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Quadratic Functions Chapter 14

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Quadratic Functions Chapter 14

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mariabranja
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© © All Rights Reserved
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enone NTS eM 2 ha quadratic of the form y= ar) tbe +6 We = To gra ‘¢ Find the axis of symmetry 7 to find the y-coordinate of the vertex. Substitute this value State the y-intercept c Find the -intercepts by solving az? + br formula © Graph the quadratic using the information you ka °° °« TT Consider the quadratic. y = 22? + 8 — 10. a Find the axis of symmetry. & Find the coordinates ofthe venex, € Find the axes intercepts. d_ Hence sketch the quadratic. 4e=0, either by factorisation or using the gay ie have found. 8, and c=—10. Since a> 0, the shape is \_/ b When x= ~2, 2(—2)? + 8(—2) — 10 y=22748r—10 has a= The axis of symmetry is «= =-18 The vertex is (2, -18) € The y-intereept is —10 d When y=0, 20?7+8r-10=0 2a? + de —5) = 0 2e+5)(2-1) =0 2=-5orl the 2-intercepts are ~5 and 1. EXERCISE 148.3 1 For each of the following quadraties: i Locate the tumis turing point or vertex, State whether the vertex is» mig Point or a maximum turing py a y=2 442 ‘minimum turing int, © y=mte4 © y= +827 3 v=2r7 +62] Vys-bts2-s QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS the following quadratics: eames State the axis of symmetry, Ii Find the coordinates of the vertex, W Hence sketch the quadratic. ~62—8 2 + der — 24 ho y=42?_gr_5 © y=6r—2? f y=~3e? 442-1 i y=-het pars ax? + br + su ‘ ; PPose «and ¢ ema prac to vary. As b varies, the vertex ofthe quadratic changes,” oagast the path formed by the vertex is itself a quadrati stain tnorie ctr m en il ano cane of the quadratic equation az® +r +e=0 is A=6*— dae. to determine the number of real roots ofthe equation. If they exist, these roots correspond tic y= az?+be+c. A therefore tells us about the relationship between the dratic function and the x-axis. y= a -I—-3, y=a?—2e+1, and y= 2x +3 all have the same axis of = —dac. jscriminant 4 Fora quadratic function y = ox? +be-+ 0. we consider ie SND * If A> 0, the graph cuts the z-axis * If A=0, the graph rouches the 2-88: * If A0 for QUADRATICS which are a only if a>0 and A<0. ive definite quadraties are quadratics which are +——————»r ax?+be+e<0 for dd A<0. kim oo ee ey ‘Use the discriminant to determine the relationship between the graph of each function and tne Since A <0, the graph does not cut the Since a> 0, the graph is concave up. ‘The graph is positive definite. EXERCISE 14€ axis: a yaa?yart4 b y=—22? +5041 | a a=1, b=3, c=4 ba A=0? doc 9— 4(1)(4) 25 — 4(—-2)(1) aad =33 Since A > 0, the graph cuts the z-axis twice. Since a <0, the graph is concave down | The quadratic is neither positive definite | nor negative definite. | | AR | 1 Use the discriminant to determine the relationship between the graph of each function andthe 285 a yaa+e2-2 do y=2t4 te 8 y=6r?+52—4 2 Consider the graph of y = 22? — 52 +1 4 Describe the shape of the graph, Use the discriminant to show that the Find the x-intercepts, State the y-intercept, Hence sketch the function, ’ « 4 e © y=-a?-3 f ya —2x? Seth i y=9a?+6r+1 graph cuts the «axis twice. rounding your answers to 2 decimal places. QUADS ATIC FUNCTIONS (Chapt M4) 371 minant to show that the a raph does positive definite or negative definiter wae eR vertex and y-intercepr. “xan your envy etch the function, 7 is positi i : le entre State © -o 452 4 ig Pa ~4 is negative defini % d 4r~2?-6 <9 eae = y Uma ttete : cats i positive, negative, or zane @lel sa Ta] - b The graph touches the € The graph does not cut axis twice if A= 0. the a-axis if A <0. 364k <0 dk > 36 k>9 ratio function, find the value(s) of & for which the function: fi touches the x-axis iil misses the x-axis. € ya (k+1)2?