Understanding

Culture, Society
& Politics
Forms and
Functions of
State and Non-
state Institution
Specific Objectives:
a. Identify the different forms and functions of state
and non-state institutions;
b. Describe each form of state and non-state institutions;
c. Explain how state and non-state institutions function.
STATE
A state is an organized political community acting under a
government and united by common set of laws.
It uses absolute power in directing the path of a society.
It also uses complete political coerciveness, which may come in the
form of armed forces personnel, stricter laws, and rigid government
policies in order to attain its societal goals and objectives.
Political structure/Institution
Is defined as the organized way in which
power is allocated and decisions are made
within society.
Branches of the Government
The Executive branch is comprised of the
President and the Vice President who are
chosen by direct popular vote and fulfill a
term of six years. The Constitution grants the
President authority to appoint his Cabinet.
These departments form a large portion of the
country’s bureaucracy.
Branches of the Government
The Legislative branch can make laws, alter,
and reverse them through the power
bestowed in the Philippine Congress. This
institution is divided into the Senate and
the House of Representatives.
Branches of the Government
The Judicial branch maintains the power to resolve
disputes concerning rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable. This branch decides
whether there has been a serious abuse of judgment
amounting to a lack or excess of authority on the
part and instrumentality of the government. It is
made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts.
Power
Power on the other hand is the capacity to realize
desired ends despite opposition from others. The
utilization of power is the business of government,
which is defined as a formal organization that
directs the political life of a society (Macionis, 2012)
Therefore, governments demand compliance on the
part of a population.
 Types of Authority
1) Traditional Authority
respect for a long-standing cultural pattern is used to legitimize
power.

1) Rational-Legal Authority or also known as bureaucratic

authority; legally created rules and regulations are used to
legitimize power.

1) Charismatic Authority
extraordinary personal skills that inspire devotion and
obedience are used to legitimize power.
Forms of Redistribution and Exchange of
Products
Forms Meaning Examples
1. RECIPROCITY ➢ Transaction between two socially ➢ The dowry given by a Muslim groom to his
equal parties having the same status prospective bride is a transaction between two
with regards to values of goods or socially equal parties having the same status with
services. regards to values of goods or services.
Tantamount to the wealth and educational
attainment possessed by the latter.

Types of Reciprocity

➢ In the Philippines, most often than not, the eldest

1.1 GENERALIZED
➢ A form of transaction which child expresses generalized reciprocity to his or
RECIPROCITY
utilizes gestures that expresses her family by graduating, and in exchange, they
personal will be providing means to sustain the academic
relationships than economic needs of their other siblings.
transactions.
Forms of Redistribution and Exchange of
Products
Forms Meaning Examples
1.2 BALANCED ➢ In this form of ➢ One good example is the
RECIPROCITY transaction, the giver business transaction between
is expected to Filipino artists and
gain something in advertisement companies.
return although it Artists will perform activities
does not have to be that are required of him or her
given instantly. by the said advertisement
company in exchange for
publicity and exposure.
Forms of Redistribution and Exchange of
Products
Forms Meaning Examples
➢ This transaction is ➢ Example business ventures
1.3 NEGATIVE being practiced using offered to you by persons you
RECIPROCITY deceiving ways to gain do not have a personal
profit. In this form of relationship with.
transaction,
individuals involved
try to gain as much as
conceivable while
paying the least
amount possible
Forms of Redistribution and Exchange of
Products
Forms Meaning Examples
The process by which products produced
out from the community is sent to a place ➢ Taxes are collected from individuals based on their
where they are stored, counted, and later income. The money collected is distributed to other
2. REDISTRIBUTION distributed back to the people. members of society through different government
It is usually the leader of the community programs.
who oversees the process. (Santarita &
Madrid, 2016)The said authority may be a
single individual, (e.g., a chief, or a group
➢ Charitable donation functions similarly.
of people, or temple priests)
The central authority uses the distribution
of goods and services to
generate interdependence between
the parties involved.
Forms of Redistribution and Exchange of
Products
Forms Meaning Examples
3. MARKET The price of the
EXCHANGE transactions of A transaction that uses
➢

