i Ee * Qmaiest Latitude — poles (Is) PF Ima ast Horizontal Lines. that run, {orm East to West pubebduubwes NT Latitude - “paraiiels”” + 2S fe x fe iF inouru i lines Total - \ga (G0'N 90's 0°) Imagin Nerticle. s ‘ p flak = std em (69 miles) Nomrth £0 south | Rm) | PEAY Lon; jradeS - 360 (180e £\80 TA mive - 6m (north eote) * 4Nm - 1 8koy| 4 \30W + 180% = loigi ade s r RN — Prime metidian y 7 Mo" meridian = international cate Nine. | F Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours Ane 2 215° | | at > AN meridians en iat ude are | © % equal tengeh- ° 0" — equator slong. *235'N — ryopie 4 cancet 3 Nuit Tsland { $33 = cede A carpicor Bi eatiey Gare 8 66EN - Avctic civcle s qsouth Ariantic Ocean * 66S - Antoreric ctycle-epee prime Meridian t & + it passes Hest Greenwhich 10 London, RIK - ase Game in TAGO + ortong. Kingdom * UR * France * Spain ‘ Algeria + mai + BuFRINA Faso See aime Wa | CF + Togo * Ghana F (ing “the dengin 3 days on equa- | tor is a more than a =F ys # there was rfo- akmospher | No Feqraction + Boye Night 4 \ jpe— Se | F, ay Prime Meridian (Cong) * indian Cstandard time Cist] ri alae Ch) °°a. 7 cog 4 Passes Yrypuah * uP * ™p © chat: * odisha ep ¥ Chailbagan time - thy ohed 4 TST. ; * 23 san 22 Jan % 22Jan ——— 23 Jan WUVUUUWUULELUNO ODO DEDURLUDLULLY * time mee | Lose ny gein 93\jan be ia et | time lose (auhr) sole soe / (ee 5 wi est xg \° ain day * lose = ‘tose! raat time Ja gin time . ere _ lose & oy {ter 2 rs "oe: ee | \% Dirhy loss a eat 94 What Will happen uf you are | Soa east across the TpL? You Will ose 24 hours G2 it News is broadcast frm London at to:goam ak wWhak Hime it! Wi be heard in Baghdad Caste) | eal WP che ue 4st = Shy 1O0°30am ® ay (London (onghdad ) ‘ cai —~ Som¥ mteratora_ dle tine - 100 ESSE rc =) ae + f \ | — Geoid oblote spheroid established oSEES through Te) 1884 ie | aceon} [Reason [- More centrifugal fprce at: equator: F Which Ghait is Nearst to 10L © matacea simjt Arctic} Pacitic Radius ne ocean | ocean (ssi) “(usp | VS Bering strait Equatorial Polar ® strait |] florida radius ridius, © sit Gibralter ¥ ev cetans] qerce * Hme zones) | pole > Equakor °F Ey € corileous force Ne eee * Russia - 1) Zero high . =6 a (Equator) (foe) *( south Ag # ToL — passes water body ¥ Gpeed ‘ earth (Rotationa)) only. aaa oo a a ce min- When a ship cross the TDL (equator) (pole) from West to east > mores ae by one te * leases Eeteea] gain a doy Rotation Revoluion on earth titted ors Q pusiest Astrut (shipping line) Ceareym eerie ond Inclinakion of WS a ane re ., Dover Garrat «2 2 | => 4 => >= =: ad 3 2 3-3 a = = 3 = a == = an = - = = = “i a= a= r ie - Sean its own axis o Ale 23hY, Som. ysec f Direction - west ®) eost + Nae Speed is, [ok akatentiator rmin = ak pole ete [REVOWingesdround the sun! iq Elliptical orbit Orbital /Speed — 29-8 umis | | —— ai wae a (mercury) Crephane) es on Revolution own aziS | speed speed | QBhr_ stm 4sec. Sp~ * Azial inclinakion - 23-5° © orbital inclinakion — ¢6-5° to tiltness earth * due \ ! aaa q season, heli ane Apheliog@— Say rcs, | (0444) ‘ihe | \ (an:s) Vo qarest Nearest: © perihelion 3 Jan. *Aphelion - 4 a * Vernal equinox — 24 march * Atumnal equinox - 23 sep. * Sumar Solstice - 2! Yan s winter sobtice - 21 08sepntinuous sun 5 on North pole dor 6 Months Continuous dayhant sore > Summer jp No Hemigac | ae Summer Solestic Sp Minter in S+ Hemisphere, t Vertical fugon Torie gq cancer Orerhend - ost onaq chhat » Jharkhand w8 Tripura o9140ram vernal Equino% -| countries | =a mexico Western Sahara Mauritania mali Algeria Lib. You eaypt Saudi “Awabia une oman - OD 60th Pole er - 6 mortths Continuous day tights Mexico Se Mumba Ne Aanes Ker Wye Egq Should Bring Fo__my_ china Town. Hindicn Sangiadesh “yanmar ching fi Taiwan| WUVGLLEDLUL EEL E LUBED ODE WUWLUbULU WU osu bWls | Trick - ECR UK-CGS T Trick - se PNB Se Musa) Agi “ . Ecuador F chile 7 Aegentina \ wv Cohombia > Brazil 7 Paraqui ' Cy Brazil} P Namie ’ fF Botswana Gabon 7 south Africa im t Ap zombique Con ge = Pacnqascag ' 7 AuStralig, Democratic «Republic como | 4 uU gen da kenya GSamalia maidives a. LTndonesiaMantle ~OUREFMOSt solid pare Port eain Nani: A AS j UPPer portion g mentale continental * SIAL *silicon = -— iv [ | r ea aes Main source. 