- ake + (k-4) 2? + kar —1 is never positive definite for any value of k. is iti finite. at e of & such that y= da? + (k-2)o 4 44 is not positive definite. What ges the graph have with the z-axis in this ease? = 2(c1 +62). Show that at least one axis twice. The graph when 2= 0 oot DE - ‘The quadratic is ¥ Example 11 equation of the quadratic with graph: Find the ‘The axis of symmetry x = 1 lies midway between the z-intercepts, the other x-intercept is 4. the quadratic has the form y=a(x+2)(2—4) where Buvien 2=0, yous ae 16 = a(2)(—4) a= 9 The quadratic is. y — Tle + 2)(x— 4), ’ Cen tion of the quadratic whose graph cuts the z-axis at 4 and —3, and which passes point (2, ~20). Give your answer in the form y = az? +br +e. -intercepts are 4 and —3, the quadratic has the form y= a(x ~4)(e+3), a £0. 2% y=-20 a(2—4)(2+3) ‘The quadratic is. y = 2(x — 4)(x +3) =20 = a(—2)(5) = 20? 2-12) =e? - 22-24 he form y = ax? +br +e, the equation of the quadratic whose graph: a-axis at 5 and 1, and passes through (2, -9) 1¢ z-axis at 2 and —4, and passes through (3, —i4) the x-axis at 3 and passes through (—2, ~25) 16s the a-axis at —2 and passes through (—1, 4) and has axis of symmetry © ‘and has axis of symmetry x = 1. the a-axis at 3, passes through (6, 12). the x-axis at 5, passes through (2, 5), V( 2), the quadrat b Since the vertex Since the vertex is (3; 2), the quadratic e+ 4)? +2 where hhas the form yaa(e-3)—? where a form y= ale + ae | When = -2 ¥=0 _ o=a(2) +2 | 16=9a-2 4a=-2 18=90 aac} a=2 ‘The quadratic is y = —3(7 +4 +2 ‘The quadratic is y 1b 1F-V isthe vertex, find the equation of the quadratic with graph: A b v yo.s) A Va * 1 d uv © ‘i A ee ‘ L—: g v yea) (3,1) 5A quadrati ratic has vertex adratic wi ex (2, quadratic when yng, 2? ~5)> ad passes through th \e point (—1, 13). Find the ¥ ave of 375 Mam og tables = efor z= 0, 1,2, 3 45 tor cach of te following quadraties: & yHa2 ap ~5e+2 ax? +br +e, a £0. complete the following difference table: nt on the A row. the circled numbers be used for? Bel 4, b[z[olile2[3fa 16 [6 v8 [10 [18 | 32 [52 3[4 a@G@foyi 3] 4 =1[-8 | -19 v[>[3 =7[=15 ermine the maximum number of pieces into which a pizza can be cut using it, For example: “we can make 2 pieces efor n=3 we can make 7 pieces. INCTIONS (Chapter 14) 376 _ QUADRATIC a Copy and complete: and dy rows. Hence determine & quadratic formula for P, A ei Coo eros it ind the maximum numberof pices whi ¢ For a huge pizza with 12 cuts result. [Ey THE INTERSECTION OF Craps raphs of a quadratic function and a linear function on the same set of axes, Consider the ‘There are three possible scenarios for intersection: AA ME ML cutting touching issing (2 points ofintersection) (1 point of intersection) (no points of intersection) Ifthe line ouches the curve, we say that the line is a tangent to the curve. The 2-coordinates of any intersection points of the graphs can be found by solving the two equins simultaneously. Gao Find the coordinates of the point(s) of intersection of the graphs with equations y=2?—2—18 and y=«-3. {factorising} Substituting into y when ©~3, when 2 =5, y=2 and u=-6 the graphs meet at (5,2) and (—3, -6). Graphing each side ° . intersect wl ie athe cnyinality helps us to iustrate its solutions. Any points wh . ie endpoints of the interval(s) in the solution, ibe curves y=? +5046 ay fort: 2? +5246 ~9)2 Graph the two curves on the same ce solve for a: Sum 2 hoe 4 +e, Set of axes, PHEEL6> 202 4994 aa P+50+6= 227 40 4 2 -32-10=0 | -& (t+2\(-5) =0 | : . @= org b y=a +5246 =(c+2)(e+3) has zeros —2 and —3, yar? 4204 =2(0? +2-2) =2©+2)(e—1) has zeros -2 and 1, CIP 245246 > 20? 420 — Y= 22? + 22 — 4, ‘This occurs when ee eck 4. the graph of y= 22+52 46 is above the graph of es of the point(s) of intersection of +8 and y=r+6 b a Pn 243049 and y=2r—3 <0 440-7 and y 2 and y=at?. Ne points where the graphs intersect. ‘graphs on the same set of axes. solve fora: a? > +2. graphs with equations y=? + 22-3 and y Points where the graphs intersex the wraphs on the same set of axes esolve for a: 2? +2r—3>2—1- 378 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS (Chapter 14) a Caltertin nen ph TT Find the points where the curves intersect: bb Plot the curves on the same set of axes. © Hence solve fore: eto S> 24242) 4 46 Consider the graphs with equations y= > and y= a+ 3 2 sone fee +3 wing lsh, bb Use technology to plot the graphs on the same set of axes. Hence solve fora: > 243. Ee ESS y=2r+h isa tangent to y= 227-3044. Find k. ‘A tangent is line which louches the curve, ya2e+k meets y 22? Br +4 22? — 5 + (4-4) =0 Since the graphs touch, this quadratic has A (-5)? —4(2)(4- 4) = 25 8(4—k) , 25-3248 =0 rise ok z e 7 For what value of cis the line y= 32-+¢ a tangent to the parabola with equation y =2?