deliverables and money in exchange for

services are goods or services.
supposedly governed
by the rules of supply
and demand.
Market exchange
Market exchange is the primary form of
economic subsistence of a state wherein
standardized currencies are being used to
exchange commodities.
States differ in sovereignty, governance, geography, and
interests.
It may be classified as sovereign if they are not dependent on,
or subject to, any other power or state.
Other states are subject to external sovereignty where
ultimate sovereignty lies in another state.
The concept of the state is different from the concept of government.
A government is a particular group of people that controls the state at a
given time. In other words, governments are the means through which
the state power is employed like applying the rule of law.
The concept of the state is also different from the concept of a nation,
which refers to a large geographical area and the people therein who
perceive themselves as having a common identity.
The state is a political geopolitical entity; the nation is a cultural or
ethnic entity.
Elements of the States
1. Population
It is the people who make the state.
Population is essential for the state.
Without population, there can be no State.
Elements of the States
2. Territory
There can be no state without a fixed territory.
People need territory to live and organize
themselves socially and politically.
It may be remembered that the territory of the
states includes land, water and airspace.
Elements of the States
3. Government
It is the organization or machinery or agency of the
State which makes, implements, enforces, and
adjudicates the laws of the state.
Elements of the States
4. Sovereignty
It is the most exclusive element of the State. Without
sovereignty, no state can exist.
The state has the exclusive title and prerogative to
exercise supreme power over all its people and
territory. It is the basis which the State regulates all
aspects of the life of the people living in its territory.
Forms of States
States come in a variety of forms that vary on who holds power, how positions of leadership are
obtained, and how authority is maintained. These are:

a. Authoritarian Government
Authoritarian governments differ in who holds power and in how control they assume over those
who govern. An example of this type is Monarchy.
Forms of States: Authoritarian Government
Monarchy is a form of government in which supreme power is
for life or until abdication.
The person who heads a monarchy is called a monarch.
Some monarchs hold unlimited political powers while many
constitutional monarchies, such as the United Kingdom and
Thailand.
Currently, 44 nations in the world have monarchs as head of
state.
Forms of States: Authoritarian Government
Totalitarianism is a political system that strives to regulate nearly
every aspect of public and private life.
It theoretically permits no individual freedom and seeks to
subordinate all aspects of individual life to the authority of the state.
Modern examples of totalitarian states include the Soviet Union
under Joseph Stalin, Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler, the People’s
Republic of China under Mao Zedong, and North Korea under the
Kim Dynasty.
Forms of States
b. Oligarchic Government
An oligarchy is a form of government in which power effectively rests with a small-elite segment
of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family, military, or religious hegemony. An oligarchy
does not have one clear ruler, but several powerful people who rule. One common example
is theocracy.