4 magma + Ruminium f tind its oat the ‘Surface during volcanic Emp ons — antes] 831 qeath) [ plate tectonic. movement | yf coo one. Freaker 2 ae ost magnesin extends — depth - 2900km * earth curst + oxygen Beyond asthenosphere solid Mant} mh — * silicon i a + wre made - Nickel f fron rm nite layer | J s * tron an orygen outer Inner se* silicon. core core: + liquid (pale solid hate | told mine —= sien \ dhs Attica S100 | ¥ deepest drill at Kola - Arctic 1 ee ceanThickness continental) oceanic 45 denser 7 - Oceanic) cont: \Eoceanic crust Ye. 4. Ast phere “mantle, 4 Asthenosphere mente — RepeeEt Wek CONN a 2\ ] / a a / Z\ / 3\ Mesosphere re \ mantle \\ an t \ (solid) [age t outer / a Liquid Ore _a—tehmann Z aE. z a ae / Y inner / 2 Sof cg a: # inner most part 5 me earth. © conard vis. ® moho vis @ Guttenberg Dis, \@F Lehmann ois: 4 Density core mantle > crust #2 = = == —_ = = ee GNrecvicgouree! =” anaiventy * volcano . oy 2 oo * Surface ; = Rock oe upper # Methods +o know earths interior = Earthquake * meteorites * Gravitahona) force.| Plate tectonic concept re Merenzie Parker morgan —also called lithospheric plate - plate moves proton ally over the asthenosphere © Antarctica ® North American plate © cocos plote. (Blw)- centra) America + P:P) —@ Nazca plate (lw - Soukh America + ep) © Arabian plate ©) Philippine plate (Blw- Asiatic + PP) © caroline piae (Giw- Philippine + indian p- [6 fuji rwwe (novEh east 4 Rus - (Sep. - we AHlantic {loor + 5-A plate’) | @ south American (SP wh Aifantic dloor4, N-A Plde) © pacitic piate © india - Aus-NZ_ plate © ayrica with estern Atlantic @ eurasia F plate pull awe mm ecich | other “A vr | Sony ovtes. Ex+ mid - Atlantic Ridgecontenental crust: one plate dived Under anotht! | — — Simei qo pate. i Fr bho PSwbduction zone: where cont: crust bit Indo- Aus: plate _ © oceanic 4 cont: plate | ® wo oceanic plate, | K— @ oo cont. plore © crust jis destroyed [eontnenta Plate Oceanic foted) Mountain VWEELUEDUUDDRDPTDEVUWWU arn crust Neither produced nor destroyed: Eruption do not takes i Lota readion 9 Pecean trap. Sdevergent —— blw Indian 4 Antarctic aie i, © fotation a the earth has tS ettect on the Separated FF tower oe eet much heat blocks, 4 the plate poxton. 4 esac aNo Woder + No pressure { No magma No volcano Maximum volcano denser than cont: plate maz. denser more pressure! more D..> ‘ magma lava ——~ volcano (Sudden endogeni c qorce energy teleased Berane €arthquake ee Natura) éar. occure In lithosphet| 87. oceanic crust 2x continental crust ccs - oy q €arthqui seismograph - Measure Seismic. waves: Iso seismic ~ noting equal vine aa In none same pressure sasinity humidity, sunsine, \sO bar \Sothaline = equal Isohume - equal \svhe} equal dohyers equal precipitet sso thesmy equal “Fémp) \sotach - equa) wind’seed \sogit Saowhary, EE rae origion 4% €arEhquake f= point where. energy released: [point on suntace Nearest to the qoais: | ~ 48& one to experience the waves. I point. oe uabove the docus. maximum sapage i:ecpicentet © Srcusy Hypocenieh) hy ee ee VOLULIU ULL ee adae : aes due * body waves, to release interact wit the ‘Sur. rn agg A BE {roll w wate ue sel ‘rechon. ari { Waves. * P- Waves * 1- wave ©*f Bm ie a 3 7 + the selon my ave changes | r. as io he Travel through materials) — id with “ditterent densities. 2 ¥ denser material 4 . higher fs the ae 3 i. a y Move aster > 48© to arive at Surgace 7 Smilar to sound waves: 7 travel Mbit: * Gaseous * liquid 2 ee 7 eax: velocity _ is ae wave (sound) lt times qaster than S Wave \ [ Nibrate poranél 48 the divecHon Fae [s-wave] oo reach + transverse wave more destructive than p Wave Perpendicular +o the wave direction in the vertica) plone . Doesn’t pass, Hrrovgh Core.| [ (Buetace weve (tad acacia [s-wave | | i beyond [05° last +0 Feport on Serena foe Zone 7 does not receive s- waves. Fomore destructive | F shadow zone larger cause displacement A rocks, s-wave ) p -wave fF least Speed. | b most Smee Waves f MN di { — ™mpli tude im PTS ——~ mode: xe f wt > Seismo iS located beyond | Nok direct & die WS from epicentre, yecord the receive! Qrrivay” plwuves , x s-wave ove Intensit Very high risk zone area liable to Shaking Tr Wigh risk zone Cintensity Camm) Moderate tisk Zone Gntensity Rann ku) ee 7 | ‘ "I Jower densi higher densi 20N€ WE thdo- cangetic basine, \ xe 4 i High risk) it we Ce It K MH, not much heat [ankle >) crust BZD orange) | Patna up si Le ler asthenospher, sae ONE TE part gq kashmir , | ‘ ae me (™ odevate) | K magma =‘ iNetiouy|_ Western eee. | x come a I ete TNE eit) ary Raita Upper mantle tow Bick) Jharkhand , Karndako postion. Pes QWeIE ol ea a Zonet No risk (areen) vent 7 pqeasure. feaaqyinse Sk earth- equake - c [ Tagnitide:: 0-9 ~ Least - 0 ¢ BBrest Witensi ty -g [mere axcount visible domage caused] mages + 4 oie @® Eruption som volcanic Sein % Gases * water Vapout (H20) 60-307. * Cor * Now * Sor @ positive extects 4 Ackive ‘Volcan “Volcanic ash ¢oust © vert fertile. o best br Agricwhure «yellowstone N:P = volcanic enuphlF contain more silica Viscous Lignter in color Bx: 6 stom