—52+" 8 Find the values of m for which the fi Fin he aes of wh hea res 7c ienget we cue in , tem it Find the gradients ofthe lines with y-intercept 1 that are tangents to the curve y = 32° +5" 10 a For what values of e do the lines y +e never meet the parabola with equation y= 22? 32-7 © Choose one of the v mea lues of ¢ found in part a, Illustrate with a sketch that these eas 11 Prov Prove that two quadratic functions can intersect at most twice. 12 Consider the curve y = 2? +47 —1 and the line y = 2 for what ce @ Find the values ofc meets the curve twice © isa tangent wo the curve € does not meet the curve, QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS (Chapter 14) 379 tany linear function passing through (0, 3) will meet the curve y = 22?—2-2 twice. 2° 4br-+e touch when 2 =3, fer the quadratic function y=. The point P(a, a2) ies on the function, ‘a The line y= m(z—a) +e also passes through P. What, if anythin sa ay sales pon? anything, can you say about the sone real-world problems can be solved using a quadratic equation. ‘ay answer we obtain must be checked to sec if it is reasonable. For example: « ifwe are finding a length then it must be positive and we reject any negative solutions «+ ifwe are finding “how many people are present” then the answer must be a positive integer. \Weemploy the following general problem solving method: Sep I: If the information is given in words, translate it into algebra using a variable such as x. Be sure to define what «represents, and include units if appropriate. Write down the resulting equation. Sep 2: Solve the equation by a suitable method. Sep 3: Examine the solutions carefully to see if they are acceptable. ‘Sep 4: Give your answer in a sentence, making sure you answer the question. ‘rectangle has length 3 cm longer than its width, and its area is 42 em?. Find the width of the rectangle. f 7 If the width is « om then the length is (« +8) em a(x4+3)=42 {equating areas} i A v43n—42=0 (e+3)em a3 (FED) 5 ~34 ITT Enamel rx -B.15 of 5.15 ‘We reject the negative solution as lengths are positive, The wid about 5.15 em. EXERCISE 14F py s2eand te sm of their squares 1S 74, Find the integers 20 Find the number. 4 Two integers diff CC amane 210. Find the number. 9 The sum of a number and a natural nuraber and HS square is even numbers is 360. Find the numbers. ‘The sum of ‘The product of 10 consecutiv ive 3 4 5 The produc! 6 ‘odd numbers is 255. Find the numbers. 4 of two consecut e formula D iagonals of an n-sided polyeon is given by th ‘The number of di any sides does it have? +A polygon has 90 diagonals. How m: 1 The length of a rectangle is 4 em longer than its width, The rectangle has area 26 cm? Find width. 1 em longer than its square base. Its height Tarface area of the box is 240 em?. are x em long. 8 A rectangular box has @ pase side length. The total Suppose the sides of the base ‘a Show that the total surface area Is given by A= 6x? + 4x cm?. om 'b Find the dimensions of the box. sm®, It is made from a square pies: 1 from each of its 4 comes. al piece of tinplate. ‘An open box can hold 80 c1 of tinplate with 3 em squares cu Find the dimensions of the origin: Is it possible to bend a 12 wire to form icular sides of a a 12 om length of wi i i eee {wire to form the perpendicular sides of a right anal! Suppose the wire is bent x: em from one end. The area A = }2(12 2) }x(12-2z) (122) = 40 area 20m? Resa ao a Res? a9 =0 120 +40=0 Now 5 A= (12)? — 4(1)(40) 16 which is <0 | There are Ie no real solutions, fee oe Sis sien b impose 10 Is it possible to bend a 20 cm length of wi veth of wire into a rectangle with area 30 cm? ? QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS (Chapter 1) 381 {CD is divided into a square and a mT which is parallel to its shorter sides.” tangle BCXY is similar to the original le ABCD is a golden rectangle, is called the golden ratio, 1+ve i ~. units and AD = 1 unit » golden ratio is ss travel along a 160 km track each day. ‘The express travels 10 kmh | * faster and tak less time than the normal train, Find the speed of the express, 2 elderly citizens chartered a bus for $160. Unfortunately, 8 of them fell ill and had to _ As a consequence, the other citizens had to pay an extra $1 each, How many elderly on the trip? a wide load needs t0 pass through the shown, The units are metres high and 4 m wide. tic function which describes the shape of shether the truck will fit. n into the air from the top of a cliff 60 m above sea level. The stone reaches ight of 80 m above sea level after 2 seconds. ¢ quadratic function which describes the stone’s height above sea level. stone's height above sea level after 3 seconds. g will it take for the stone to hit the water? * Hh a<0, the maximum value of y occurs at ea ae quadratic, and the corresponding value ofp 382 _ QUADRATIC FUNCTION rninimum value of the the maximum oF mit . b y=3+3r— 20? ay=r4r-3 b y= -22+32+9 has Bae ie a=-2, b=3, and o=3, | 1, b=1, and c= | since «0, thostapeis \_/ Since 0<0, theshpeis />\ | value oe ‘The minimum value occurs ‘The acim ocas when x= — 3 and y = -2(3)° +30) +3 So, the maximum value of y is occurring when x = 4. Mm 44 | CHG So, the minimum value of y is -34, ne occuring when 2 =~}. EXERCISE 14G 1 Find the maximum or minimum value for each quadratic, and the corresponding value of x a yaar b y=7-2e-a? © y=842r-30 dyad? 42-1 © y=4c?— 245 {y= Te— 2 2 The profit in manufacturing x refrigerators per day, is given by P = —3xr? + 240x ~ 800 euns 2 How many refrigerators should be made each day to maximise the total profit? © What is the maximum profit? ar A gardener has 40 m of fencing to enclose a rectangular garden plot, where one side is an existing brick wall. Suppose the two new equal sides are x m long. al @ Show that the area enclosed is given by ed A= 2(40— 22) m?, | 'b Find the dimensions of the garden of maximum. area, Side [XY] has length (40-22) m, ‘Now, area = length x width A= (40 —22) m? © A=0 when z=0 oF 20, ‘The vertex of the function 1 les midwa between these values, so z= 10, Since a <0, the shape is i\ Yam 2 the area is maximised when YZ = 10m and XY = 20m. ng is available to a pens of identical = < The graphs of y illustrated. Show that the graphs meet where = 0 and zeal. ~ 82 and y= 20-2? are © Find the maximum vertical separation between the curves for 0<2< 2h. em and BC = y cm. at triangles to find y in terms of x. dimensions of rectangle ABCD of Py(a1, bs), Pa(a2s a), Pa(aa, ba)s > Pa (ny Px) area set of data points Which are approximately linear through the origin 0(0, 0). To find the equation of the “line of best fit” through the origin, we minimise (PiMy)? + (P2Ma)? + (PaMa)?+ + (PM)? where M; lies on the line and has ¢-coordinate a, Find the gradient m of ‘the “line of best fit and bj, §= 1,2, 3,4, 9 ™ in terms of ay @ and b are real constants, expand ya (e-a—bfe-atHirta-Neterd) ‘determine the least value of y. ing the function _y = (arz — bx)? + (a2 — bo P+ by. chwarz inequality | ab) + a2b2| < Var rag Vip + i )2, use quadratic theory t0 prove the Wor M4) 384 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS (Cha ues Te as the locus of all points which fixed point called the focus and ine called the directrix. R iectrix is the 1 focus is F(0, a) and the dire Ses y= a, ‘The parabola i the set ofall Tae, ‘uch that FP =NP_ where N is the closest point on the directrix to P. are equi a fixed lit What te do: ape 1 Suggest why itis convenient to let the focus be at (0, a) and the directrix be ay the line y= —a 2 Use the circular-linear graph paper provided to graph the parabola which has focus F(0, 2) and directrix. y = ~2, 3 Using the definition above: ‘@ Write down the coordinates of N. 1b Write expressions for FP and NP. € ‘Show thatthe parabola has the equation y = = 2 a Consider a point (x, 2) on the parabola y = = with focus (0, a) and dies y=-a. @ Let N be the closest point on the directrix to P, and M be the midpoint of [FN] 1 Show that [MP] has equation aX (__% F000) v-E(-3) Hence prove that (MP) to the parabola, y y ) is a tangent LLB lie on the nonnal to the parabola, Supose ® ray of light shines vertically down onto Parbola with angle of incidence @ as shown Explain why MNP must equal Hence explain why MFP must equal 0, Hence explain wh Hence explain wi Shining down be reflected to 4 FPB must equal 6, hy any vertical rg ca ay of light Parabolic mirror will he focus of the i Explain Parabola F, his cup, SPE Misha needs 510 the Opening Problem and where he A quadratic inequali ra ity can be written in either the form az? 8 ar +b +e>0 +br+e30 where a #0. ay, the solutions to a Guadratic inequality are the values of « for which the corresponding articular sign, is a number line which indicates the values of « for which a function is negative, zero, 386 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS _(Chaptet 14) SS You should notice that: i sian change occurs about a zero of the function for single linear factors such as yyy (e-+2) and (e— 1). This indicates cutting of the z-axis «No sin change occurs about a zero of the funtion for squared linear factors such as (x— 1). This indicates touching of the z-axis. In genera: ‘e when a linear factor has an odd power there is a change of sign about that zero «© when a linear factor has an even power there is no sign change about that zero, ee ri Draw a sign diagram for: a 2425-3 b -4(¢- 3)? | 5 | a at420-3=(0+3)(e-1) b A(x — 3)? has zero 3. ‘which has zeros —3 and 1, ; | 2 er. | ey q When 24 we have —4(1)? <0, When 22 we have (6)(1) > 0, so ve put a sign hee. ere une As the factor is squared, the signs do mt change. As the factors are single, the signs alternate, EXERCISE 14H.1 1. Drow a sign diagram foreach graph: b d y - ere 2 Draw asian digram for a (e+4ye - ; qd ee 2) » (@+1)(e-5) Sore i § ~@2~ V4) © G+ De-9 Vernon (@z—1(3 2) 1 6-20? i QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS (Chapt 14) ~3)2 Ge © ~@~4p eis 1 30 45)2 ¥ oe, © Sra? oat # G:?422 h 20? 49945 1-152? 249 b Prey] € ~2 +44 © -2? G29 f dr? 4 122 -: 9 INEQUALITIES inequalities we use the following procedure: + Make the RHS zero by shifting all terms to the LHS. * Fully factorise the LHS, Draw a sign diagram for the LHS, * Determine the values required from the sign diagram. Gee Carts b 22+9<6r 2 30 +52 >2 ’ cae 3c? + 52-230 o ne . (8-12 +2) 20 @ Sb. Sign diagram of LHS is Sign diagram So, the inequality is not true for any real x. -1<0 b (2-a)(z+3) 20 oe ene e (22 +1)(3-2)>0 ce ‘ ¢ cttde+4>0 b Sa? +2r< f 30?+9r-12<0 e 2—47-12>0 pam FUNCTIONS (apr) 2. Solve for 1: re rea i Soe e 22430 > Le f rte? A yl h de? 42 +1<0 i Gr? 470<3 wt pat P+Te ‘ 31? > 8(2 +2) ke 2x74 +2>0 1 6z?41< sr 1450 < 6a? n 1dr? > br+2 © 227 +9> 98 m 145 Find the value(s) of k for which the function y = kz? + (k + 3)x ~ 1: a cuts the a-axis twice touches the z-axis, © misses the z-axis, , bD=kt+3, dae = (k +3)? — 4()(-1) F 5 2 4 6k+9-+4k So, A has sign diagram: a F4 10k +9) (K+ 9)(k +1) a The graph cuts the a-axis twice if A > 0 k<-9 or k>-1, k#0. 1 The graph touches the a-axis if A =0 ‘quadratic inequality, k=-9 of k=-1. € The graph misses the z-axis if A <0 4 4 For each quadratic function, A ‘The discriminant A is @ quadratic in k, ‘So we must solve a find the values of k for which the function: § cuts the e-axis twice i touches the z-axis Iii misses the 2-28 a y=22? the —k & y=ke? 204k e yore (eret 5 For eich quadratic equation, find the values of k for which the equation has 1 to real roots WW a repeated real root‘ W_no real 0018 © B+ ke +2=9 & P+ (3k—1)e+ Qk +10)=9 © (k+1)2? + ke + 0 For what values of m is y = (m —2)a? 4 6p +3m: ® positive definite ve definite negative definite? Consider the curv: su eeaes, +306 and the line y=me—2. Find dhe vals ea! of m for which the line; meets the curve 1 ve twice b isa eto the curve © does not meet the curve igs

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