Theocracy is a government by divine guidance or by official who are regarded as divinely guided.
Leaders are members of the clergy, and the state’s legal system is based on religious law.
Contemporary examples of theocracies include Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Vatican.
Forms of States
c. Democratic Government
Democracy is a form of government in which the right to govern is held by the majority of citizens
within a country or a state. The two principles of democracy are that all citizens have equal access
to power and that all citizens enjoy universally recognized freedoms and liberties. People can
become country leaders through the electoral process or elect leaders who represent the core
values and beliefs.
There are 99 democratic nations globally. Examples of democratic nations are the Philippines,
Norway, New Zealand, the United States of America, Canada, Columbia, Italy, and South Africa.
Roles of the States
1. The state provides security against external aggressions and
war. For this purpose, the state maintains an army.
2. State ensures security against internal disturbances
disorders and crimes.
For this purpose, the state maintains police.
3. The state legally grants and guarantees the rights of the
people.
4. The state issues and regulates currency and coinage.
Roles of the States
5. The state undertakes steps for the creation of
necessary conditions for the socio-economic-politico-
cultural development of the people.
6. The state grants citizenship and protects their
interests and rights.
7. The state conducts foreign relations, foreign trade,
and economic relations.
8. State secures the goals of national interest in
international relations
Non - state Institutions
Non-state institutions are people and/ or organization that
participate in international affairs and relations but are not
affiliated with any state or nation.
These non-state institutions include the following: bank and
corporations, cooperatives and trade unions, transnational
advocacy groups, and development
Agencies and international organizations. These nonstate
institutions are equally capable of influencing policy formation and
implementation.
a. Banks
A. Bank is a financial institution licensed to provide several
financial services to different types of customers. Banks are
in operation mainly for their deposits and lending functions.
Customers are allowed to deposit their money to banks
which grow through an interest rate. Banks also provide
loans, with an interest to customers who need money either
for personal consumption or for investment and businesses.
Banks may be categorized into major forms such as
commercial banks and investment banks.
Forms of Bank Description
Commercial ▪ Financial deposit with security and
Banks conveniencewhich could be in the form of credit
cards, debit cards, and check
▪ Provide business, individual, and
personalloans, enabling commercial banks to
earn interest
▪ Serve as payment agents within and outside the
country through wire transfer
▪ Subjected to more regulations
 Forms of Description
Bank
Investment ▪ Financial intermediaries that performs a varietyof services
Banks for businesses and some government
▪ Issues securities to the investing public
▪ Make markets, facilities, mergers, and other
corporate reorganizations
▪ Acts as brokers for institutional clients
▪ Under the supervision of regulatory bodies suchas the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), FINRA, and
the US Treasury
▪ Subjected to fewer regulations
The two most well-known financial
institutions

World Bank

Asian Development Bank

b. Corporations

It is a form of business operation that declares the business as a separate entity

guided by a group of officers known as the Board of Directors.
They were created by individuals, stockholders, or shareholders, to operate for
profit. They have all the legal rights of an individual, except for the right to vote and
certain limitations.
They are given the right to exist by the state that issues their charter. Corporation
example Includes General Motors Corporation an icon of American craftsmanship,
Apple Corporation one of the famous tech companies, Amazon Corporation founded
by Jeff Bezos is the world’s leading e-commerce and innovation company, and
Domino’s Pizza a global food chain company delivering quality food worldwide.
Common Types of Corporations