boli, tay Tightite<;- house mediteriah sea on Ach ve * €rupes ry © japon - sukurajima ® Hawaii Island + Rilau + mauna joa + mauna kea § Indonesia Tambora * sumeru + merapi Dukano * ftaly— * Strom bol! + mount: Eng FP Creates ome Qs ructure Puy de dome france | contain lesS silica Ljess5 viScoUS L oarker in color | | creates Har top Struct Pex: : | + Manne toa, Hawaii 4- “Dormant | Extinct, erupted in nen Past but fp the Potential to do Honvent) erupted 'c human hi stroy a Not quture- © india * Narcondum (Near North Randaman) wl A ccrean, * Heraxahia— " sapan — gujiyama a nt Vesuvius * Fan zaniq- mt- Ki limajaro ™ Euador- chimborazo - Aegenting - ee = Myo — Popa.L most explosive Be the Barth - es ti gest volcano Q earth made A, basalt r When erupt tend +o collapse L on themeelves. rather than building tail struchire. very tluid | this yeason .volcanoes ate not steep. 7 Close Some i Scat explosive | colderq rH somehow water gets into | > Wh .aa'one Vent — explosive A F develops inte cinder tone | es —~HloodNolcano | a heghty fluid” tava x i P| F tows gor long distance F More ViSeous javas than Deccan Hops {rm Todia. eee | basalt Cooler than shield Volcano. | [ 5 | ROCKS Bray with lava, Pywoclastic | Material ¢ Ashes come. Lava coo} down step than shield vol- More a Shie ‘ol Locadion ert r 8 Nolcanic. Pluton fe vock rockee aay “ane were) oa op ouene| ontay - | bodies} Sait Acaco\ith) Anficline Pea Pea S aD | cooled portion q magma Soliditi es pale ina geen deeper vegion. Perpendicular ra 4 | [Batholiinee | TO bhe. a a cool down r magaaig material thal coo}s, in sive! deendiatepen _— Eee] [ develops - \arge Dome Cgauicer Shaped | COoled Pertion 4 magma concave +0 the ea od + Géanitic bodies —S 7 eaeconich ] F large come shaped intrusive codies Pepositon on supoune ©@ Anticline /stuchire F connected by pipe tike conduit -4 ‘ * horizontal bodies + Surace — composite Volcano. thinner thick (sheets) Gils) x. Karnataka plateus.Rocks * baste Qource au menerales —| Eaneous “Rock J 'S the hot magma in the *Nolcanic berecca re i interior 4 the ae + ree rock ts lorcet abundant (395%) . Yr 4 “Metallic Minerals P t rc Bec |e 7 Woliditied tom magena. Lava. E% ued. shed ! i ange Y NeDR {erus + oldest 4, all the rocks. ais Bis ferrous metals: | 1 ra Deol | When magma in its upword >. mae see ie: cools 4 turn into Solid plakium —— a | ¥ . a Deka phe! ; cennitel i> ‘ * gabbro a % Pst mM minerals + pegmatite found in rocks = Gosalt 35 # FeldSpar + hutt a # quartz = tedence ee ) awtrusive oreKs! | seal » a ER ae Solidification Granite : we Peat beneath earth at i + quartzite ‘ Surface . granite Soanera ne ee socal + Soapstone - soft 2 ——s Bol iditicartion Vocanic recks Molten Java ak ecure, Ssurface,a a iat oe) Kee) * Batholith 4 5 ; ase Antermediate J * Laccolith | process recrystalli zation f beneath | frocks *Phacolith) | veorganizeho menerals the earth * | ¢ zs 4 sins “surface * oyyes. Within “the pal Yorks | in rocks get 10 baie cabled fF Dentrital bocks Eaample:, (ent caotd many tious P. Tne1 SSOV + olate! PEccrions {ormed BN ae f elds “aay eberve 4 coal, oil. 5 Parle, and Natural ats * quartzite: r AL AS tich In Minerals | eeonbenic! value as en (Et @ poo main constituents q aca eran 7 SHica * Limestone + Limestone « Limestone) — WUMinium. . * chalk * sandstone Pete ane erie Wwwer most f innermost * ceypoum = Aue ® ne totusive ignenus rocks gu * Loess } * calcayeous. aa Bakholiths enerad &> @ single element mineral. "|e cold = - Graphite —- copper - silver - swipharebeunry Indicales the end 4 continetal Sep —wnemer eal “taatNe Be a a i at al a A Fe) Clay + Continenta) Abyssal plain a5 oe Hise (osst) (plane area) 2 2-2 2 @4- mayor divisions 2 6 consinenta) shel t A ® continentod slope abo acst fear % rete @ ceep sea plain as | eae gradient q AP or even le: so © oceanic oeeps | | ian Steep Slope | Leo coiled Shelf break Siberian shel{ in Arctic ocean 7 ge ae . - jes a e Fargest in the word 2- Hawaiian = ay Sta Tslands : 5) mounts ceource sf qossil fuels —_ an) guyots — platectu, Good fer isting, ground: oe +renches — convergenb plak hes oon peak. — . Ridge = aan plate bound — 2 "ek Minor relies eae —-»> — _—> 3 mh we4 foctors which oAfect the distri bution tery Ocean lctexte Ure voaferr % : 5 F connects the continental Self pslope (2-5*) i) Latitude Lslope bound Indicates the ii) unequal distribukion 4 end 4 the Sip continents Jand + vooter Feanyons + trenches obsewved | - aie reqion | iit) prevailing, wind ) Ocean currents © wees / Tora content xy dissowed | | Salt Tn sea swWote- | Prim qacttrs ATUL 4, depends 2 precipitation + Oceanic “currents oe ® eorioi's qpree- ecanse 5 | ‘ tolahon | 9 tarovity ane ocean current @ wind Highest salinity in woler bodies O pea y Slee wdind —Cintluence solnnity ) "Lake van ip TUKEY — S30 “ho Speconderny quctors . *oeand seq _ 228 i 7 * Crest salt take - 2a07, | © Sali’ highest salinity is recorded ae 4 ee SF Belge rie ~ Back S8A — Very tou . (fresh geo records =~ Indi Ocean- 35%, due 4D high evApormbonwes Because 4 rotahon % earth ee zero @ ato’ Sa , _ cyoone (R) PN-H = Right ‘ Le se Pot > ect F which js denser BO cold Water gain @ warm Lode {_ Cold weaken P= more denser currents © Rotation Gresden @ Ar pressure @ Beret 4 Ocean, WUVELEGEELEDELUUOLUbbbUbUbLubtesuaEL F Factor whith influence ocean | gon eS Ae | | — > warm cuuren { iy t $e cold ee cuntent - * Warm current > aie (movement) Sp Squad VS? “pores € cold current rChtOuAG% - pole to equator . higher latitude to ower latitude * Legh Right Rat An lett Vv \ONS GL nenoay yoo ek oa a ats Gulf Stream can ) (joi ws N*e9-ca Antites) “7 (Gow) Seq-cure wenguels ae falktond. out yy.west / 5 Ausc | § ( “) ase Indian oc: © Ss ‘ cold current rm desert i ¢ Meeting _ paint t € 2 10 larry cold Paty Environment Nawigast on psoblem good ons bons = strat +0ld t help “to tepienish the Ont fovour the aoe Phato -plankfons EEN {ood ter tesh- + -Afocama. deserb=-¢chile) * Gobi cesert (mc) * Ladakh“Tre Corel Reets Anemone belongs 4p When the coral polyps die they | shed thet Skeleton Ecoral] on Fenidaria] On which Neo polyps grove k cycle: vepeated —= GSlrollow vock Created fisu: tame ae called ree}, © corals reets — made ” 4 coral reels over periad 9 me thousands tiny Animals \ Sle AS Com Belaind s {Neuiieleone.o} ee waladincts Marium —corpls pron 4 Ati \ Sym botic® relad- | Weritic zone aS polyps have Syebo ship with F corals also belongs 4p j s\ Om deep aulowing sunlight +0 reach the entire seafoor over the! continental shel fetentoto) = acter | | ° , Gem - hard hord face pork 4 he Oceans photic Zon oe Baline water coast a ater 9X: ~~ xe ao 7 clear water warm wale Rich eee & Nudsients Abundant plankonsa Lndiq wy yt Goral Beets in L (aut a mannay Islands - masium p ASN Gut q Kutch aan Barrier ringing ‘ee Adi! eet Bwoont seit i 2: = G c ae LE is is i. i 7 ' 7 G - Ts a 2 2 B most eee found Rees in the World Example : * Gouth florida reeks *sakau island Sn New Hebrides r Lakshadeep islands — as) made.| | + found offshore on the contine- ntl Selt FES? Great Barrier peek g the N-E coast AuS+ , 4 | ee coral reed. ving shaped coral reef isiand pees +i Aros, © Funafnothis Aris Gellice * SuVadiva® jm |mBidives . “agee \sland- High temp. f fcfreme jouw tides fF ocean Acidification, f Oiseases Ocean polluchorioe teeter esp | Bygtern in the world Global ae 4 coral ard east [ne Australian Cost F marine potluon ocean aciditicahon fF oxone depletion aos Nien species | ‘ F over exploriahion es Scag Aourise _ marine diversi 4 r Twrisr r yishi a F coastline protection L medicinad pxopesties % wral Feet) Island * Great Garrier Reef | Aus- * Rainbow eet fil + waray Istand, India: CAtu)_4 upward 4 downyard _moverent + responable fpr creating Aides — [Reap BEST, (ice ron) EE enonth) Qrevitationa) pull oF moon (main) seven day interval) who a Cyrent extent) tide + Neop tides: * centrifugal gorce q aaa! pull 4 sun - Osun 4 moon age one to \ (lesser extent) ary oral qorce concract one onther I - attrachon — moon } sun Lawice), forth 3 WT bbibbbbboberbavbnnns - Highest tide Occur twice @ month i # ebb- time cho the high tide and the low Nde, when rater Nevel fs talli ng. Paccet fess Highest tidal (candida) iy ull moon period New ™00A Period.F &emi- oiurnal Hde = Vvariahons in height Oiurnal tide F both G 4+@ oscillations thigh t mixed Tide ~[Osemi-Aurnal ide) | - . Fr rewo high tides + two low Hides each di higne’! [-[Bnportence 3 fides) | = (same iq ¢) | f Navigadvon Uhigh tides) F interval (highs low) — gh, apitin a | Aides are used to generaz® electrical power } b ct? F Helpw 4 Cee 4 Ea $ com reeks ow toustain. 7 M0st Widespread in indian ocean High tide High tide, tow hide one high 4 one low tide (same, height) Highteats in Atmosphere pee Eb aegis iw arqeN fe Coo = Neon ie Ae uny Methare @@oe® @oeoao keypton # Atmosphere extends about {600 km Nike uy ort — the or bad protect {rom harm{u) gests r doesnt Need oo medium, for heat trans ter y Abe Without contact an : Fee! Gun energy —> earth Ser 0-037 on ps oo | 0-0018 % | 4 | amount 4 sun's energy Feciéved in the {orm \ P| radiaxion | (> [Ganka e) upto | Actual transter a, matter r proportion q nT that fhe CBurface can reflect cd back into ‘space : fake core 9 extra tervestrial} | Black white Objects ike (meteors). 