LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

MODULE 3

Course Title : MATHEMATICS IN THE

MODERN WORLD

Instructor : FLORIA C. DIALDE

Degree Program : BS Info Tech/BTVTEd

Term : FIRST SEMESTER
Contact Number : 09094365751

Email address : [email protected]

[email protected]

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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

TITLE: PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING

TOPIC: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

TIME FRAME: 6 hours

INTRODUCTION:

The two major types of reasoning, deductive and inductive, refer to the process
by which someone creates a conclusion as well as how they believe their conclusion to
be true. Deductive reasoning requires one start with a few general ideas, called
premises, and applies them to a specific situation. Recognized rules, laws, theories, and
other widely accepted truths are used to prove that a conclusion is right. Inductive
reasoning uses a set of specific observations to reach an overarching conclusion; it is
the opposite of deductive reasoning.

OBJECTIVES: In this lesson, learners will be able to:

1. distinguish inductive or deductive reasoning through identification of the

statements.
2. use reasoning skills to draw logical conclusion through induction and
deduction process.
3. apply inductive and deductive reasoning to solve problems.

PRETEST:

Item 1-3. Identifying Sequences

1. December, November, October, ...

2. 3, 6, 9, 12, …

3. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, …

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4. Identify the patterns and work out which of the suggested images would
complete the sequence.

5. John is stronger than Mike, but is stronger than John.

Mike is stronger than Luke.

Given that the first sentence is true, what is the bolded statement?

A. true B. false C. insufficient information

LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

Processing

1. The teacher will present a puzzle to the students and ask them which of the
following best matches between the shapes in the image?

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Correct Answer: D
[The arrow changes direction and the shape on the right has 1 more side than
the counterpart on the left.]

2. The teacher will then ask, how did you come up with that answer? This will lead
to the discussion of mathematical reasoning. As observed, you get the correct
answer by observing the properties/characteristics of the images, and arrived at
a general rule.

3. The teacher will then discuss what is Mathematical reasoning and the two types
of reasoning.

WHAT IS MATHEMATICAL REASONING?

It refers to the ability of a person to analyze problem situations and construct
logical arguments to create both conceptual foundations and connections to be
able to process the available information and solve the problem. In our daily
lives, we make decisions based on our reasoning but this is a process that varies
depending on the situation obtained on the ground.

There are two types of reasoning:

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1. inductive reasoning
2. deductive reasoning

WHAT IS INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING?

Inductive Reasoning is the process of making general conclusions based on

specific examples.
The students will be asked to watch the video with following link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NarWCrwSBKI

Examples:

1. Every object that I release from my hand falls to the ground. Therefore, the
next object I release from my hand will fall to the ground.
2. Every crow I have ever seen is black. Therefore all crows are black.
3. Based on available data, the Earth has revolve around the sun following an
elliptical path for millions of years. Therefore, the Earth will continue to revolve
around the sun in the same manner next year.

Deductive Reasoning is the process of making general conclusions based on

specific examples.
The students will be asked to watch the video with following link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMzNaqdxiZY

Examples:

1. All men are mortal. I am a man. Therefore, I am mortal.

(General principle: If p implies q and p holds, then q must follow.)
2. Given two supplementary angles with one of them measuring 120 degrees,
the measure of the other angle 60 degrees.
(General principle: supplementary angles add up to 180 degrees)
3. If 6x=12, then x=2.
(General principle: if a, b, and c are real numbers and a=b, then ac=bc.)

HOW DO YOU SOLVE PROBLEMS THROUGH REASONING?

Inductive Reasoning is a reasoning that is based on patterns you observe.

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If you observe a pattern in a sequence, you can use inductive reasoning to

decide the next successive terms of the sequence. A conclusion you
reach using inductive reasoning is called a conjecture.

Deductive reasoning usually follows steps. First, there is a premise, then a

second premise, and finally an inference. A common form of deductive
reasoning is the syllogism, in which two statements — a major premise and
a minor premise — reach a logical conclusion.

4. Drill. The students will be given an online link:

https://study.com/academy/practice/quiz-worksheet-inductive-vs-deductive-
reasoning-in-mathematics.html for them to practice their deductive and
inductive reasoning skills.

FORMATION

1. The students will perform Activity 1 (IDENTIFY ME PLEASE). The teacher

will flash arguments/statements to the class, and they will determine whether
it the reasoning used is deductive or inductive.

a. Since today is Friday, tomorrow will be Saturday.

b. Since it snowed every New Year's Day for the past four years it will snow
on New Year's Day this year.
c. A child examines ten tulips, all of which are red, and concludes that all
tulips must be red.
d. If an isosceles triangle has at least two sides congruent, then an
equilateral triangle is also isosceles.

2. The teacher will then ask follow up questions to the class:

a. Which items are inductive and deductive? How did you know it?

b. What is the difference between inductive and the deductive arguments?

(Rubric is in Appendices, p.9)

SELF-EVALUATION:

Design a diagram or graphic organizer showing the relationship of the following

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terms. Give a brief description of your diagram.

Inductive reasoning deductive reasoning conclusion

Leads to the truth comes from the truth

Does not prove that something is true, but suggest something is true.

Can prove something is true, now and forever.

REVIEW OF CONCEPTS:

Watch the video clip and complete the statements that follow.

The Monty Hall Problem

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhlc7peGlGg

1. Three things that I significantly learned from the video clip

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

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2. Three things that are still unclear to me

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

3. I used to think that

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

4. Three questions that I want to ask about the video

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

(Rubric is in Appendices, p.9)

POSTTEST: Use inductive or deductive reasoning to answer the given questions.

1. Predict the next number in each given set of numbers.

a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, _____

b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, _____

2. What type of reasoning did you apply in 1a and 1b?

3. Tell whether the mathematical statement is TRUE or FALSE. If false, provide a

counterexample

a. If then then .
b. The multiplicative inverse always exist.

is always positive

4. How many triangles will be in the 6 th shape?

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A. 10 B. 12 C. 14 D. 16

5. Eight people are sitting around a round table facing inwards.

Alex is two seats to Sophie’s left.

Adam is three seats to Alex’s right.

Michelle is two seats to Alex’s left.

John is six seats to Lucy’s right.

Edward is six seats to John’s right.

Michael is not sitting next to Alex.

Who sits one seat to Edward’s left?

A. Michael B. John C. Alex D. Lucy

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REFERENCES:

Aufmann, R., et al., (2018), Mathematics in the Modern World. Phils. Ed., Rex Books
Store, Inc. Manila, Phils

Nocon, RC, Nocon, EG. (2018). Essestial Mathematics for the Modern World. First Ed.
C&E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Phils.

APPENDIX

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