For-profit entitiesform most corporations, and they are

formed to generate revenues and provide a return to their
shareholders, according to their percentage of ownership in the
corporation. Examples: HBO in partnership with International
Rescue Committee, Ford Motors and Lynda.com.
Common Types of Corporations
Not-for-profit entities operate under the category of charitable organizations,
which are dedicated to a particular social cause such as educational, religious,
scientific, or research purposes. Rather than distribute revenues to shareholders,
not-for-profit organizations use their revenues to further their objectives. Human
Rights Campaign is a very impressive example of using Facebook profile photos to
spread the word far and wide about campaign. Greenpeace the environmental
non-profit that used GPS technology to inform the public about their
cause.
Multinational Corporations
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are business
organization that extends ownership, management,
production, and sales activities into several or more
countries. MNCs are boon to the economic growth and
development of the states
 Good Effects Bad Effects
Introduce technology Offer ill-suited technology
Encourage economic growth Retard economic growth
Encourage interdependently Cause dependency
Elites learn to regulate Elites become compradors
Promotes human rights Harms human rights
Protect the environment Hurt the environment
Economic actors Political actors
Promote a cosmopolitan world Damage national Culture
c. Cooperatives
Cooperatives are people-centers enterprises owned, controlled and
run by and for their members to realize their common economic, social, and cultural
needs and aspirations.
Cooperatives are businesses governed on the principle of one
member, one vote. There are several common types of co-ops, including cooperatives
owned and operated by:
a. The people working there (worker cooperatives);
b. The people buying the co-op’s goods or services (consumer cooperatives)
c. The people collaborating to process and market their products(producer
cooperatives); and
d. Groups uniting to enhance their purchasing power (purchasing cooperatives)
d. Trade Unions/Labor Unions
Trade Unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields that work for
common interest of its members. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay,
good working environment, hours of work and benefits. They represent a cluster of
workers and provide a link between the management and workers.
The purpose of these unions is to look into the grievances of wagers and present a
collective voice in front of the management. It acts as the medium of communication
between the workers and management. Among these trade unions that exist in the
Philippines are the Federation of Free Workers (FFW), Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU) and
the Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP).
Functions of Trade Unions:
1. Advocating for fairness and equality in workers’
compensation
2. Securing better working conditions for workers
3. Trade Unions will organize strikes and demonstrations on
behalf of worker demands
4. Fight for social welfare for workers
5. Promote and advocate for education and proper
training for workers
Functions of Trade Unions:
6. Advocate and fight the government for legislative protections of the workers
7. Promote and advocate for organizational growth and stability
8. Trade Unions act as representatives of workers in national and international
forums
9. Involved in collective bargaining agreements and disputes with management
to settle any conditions on employment
10.Advising management on correct personnel policies and procedures
11.Involved in collective and personal collective grievances between management
and workers.
e. Transnational Advocacy Groups
Transnational Advocacy Groups (TAGs) play an increasingly important role in international
and regional politics and have contributed to changing policies of multilateral organizations
and states. They are particularly visible in contentious areas as human rights, environmental
issues, international peace, and women’s rights. They have specific roles to partake that can be
achieved through effective measures, case-specific methods, and activities.
TAGs serve as international catalysts for change, aiming to achieve
international changes towards policies and practices. The very essence TAGS is the formation
and development of their advocacies and campaigns
that represent causes, ideas, values, and beliefs.
Human Rights Watch and Amnesty are active in the human rights field. Oxfam and Save children
deal with humanitarian issues. Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth represent environmental
concerns.
f. Development Agencies
Development Agencies have been established to develop the cooperation between the
public sector, private sector, and civil society. These are organizations with specific aims
and goals. The common denominator among these organizations is the term development.
These agencies concentrate on the growth, progression, and advancement of specific
concerns, which can be infrastructure or social institutions.
Types of Development Agencies:
International Organization is an institution with membership
drawn from two or more countries. Its activities transcend national boundaries
as it facilitates cooperation among its members in the performance of one or
more tasks. The international organization can be public or private. A public
organization is an international government organization (IGO) with states as its
members. Prominent examples of IGOs are United Nations, the North
AtlanticTreaty Organization (NATO),
Types of Development Agencies:
International Monetary Fund (IMF), European Union (EU),
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and World Health
Organization (WHO). A private organization has a membership of
individuals or groups and is an international nongovernment
organization (INGO) that originate for reasons other than politics such as
International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol). INGOs may lobby or
work regularly with the government and IGOs.
Types of Development Agencies:
Non-government Organization is a non-profit group that functions independently of any
government. It serves the social or political goals such as humanitarian and environmental
causes. Most NGOs aim to promote the practice of democracy among societies and social
change through their initiatives and organizational methods. Many NGOs have targeted
their efforts toward population groups that tend to be underserved by governmental
programs, including women, the aged, physically and mentally disabled persons, the poor, and
various social groups that have been marginalized by virtue of race, religion, ethnicity, caste, and
social class.
Interrelationship of Government and Non-
state Institutions
Government rules society. This reflects how powerful government
institution can be. If non-state institutions interfere with the governing
body, two possible things can happen:
1. Integration among these two institutions may take place to achieve
precise solution towards development
2. Conflict and tension may also arise because one could exceed the other
in terms of societal control and influences (Penninx, 2013)