1 4 ae y ay light absorb absorb none and yeflect. reflects none. every fri ng:Albedo Balck object @ Albedo White (i ht) object, * qresh Snow * thick cloud * water Old snow concreake Resert Sot} Grassi Albedo \ \lenus — made trom sulphuric Acid | ‘ Nery tet! echy ® macimum plantes)} ® macium Albedo © Tundra ® Taiga @® tropicad dec: © qopicad evergreen. *Cog Allows fndom:- ~~ radiakion- snot tranter reglecied- coz ® temp * ® CH “kyo prvtpea! * CO. -hy, wore “Cmethone © Biz * Nitrous oxide (N20) -4, + {lUorinated bn Be « Wat@h vapour Qstratos phere. Earth's SUNSCreen filter 4 Qbsosbs the UV eg felotive thickness is measured in Cobson units.Baa th E Awid’s observed in tower parts fe q this (tem en pt) ; layer | densify 9 air iba, jena, = ae gon “Ts (Temp 4) << gi S| \ of Polar cel) é Z] “Sees : Pf a ben s radio wave cn ) / terre! cell cy ~ [woe dum). Fae ae f HP sy Vwesospiere) (Temp 4] k “Hadley ce es scoldest layer «meteorite punt Le en “strukopouse Hoda Fe “peee) 42 \ Sir eee rrel cel} 2 iy 6s gees s wheather changes, (rem 4) 1a ‘” couted_ch8nging sphere %* Attnospherié | proSsube “yoit sep} every 3 } ' ai (arc) equa? t= 159 PRigh mb + fascale Se ig Negligble quan hy - ak the myn 4 admospher * wind oc r \ ne LP i. 20 Km coxygen) i gor | r ee rs in @ wiser a Ma (ee a, NI ee ee Rise 7 ana TT f gases —+ less ~ ess presure Bate, aa more - more prestre * winds ane “ween —ho'g se screaming Jos Ie sand -jitteeesa + shrinking = 60S+ 4 ve 4 Fi hadley er ae polar} E, an eet || [eet | | —, ~—— CUE LP HP cP IL ag re + Bd-a0n UPR SS°OSIN ig o {0° 2ES= BSS “LE 6S re Polos Sub: polar Sub tmpicad jae Uber sub polar polap vl p i up ae ue igh Pp. pig ary Pe ‘ Garez] Hourse Ja titude F winds _: flow Game direcHon © planetary winds ® Geasonas winds - periodic wind: ® tocol winds ¥ firictionad force | Corbis dorcel nee pa Attec} Hye Speed aitect the i | direction A ind Ae {wind passage permenent wind @ trade winds @® wiesyerlies @ polar easterliespa ei ats “ “ coriolis Yorce / 4, 2 P NH - Right bob 7; Periodic * winds 7 cP change daly avon Rope TORE ih DFR GSS ye seq At | e : tang [ S types | © land £ se Greex uy ES ) oe PSH - lett ere reat esa \ a He, = ihe A, Wve Ne trade wind a js" rez = } ooldtum - Belt 4 calm = NON ot} coriolis. torce a i —/ a's { South east trade ~ NS cans i LA 3 © Pola J ESteb ies . Saks Ooi 4 i seq wake -" slau) heat, ig! S\0W™ coo) , : ;volley Se f Mrowir ret eta wight pte cool air, the high pladeayg and ice ¢tieddS® @raining” into the “-_ ise-aulled- Py a Bind | © [cold winds | 5) K gent) na 2) mediter: seq 3) Adriakic coast (MUAY, sin Ponce ‘Alpsicg Russia ak + spain 4) S$) ') chinook 2) Foehn 3) Loo 4) Sirocco Arica +soud Europe 5) Nor’ Wester NZ 6) Bricktielder - AUS +) Kham sin Eqype west Ayricy centoaledsiq por mato ) koraburuy é\phonta ¥ moist Wind in monsoon 4 iqalabal; coas} ) G The horizonta Winds ear the earth’S surface are Attected © pressure Gradient {prce ® frictional yore © coriolis gore Cold sepo} + OMY Worn + Warm 4 ory “chilling ettect |* worm + moist: «Yeon Hemp. + fees temp: “Not good tor vege] 3 TEMS S00thes IN [ dedlect wind | WH - Hight direchon ‘Humidity | | SH — ett divecHon r Amount § toatl a present r Wind men high = detlectiont in Air L wriovis force ey FOP’ | measurement — Wy9 vom aie angie q jah tudes: f Mace — poles | a tevin) LAbSolile humid ta) fF Obsent - equator- | ’ i i a i Amount @ water v Pegradient Yorell perpendicwax Coe q jap to isObar Pecsent eter HO PA \MOSP HEE e Normolty : + pee woresphere 4 | [ percentage 4 moisture present creasing Aleitude’ taumo— 6c § | In the atmosphere as compared 8 full capacity ak given 19 Taversion/— Temp: rise (incrense) temp. hue with osite : ‘Oppos! behevier Aytitude- ith [Bes Re] oO Long Winter Night i © clearsky fF temp ak which water vapour @® sjow movement 4 air begins to changes into ® sow coverd surface. (pore) qui lid : Wud $0 Ver common ak higher laitude Tmpact - less rolngultvi za condensakion fake. place © when temp. Qair is reduced temp @ which liquid Start | 4p dew point eles ® with Valuer” constant ® both volume + temp: reduced © Moisture added to alr bie €Nopo ration Water - liquid => Water Vapour | © decrease air temp F qactors = © evoporation iggrenses wigh.