given: log 2 = 0.3010, log 4 = 0.6021, R = 8.314 JK-1 mol-1)
Calculate K1 and K2 using two half-lives given and then find Ea.
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
1. Write IUPAC name of the complex [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+. Draw structures of geometrical
isomers for this complex.

Tetraaminedichloridocromium(III) ion.

2. Using IUPAC norms write the formulae for the following :

(a)Pentaamminenitrito-O-cobalt(III) ion
 (b)Potassium tetracyanidonickelate(II)
CHEMISTRY CAPSULE 30.docx
Ans - (i) [Co(NH3​)5​(ONO)]2+ (ii) K2​[Ni(CN)4​]

3. Define and give one example each of linkage and coordination isomerism.
Ans – Linkage isomerism arises due to presence of ambidentate ligands. Any
example
Coordination isomerism arises due to exchange of ligands between positive
and negative coordination spheres. Any example.
4. Define ambidentate ligands and chelating ligands with suitable example.
Ans – An ambidentate ligand has two donor sites but monodentate in nature at a
time. NO2-, SCN- etc
5. What are homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes?
Ans – In homoleptic complexes all the ligands present are same whereas in
heteroleptic complexes different kind of ligands is present. ,

6. Write the state of hybridisation of central metal and structure of the following
complexes-
[NiCl4]2- & [Ni(CN)4]2-
Ans - [NiCl4]2- is tetrahedral and sp3 hybrid.
[Ni(CN)4]2- is square planer and dsp2 hybrid.
7.

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8.

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9.

Ans – first will give white ppt with barium chloride whereas the second will give
white ppt with silver nitrate, so these are ionisation isomers.
10. What are the possible hybridisation and geometry of complexes having
coordination number 4 and 6?
Ans – Coordination no 4 = dsp2 hybridisation – square planer structure & sp3
hybridisation – tetrahedral structure.
Coordination no 6 = d2sp3 and sp3d2 hybridisation – octahedral structure.
 Ans – Since Mn has sp3 hybridisation and 5 unpaired electrons, it has magnetic
CHEMISTRY
moment CAPSULE 30.docx
of 5.9 BM.
11.

Ans – first one has unpaired electrons whereas the second one has no unpaired
electron.
12. Complexes with Polydentate ligands are more stable than other complexes.
Justify by giving examples.
Ans – Polydentate ligands offer chelating effect which makes the complex more
stable.
13. Give the electronic configuration of the following complexes on the basis of
Crystal Field Splitting theory:
[CoF6]3-, [Fe(CN)6]4- and [Cu(NH3)6]2+

Ans - [CoF6​]3−, Co3+→(3d6)→t2g4​eg2​

[Fe(CN)6​]4−, Fe2+→(3d6)→t2g6​eg0​
[Cu(NH3​)6​]2+,Cu2+→(3d9)→t2g6​eg3
14. Compare the key points of VBT and CFT.
Ans – key points are - VBT is metal centred whereas CFT is ligand centred.
VBT is based of hybridisation hypothesis whereas CFT is based of splitting of d
orbitals under the influence of ligands
THE D- AND F-BLOCK ELEMENTS
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AMINES
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Q6.
Why is methylamine more basic than aniline?
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Methylamine is more basic than aniline due to resonance in aniline and lower stability of aniline ions.
Q7.
Ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is almost insoluble. Why?
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Due to hydrogen bonding ability of ethylamine.
Q8.
Why are diazonium salts of aromatic amines more stable than those of aliphatic amines?
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The diazonium salts of aromatic amines are more stable than those of aliphatic amines due to dispersal
of the positive charge on the benzene ring.
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How will you convert
(ii) Ethyl nitrile to ethyl amide
(iii) Benzene diazonium chloride to benzonitrile
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Write the structure of N-methylethanamine.
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CH3—NH—CH2CH3.
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Write the structure of prop-2-en-1-amine.
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Q38.
How will you convert the following:
(i) Aniline to chlorobenzene
(ii) Ethanoic acid to methanamine
(iii) Benzene diazonium chloride to phenol
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Q39.
How are the following conversions carried out:
(i) Aniline to fluorobenzene
(ii) Benzene diazonium chloride to benzene
(iii) Methyl chloride to ethylamine
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Q40.
How are the following conversions carried out:
(i) Aniline to iodobenzene
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BIOMOLECULES

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