| ERBEABI SlGendensai * Increase tem i >t itr onxX 4 f | dew point is | Dewlpont 1S * jmcrease t Burfacee AFEA) Aryove {reexin | bleow Arsering 5 5 i " nS") veri TROREBEE IN wind speed | Pome CO™) point) * pecrease in co (aS boy J + {oq | « -elends + hat Stones. | acta) Amount} 4 : Water Vapour prese = amount sew ei Franqormation “he water Vapour intd water /solid- Re + cirrus clouds + Haze move Evap. — more conden sublimatiOn- wyajer Vapour direclty condenses into solid.F When moisture deposited in the fotm 4 water dwoplets On «stone | * grass | (dew Pei condensation | Paint. od conditions -0 clear sky ® + plant leoves Neco cum alr © high relative, Pamidi ty | ® coset LO0Me Nights | ¥ clouds prevent the escape a heat fam the coud Tas | condensakion take place freezing point Co%c) temp: \esS than O'c- excesS moisture is deposited in dorm minute ice cr tals. insted 4 Water dyoplet- Tdeal Condi tion — Game as oe \ except- 4mp must at @) below! p very near to the bal 4 Cis L visi bility + pone 1) Hf doy ore mini cloud F tgs are drier than mist fog + mist Same s 4 only digterence U " mish Contoid more than irq. moi shire { Ito: OVO) Ho GHFBAS f sbi ie as compared to ce recied + ry, Haze smog ~ dust ,somke | = smoke + P90 - No condensation ~ condenstion ~ a = WV —* ligud ee Smokewater droplets Hing crystal y ice dormed Py condensadio Sy warer Vapour | ee Aesording | height expanse pa. ., trounsy density Fey oO if © stratus a ® Nimbus @ Cumwus © cGrrus es | taupe \4ier Caititudes) hori zonta) Taueingy colour - dark 9 {blue to Neary white covering forge pottion % ere generaaly tormed due to 085 east mixin adr masses with ditterent temp: fel me OD PF colour - r ¢orm - black dark gray middle Jevels wet Neck to sur fac | r od dense I opie as meee [ seapess masses g thick Vapour Cwote ciaud ) Nimbo stratus — cOntinudus rain t look - i cotten wdo} | tormed (height) : (4-Fkm) ft base ) r scattered here + there gorm - high altitudes (8-te1 thin # detached ice crystals (solid) a white feathery Appearance* deol order - snicc | fone) © Cgetrarus =I 7 o @ cirrus = @® cirrostratus ® cirrocumwus © altostratus © atocumws @ stratoasmuwus ong dur: @ # Nimbostratus - max. rata © cumuloni MbuUS \ +nunderstorm sun’s halo Rainbow + refraction + refraction oe reglecks ory + vetlection * 29° bend + dispersion — Awards \ observer. | a = Condenst_ Cram gy] O-S+ mm Site dre [Drizate | - light rain tal) 4 ‘ ' drops size - less than 0-5 mm Niroge raindrops exapovate before Yeachi the earth adevops en released by cloud in Solid dorm (pieces a ice) | eg Passing trough the colder Layers solid 5 PF apee S$ hf phan o® wey Condensetion, 7 ec Niguid) Alr vise trogen Faigdrops 4 tetrzen melted Snow - Water condensetion fi) se jemp 4 HI Fiquid smoudtau |- L temp. — lower than 0°C + moisture released in the torm { heaagonel crystal form gioxes ev snow: i , a => Solid ¥ el aan is SS | iw \aceane sale nie solid of oa J tease rainfall uorth a 4 thunder. does not jast ao Gummer @ hotter part qihe ig commen - equatoria) sions winkorrum: —, Soadepsation semis a clo CEU a ol SUN heads UP Me |+ process a qermahion front tron togenesiS y Windword Slopes receive grealer rain jall | aa © cold ed + ™MOISt alr moves over a @® worm cumudonimbyg) | capae *{ mountains @® stationary = se @® occluded | _ anthenniaiatial | +? warm air 5 [ | iL cold air {ets Tess raing) sthadow, ae froin tay). hm v “| ea | | Cold air moves towtirds the Warm alr mass y = Pwo Wditterent air masses contact zone-— clod front i meet —=— cence Zone blw them. warm air mags TVS. cold alr mass] towards 4 contact zoN€ — qarm tun} meeting point ied Rise dont mixed a Ait mass is twly lified ghove Me land Burface: Cold air — middie latitude —— ie : caught eK occur tn Sa aie «fold Or\\ \_\ Mae ’ F Rotation. 4 earth equater - 0 (zero) POLS ago anticlockwise) - | p NH —= Right direction | “ Clockwise Su eeerete = CTech Or clockwis@® | + Atr converge towards centre | | mocimum cyclone c Leas eycones | 04 9 serge fp tdeal conditiGry jor cyclones, O}@) AraBion \ Seq © presence h Corals fore | | @ tow Pressure zone causes . oO a Lb @® large seo Garfoce area Ssurta a - i temp: in K a temp: 27° + st 1 © temp aa ea © vpper evel divergence abive ‘sea veve) ' i dsaing, ae Sr) 4 © Variation 4 inwind| © Rivers ware. B09 in Speed Vertical 7 stresh unter —- heak up ‘less saline ae : Sra low pressure HP ste Leiviolent stotms, Originate - over oceans in twopical areas ca heavy — bainqall: + storm Surges More dangerous formed in low lotitudes (2 Eo 20 degree) DON —~emorem=destructy & Names, © Indian ocean - cyclone ® Atlantic ocean - hutricones| LC ® West Pocitic - typhoon L “western Aus: — Willy -witlies ai * USA — tornado * Phillipines — wiaiqu ice [eve & qatene | TL centre q eycione I No vain x calm weader 4 clear sky ia extremely low Pressure areq. BS diameter of eye — 10 ~39 bm coy’) | © formed in low Jaki tude - 8-20" elliptical (shape) ® east to west @® 00-200 Kmlh ID ocean ccummer} | |© unpredictable | © wore dangerous} , sntta= tol Tropical {0 &X enot presen} © originate = land | + sea © tess distructve more, © move- east ® west semperdde & tormed in middle — jai tude-30-SD" * v"(Ghape) @® MWardS east (w to £) ® 30-50 em|h ® ceean land © _ predictable © ess __more (peed) jand IS} © leas Frontal System @ originate - seas 4 ® agtects much larger area @ Wird velodity ¥ much— higher © less distructive © move- West east"cyclone | Anticyclone 6 converging wind © oivergeng wind Anti | i O nw - clockwise ee ng) GH - clockwise | N'H — clockwise | Su Am iGlockien PP HP oRpendek 1p Gace |- ilies | up * qair Weather ) * Colm weather © Wind blowWS In civcwWar moton a ae _[ serpes 2 * NH — clockwise A-—_—_ ——\236H] SH — Anticlockwise Tropical region Anticycione ore high pressure oyu, ate dn centre aoe musi be supsiding soir diverge fom centref deformation * Volcano eorth crust > carthquaxe | ° Foiding | ‘ * Fount fing | Process = movelélevase Or) build 4p portions % earth | crast- r +hrbugh aL Fracturing a Crust » orogeny -Mmounjain buildin 2) Even -continenja) buiteli 3) earthquakes 4 4) plate tectonics AN\ these causes (evr) +p pressure. +v= Yolume “T- Temp - Diointe Yarasion + chemical decom, 4 b0 cKS * Sof) Taayor posi tion, ques % cagcoaae * chemi cay a Phy [ mechanicay * biological * oxidation * hydradion * Carbonation + Heak. r Mass wasting L deposi tion Wilh: + runnin: wade 2 Qlaciers * Cound we “River—— CO 2 ba exogeniec Qeomarphic proc oot © ™ass wasting] mov- E ® | > erosion | © depositiop 7 r take Place under intluence > 3 3 + Climate Eo 7 | * Atmospheric pressure a. * human, Ackivity | ’ o e a * continentay @on continents a “beak _ Plaktorms * mountains * clith 4 2 * ocean basin Pletkecus, Jauleys & * Plains o HITE ¥ Lowland * Crorges an ® In ocean + sand punes Ls * cont. shelf rain 7 «cont: Slope 2 * Beaches + Oceanic Fidge 4 . avgeat Plain@ Fold mountains mountain range mountain chain, | ® Block mountains formed in a part di | parti itterent ® clos period period sda nana a temas ® volcanic mountains jountaing created due fo sg Jah boundaries. *savana - ‘a: i enst Africa) &x- mount everest * compos) = brazil Sormticnl P Himalayas - Noun gest Mountain on-éayth panies a + 0 |, = ay Downs icf Venexuia J ( pam pas Argentina 9 * Himalayas: * Alps ny steppes Zogros = Ural = Manchuria — ching feiburs fee re ae ee Hanae * Hindukush = pyrenees, Arkon + cauntebuy - NZ *RUNLUD, Ata’ karakovanm,[neainerieg’] = [sAmerieg | = Rockies «des } | | ™ Appalachians L Upper part become So~moth EG? [Astratic | | [lower height with Flat top | = Great dividin | | aoe | Fx: + Avayali | . Nilgiri * Natlamalla hills - ™ * pa)konda ele ao * Henry mount: - Black iN) HA Mndonock, Usa) | ® pid JAtiontic. ai | agter period 4 time ee Jandqor™™ on the earth °y Urals } caucaus, divide Europe 2 Agiq © Wouth Alps mountain ai N > z “ so x ® Roo. MOUN Fain: Largest block ™. in World: t \ a <4 at USA - tpierra’ Nevadg Pamir knot, Tayi y i x aa 4 Tndia — sotpura , vindhyanchas backbone q Asiq | Kunliun shan, china .Flat 2 Yough ‘top Surface Steep walls L l 3 Q continental part ot AISO Known -~ Taple land mountain » Laurentian Ed © massit France. « Loess china » Bavarian Germany we abyssinian Ethiopiq ® Anatolian Turkey WY Tberian ~ Spun ¢ au a qopsgrashig Pinte =montane piajeay rb pledenont | f con#inen tal Volcanic Glacia) fF Aeolian a Kimberiey « Katanga 2 cpjorado a mascarene Aus « ses) (oR) USA Indian ocen O ete, plains, * o4t% plateau + 186% = Hilly areg + 107% _ mountainsforce % Tarr water vie | down rocks | | lisa : | FRwer Particles collides against each other 2 break down r solid River load Strikin; © Ruri Waker ® Gund water ® Glacier ® sea waves © wind | Agpinst rocks + yt them 10) down = Verkicol errosion - side errosion ( Wideth * stream tength Inet, at + v- Shape Valley * Gorges © canyon * waterfalls + Rapids * Monadnock f Plunges * Pok holes ‘ Terraces, ‘Guy | RiNs Peneplain Braided channels ; + AtdWial ® cones * Alluvial fans * Flood plain * Levees | © point Qars * OX-Gow lakes * Oelta |< AER— a | le ersion 4 Gorges with -— We shase valley] F formed- upper course q River steep Slope - deep Nowrow + top wider — comp. bottom Psteep oa) bee BPP cation HENS | ( deep) | Nowieou WenreyMQ Steep roas e f e b1W = hills. mountains c cue 40 extensive down cutting emmsional force : z L deep 4 niurrowM- shaped valley | knovon= qorges: | series | eral voaderqal) a ot surtace : / tore combirahion 9 hard } FHL YOKS Joyersfa enter Fdrmed - water frm overland f ‘freams - higher Alntude rs Flows down a slope. | Plains + Fine sediments qt | deposited 1 F Pan shape landform | Rills - Gmalier channels Gwily - Larger channels | a — f formed - Stream erosion | L tow —reliet Plain TAMIA Cones + ox-Bow Taxes) 4 + AllUvIad fans petty — bank 4 rivers formed ay * Flood ptain deposition | heavy sediments, * €stuar | = Levees N | F protect Flood plain = smeonder | ie Folie ‘ 0 River = levees not tandtorms FPO River Creaiy) huge River routern say) steeams dorm higher altitude ) enter plain - deposi veda Seder IS in cone Shape jandtorm. Deposition on the convex ey he Channel, sedimentsOFF portion Y meander because | heavy deposi Hor pu tise { Ke horse shoe er ont lake | | » Suotlow | sink | * Stalactite | os | estalagmite |» valley sink | | | ¢ column} pier + Lopies | | + coves | 1 domed - mouth 4, River He foumahion 4 Karst Pee 7 dolomite. L Jorge mBSS Ged deposi¥e Mouth q | Rocks * Nmestone. CP. River: a ‘ \ ® Gypsum « sutticient rainfall G | 4 pelt " Ff, Ss Be FeSoints in “Soluble” HECRS iP Mer © Jand shuctural relied zd —[Betary ] entrance Q River info sea @ ocear) sed- deposited inj woter Round G3) swe tound Shaped Shallow depression in Gurface 9 limestoned Gurtace wide 4 Norrow trench quemed ie rough + Corrode: . | @ limestone Irregular in shape oe the So 4 sink holes, \ & ? “12 le | 1 @e @ | cmap, [stoic hole 9 Sige erosion AT Lopies Hanging. columns, q deposited caves: With Material on the eae the Narrow gaps openings at both caves qprmed tnside asurface with ends purer natn bels 4 wets MN a with limestones. f Cates 18 the chie4 chemical x deposition 09 limestone:as Columns F the deposited material on the oor | the cave | ceiling, IVT ENV? wad LAG, ... stalagmite a Gtalacite + stalagmite! erosiona) | Depositiona} * crue * Glacial ENN) * connie’ lake | + outwash plain Tarn jake | * moraines * HORN * Eskers «© Aretes ‘ + (NosOKES | * Ghacio) vyalteys Suen * Hanging valleys . ; v 4 re Asymmetricy + Fjord nitleeks. having ne Side saquoth Roche, a pestrure oper side ster} ike Sheep a Deep. tong 4 wide fore @ basins i a F very steep high alls at | its head aS wel} aS sideS- y s rp : f Lake formed at the cirque area, ayter tht ii sapp eqvance | % Staciers qormed due to hedwards erosion @ Glacier from @® or more side. sharp ‘pointed £ steep (sided: shawp paint - JG = = mt Evers Se sia « materi | runs Above + perpendicular TD Another glacial valley divider between cirque | it's WRe a sharp crest | L Har Ki Ooon “oe palways canfected with Seq tong, deep, warrow Body g . (il Water frat reaches {ar inland Found: Norway , chile, NZ, | punsorted sediments deposited conada, Greenland ,US | sie aa qiaciad ice U- Shaped with brad floors steep sides. rough YUVA bbb| Proreines | © [eee wove] slopry vidges formed by the | deposition 9 evoded + transpo- erosional | Depositional Wted sediments carried Bt meting qiaciers: * wave cut clitis| * Beaches + Dunes * Terraces * Bars | ¢ coves | + Gariers | + stacks . formed - Fock debris. carried | —————— : “et ai melting woter stream 4 rs When qcirdepssited my | Brosional | mountain. P Bteep erosional landform + oe p Tange ~ tew mt to <0 mt movaine| | outwWash plain flak @ aca SlOPPY land - Pormed by debris % Sea clitts. % ‘“Hollows Ashruchure at the Sea clitts: PF tsdlated Standing rock remnants eroded Renal) Ceometimes bars are Sides: ot keyed up rr one end -tevAeno ther y aj] chika —- tangest (odisha) 5 | ! | f Pwicak = Second largest (AP)#TN ' ( my fine Sediments — Gand depos\- oa deposited by waves ee eee an aa the beaches wy the rm 91274 por a — A ridge ¥ ceond qormed in the sea paralie) fo the coast Which act aS barrierErosional Oepositional © Deflakion allows} # sand Sunes say = mushroom # Batchan - SS) = Yardang |e Long: dure . Inselberg a dgese =— ® Dreikanter = mesa = Stone lattices i » playa, | | like, cructube = zeugen (eyo BEE HE ® pediment ire ; "ae | running wate (erodion) | Alluvial fan Pediment penepiainy [Betfatien hatiowls |} Qurtarc pepression® tt Ghailow vepression— caves - Genuine cep. — Blowows Ashayjow Pepression of Surface wind: [formed - When uper rock —hard | bottom rock - SOPE V : eroded from ayy side fake Shape =| mushroom Va sided Vere caNTy undeveue wigid @ rocks eroded by wind dortns/LCieagehs @ HAHA sat t TICK caiternate) Small hil] eroded woy wind - Island mountain three facet bock Smoothened by the Grosion 4 wind laden in oesert ar sand -7 Uitiesa] Spanish — Table, L plains @) plateaus deemed es | deposition 9 tine sediments elevated area of land Plateau which Isolated dom main plateau due tp erosion | [LOESS- Turn by wind. Water — ries 4 Fough vocks running Grmund aning Water wort [com position, Sphard 4. SOF t CB osTB ony erosion ) ' (depasition) | | es | Coructuke by high Seghy PO-Rever LL winds» je when cee Fr Yellow in tolor due to oxidation Levees. | i al Loess arith tosmed — woind direction Long. | Voean supply “} Sand depositionis poor: