Philippine Normal University North Luzon

The National Center for Teacher Education

The Indigenous Peoples Education Hub

Kaway-Aralan sa Bagong Kadawyan

TRIGONOMETRY
A course pack in 2S-MAT 05

CLEMENTE M. AGUINALDO, PhD

THIS COURSEPACK IS FOR PNU NL USE ONLY
1 NO PART OF THIS MATERIAL MAY BE REPRODUCED
 MODULE 1
(Circular and Trigonometric Functions of Angles)

Dagiti Tarigagayen nga Pagbanagan Kalpasan ti Kurso

(Target Learning Outcomes/ Content Intended Learning Outcomes)

At the end of the module, students are expected to:

1. Demonstrate understanding of the six circular and trigonometric functions; and

2. Solve problems involving right and oblique triangles.

MAIKADUA NGA LEKSYON – RIGHT TRIANGLE TRIGONOMETRY

Maikadua nga Leksyon – Right Triangle Trigonometry
(Lesson 2)

Panangipakaammo ti Leksyon
(Lesson Introduction)
Plane trigonometry has many important applications in the development of our country
as well as in science and higher mathematics. The surveyor uses it to find agricultural lands and
forests. The geodetic engineer uses it to determine the height of Mt. Apo, the highest mountain
peak in the Philippines, without climbing it, and to find the length of Corregidor island without
actually measuring it. Trigonometry is used in the planning and construction of the beautiful
Marcos Bridge, “the bridge of love”, that connects Samar and Leyte. Furthermore, trigonometry
is useful in the study of astronomy, physics, mechanics and calculus. In fact, “with the deeper
perception and clearer understanding of the concepts of trigonometry, more advanced
applications in the various fields of science are now being made.”

In this lesson, we shall deal with problems requiring the determination of heights and
distances, which cannot be measured directly. But, before we can solve them, we must have a
thorough knowledge of the trigonometric functions of an acute angle of a right triangle.

Panangipalawag, Panangsingaysingay ken Pannakabinsa-binsa kadagititi

Kapanunutan Maigapu iti Leksyon
(Discussion and Learning Activities)

THE RIGHT TRIANGLE

A right triangle is a triangle with an angle equal to 90o. It is labelled according to the
conventional system of lettering. The capital letters indicate angles and small letters indicates
the sides of a right triangle. The longest side of the right triangle is called hypotenuse. Referring
to the figure below, angle C is the right angle while angle A and B are the acute angles. Sides
a, b and c are always located opposite to angle A, B and C.

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 B
If any two sides of right triangle ABC are
given, the third side may be found by the
c a Pythagorean formula.

a2 + b2 = c2
A b C

FUNCTIONS OF AN ACUTE ANGLE OF A RIGHT TRIANGLE

The acute angles of a right triangle had different types of function. Consider an acute
angle  that is constructed in the first quadrant in a standard position as shown in the next figure.
Then form a point B (x, y) on the terminal side of angle A, we drop a perpendicular to the x-
axis, forming right triangle ABC. The radius vector is now the hypotenuse of triangle ABC. In
addition, with respect to angle A, a is the opposite side and b is the adjacent side.

y
B (x,y)
c
a

A b C x

By definition, when applied to acute angle A of right triangle angle ABC becomes

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 A ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

sin A = csc A =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 A

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 A ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

cos A = sec A =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 A

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 A 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 A

tan A = cot A =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 A 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 A

Since,

a is the opposite side of A,

b is the adjacent side of A, and
c is the hypotenuse, the six trigonometric functions of A are defined as follows;
𝑎 𝑐
sin 𝐴 = csc 𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑎
𝑏 𝑐
cos 𝐴 = sec 𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏
tan 𝐴 = cot 𝐴 =
𝑏 𝑎

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Let’s try some examples,

Example: Express all the trigonometric function of A of a right triangle ABC, given the figure

B Solution:
In the figure we note that
a = 3 (the opposite side of A)
15
9 b = 7 (the adjacent side of A)
c = 10 (the hypotenuse)
A C Therefore
9 15
13 sin 𝐴 = csc 𝐴 =
15 9
13 15
cos 𝐴 = sec 𝐴 =
15 13
9 13
tan 𝐴 = cot 𝐴 =
13 9
Example: For the right triangle ABC, find all the trigonometric function of the acute angles A
and B.
7
C A𝑧

3
10

Solution: b. For angle B, the value of the opposite

B
side is 7 and the adjacent side is 3 and
a. For angle A, the value of the opposite the value of the hypotenuse is still 10
side is 3 and the adjacent side is 7 thus,
therefore, 7 10
3 10 sin 𝐵 = csc 𝐵 =
sin 𝐴 = csc 𝐴 = 10 7
10 3 3 10
7 10 cos 𝐵 = sec 𝐵 =
cos 𝐴 = sec 𝐴 = 10 3
10 7 7 3
3 7 tan 𝐵 = cot 𝐵 =
tan 𝐴 = cot 𝐴 = 3 7
7 3

FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES

Complementary angles are two angles with the sum of 900. In theory, cofunctions of
complementary angles are equal. There are three pairs of trigonometric function, the sine and
cosine, tangent and cotangent, secant and cosecant. Either functions of each pairs is called the
cofunction of the other.

Since the sum of the acute angles of any right triangle is 90 0, the figure below shows
that angles A and B are complementary. Therefore, we obtain the following relations.

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 B 𝑎 𝑐
sin 𝐴 = = cos 𝐵 csc 𝐴 = = sec 𝐵
𝑐 𝑎
c
a 𝑏 𝑐
cos 𝐴 = = sin 𝐵 sec 𝐴 = = csc 𝐵
𝑐 𝑏

𝑎 𝑏
A C tan 𝐴 = = cot 𝐵 cot 𝐴 = = tan 𝐵
b 𝑏 𝑎

Since B = 90° − 𝐴 , rewrite the

above equations as
sin 𝐴 = cos(90° − 𝐴) cot 𝐴 = tan (90° − 𝐴)

cos 𝐴 = sin(90° − A) sec 𝐴 = csc(90° − A)

tan 𝐴 = cot(90 ° − 𝐴) csc 𝐴 = sec (90 ° − 𝐴)

Below are some examples,

Example: In right triangle ABC, express the function of A as cofunction of B given the figure
below
Solution:
A
Given the a = 6, b = 9, and c = x

Hence,

11 𝑥
x sin 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 =
𝑥 csc 𝐵 = sec 𝐴 =
11 11
6 𝑥
cos 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 = sec 𝐵 = csc 𝐴 =
𝑥 6
11 6
C B tan 𝐵 = cot 𝐴 = cot 𝐵 = tan 𝐴 =
6 6 11

Example: Express each function of its complementary angle.

1) cos 39° 55′

2) sec 52°
3) tan 67° 43′

Solution:

1) cos 39° 55′ = sin(90° − 39° 55′ ) = sin 50° 5′

2) sec 52° = csc(90° − 52°) = csc 38°
3) tan 67° 43′ = cot(90° − 67° 43′ ) = cot 22° 17′

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 PRACTICE TASK 2.1

I. Draw right triangle ABC whose sides are the given values, label it properly then write
the trigonometric functions of B.
1. 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 9, 𝑐 = 15
2. 𝑎 = 4√3 , 𝑏 = 4, 𝑐=8
3. 𝑎 = 𝑥, 𝑏 = 𝑦, 𝑐 = 25

II. Express each function as the function of Complementary Angle

1. cos 59° 35′
2. sec 29°
3. tan 76° 49′
4. csc 45°
5. tan 57° 18′

GIVEN ONE FUNCTION TO FIND OTHER FUNCTIONS

Remember that before we can show the six trigonometric functions, all the value
of the side of a right triangle must be known. If the value of one function of an acute angle is
known or there is only one missing side, it is possible to find the other ratios using the
Pythagorean Theorem or a2 + b2 = c2

The remaining functions are then obtained by just recalling the acronym SOH-
CAH-TOA and CHO-SHA-CAO.
3
Example: Find the other functions of A if tan 𝐴 =
4

3
Solution: Since tan 𝐴 = , the opposite side of A is 3 and the adjacent side is 4, as shown in
4
the figure.
By Pythagorean Therefore, the other functions of A
A Theorem, the are
hypotenuse is
3 5
4 sin 𝐴 = sec 𝐴 =
𝑐2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 5 4

B 3 C 𝑐 2 = 32 + 42 4 5
cos 𝐴 = csc 𝐴 =
5 3
𝑐=5
4
cot 𝐴 =
3

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 2
Example: Find the functions of A of a right triangle ABC if sin 𝐴 =
5

2
Solution: Since sin 𝐴 = , then the opposite side is 2 and the hypotenuse is √5 .
√5

By Pythagorean Theorem, the Thus, the other functions are

adjacent side or x is
√5 1 √5
2 csc 𝐴 = cos 𝐴 = sec 𝐴 =
(√5) = 22 + 𝑥 2 2 √5 1

𝑥=1 2 1
tan 𝐴 = 𝑜𝑟 2 cot 𝐴 =
1 2

PRACTICE TASK 2.2

I. Find the other functions of A of a right triangle ABC if

8
1. sin 𝐴 =
15
7
2. sec 𝐵 =
3√5

1
II. If tan 𝐴 = 𝑥 , show that cos 𝐴 = .
√𝑥 2 +1

SOLUTION OF THE RIGHT TRIANGLE

Every triangle has 6 parts, namely, the three sides and the three angles. To solve a right
triangle is to find the value of the unknown parts from those that are known using trigonometric
functions and relations. The triangle can be solved if we are given two parts where at least one
of them is a side. Therefore, it is possible to solve a right triangle if and only if we have one of
these two cases:

Case I. Given two sides

Case II. Given one side and one acute angle

Example: Solve right triangle ABC if a = 8 and c =38.17

Solution by CALCULATOR. This is a problem under case 1

a. We draw the right triangle ABC, label it with the standard notations and indicate
the values of the given parts. The unknowns are A, B and b.

B =?

a=8

A =? C
b=?

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 b. We compute for side b by the Pythagorean Theorem, a² + b² = c². Thus,
𝑏 2 = (38.17)2 − (8)2

√𝑏 2 = √(38.17)2 − (8)2

With the selector switch at the degree position we press

 ( 38.17 ) x2 - ( 8 ) x2 =

Rounding off the number 37.32223064073 on display to two decimal places we get b
= 37.32
𝑎
c. To find A we use sin 𝐴 = thus
𝑐
8
sin 𝐴 =
38.17
Press the following keys

SHIFT sin 8  38.17 =

We see on display 12o 5’ 53.70”. We round it off to the nearest minute and obtain A =
o
12 6’

d. By relation A and B are complementary angles therefore;

𝐵 = 90° − 12° 6′ = 77° 54′
𝐵 = 77° 54′

𝑏
e. Check. Use the formula sin 𝐵 = thus,
𝑐
37.32
sin 77° 54′ =
38.17

0.9778 = 0.9778

Since the two sides are equal the answers are correct.
Example: Solve right triangle ABC if B = 37o 38’ and a = 12

Solution:

a. Present by using a figure where the unknown parts are A, b, c

B= 37o 38’

a=12

A=? C
b=?

b. Solve for A by definition of Complementary Angles A + B = 90o

𝐴 = 90° − 37°38′ = 52° 22′

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 𝑏
c. Compute for b, use the formula tan 𝐵 = 𝑎
𝑏
tan 37° 38′ =
12

𝑏 = 12 tan 37° 38′ 𝑏 = 9.25

𝑎 𝑎
d. To solve for c, we use cos 𝐵 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑐 =
𝑐 cos 𝐵
12
𝑐=
cos 37° 38′

𝑐 = 15.15

We can also find the value of c by Pythagorean Theorem

𝑐 2 = 122 + 9.252 𝑐 = 15.15

𝑎
e. Check. Use the formula tan 𝐴 = 𝑏
12
tan 55° 22′ =
9.25
1.30 = 1.30

Therefore, the answers are right.

PROBLEMS INVOLVING RIGHT TRIANGLES

The solution of many problems concerning heights and distance depends upon the
solution of right triangles. Actually, we are required to find only the specified part of the
triangle.

Combining our skills with similar triangles, trigonometric functions and the
Pythagorean Theorem, we are ready to tackle problems that are connected to more real world
scenarios. The situations we will be examining will be specifically related to right triangles,
and we will be using our three main trigonometric functions SOH-CAH-TOA. Once a diagram
is established, the mathematical solution will be the same as those shown on Solving for Sides
or Solving for Angles.

These problems are frequently stated in terms of the angle of elevation and the angle
of depression.

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Angle of Elevation
The angle of elevation is always measured from
the ground up. It is an upward angle from a
horizontal line. It is always inside the triangle.

You can think of the angle of elevation in relation

to the movement of your eyes. You are looking
straight ahead and you must raise (elevate) your
eyes to see the top of a tree.

When trying to remember

the meaning of an angle of
elevation think of
In this diagram, xº marks the an elevator that only goes
angle of elevation of the top of the tree as up!
seen from a point on the ground.

Angle of Depression
The angle of depression is always outside the
triangle. It is never inside the triangle. It is a
downward angle from a horizontal line.

You can think of the angle of depression in

relation to the movement of your eyes. You are
standing at the top of the lighthouse and you are
looking straight ahead. You must lower (depress)
your eyes to see the boat in the water.

In this diagram, xº marks the

angle of depression of the boat at sea
from the top of the lighthouse.
Notice how the horizontal line in the angle of depression diagram is PARALLEL to the
ground level. The fact that horizontal lines are always parallel guarantees that the alternate
interior angles are equal in measure. In the diagram, the angle marked xº is equal in measure
to
m∠BAC. Simply stated, this means that ...
→ the angle of elevation = the angle of depression ←

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 Since alternate interior angles of parallel lines are equal, the angle of depression of A
from T, in the figure, is equal to the angle of elevation of T from A. In other words, angle HTA
is equal to angle CAT.

T H
D

E
C A

The angle formed by two rays from the eye of the observer to the end of an object is
the angle subtended by the object. In the figure below, the angle subtended at S by the tree TR
is angle RST.

Here are some examples

Example: Solution:
A nursery plants a new tree and attaches a guy
• The "angle of elevation" is from the
wire to help support the tree while its roots take
ground up. It is assumed that the tree is
hold. An eight foot wire is attached to the tree vertical, making it perpendicular with the
and to a stake in the ground. From the stake in ground.
the ground the angle of elevation of the • This problem deals with "opposite" and
connection with the tree is 42º. Find to "hypotenuse" making it a sine problem.
the nearest tenth of a foot, the height of the
connection point on the tree. 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑥
sin 42° =
8

x = 8 sin 42°
8 foot
x x= 5.35304485087 or 5.3630 foot

42o

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Example:

A tiny but horrible alien is standing at the top of the Eiffel Tower which is 324 meters tall and
threatening to destroy the city of Paris. A man in Black Agent is standing at ground level 54
meters across the Eiffel square, aiming his laser gun at the alien. At what angle should the agent
shoot his laser gun?

Solution:

• The angle of elevation is from the alien to the ground

324 meters where the man in Black agent is standing.
• This problem deals with “opposite” and “adjacent”,
which are the given facts, making it a tangent problem
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 324
tan 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 54
54 meters 324
𝜃 = tan−1
54

𝜃 = 80. 53767779197 𝑜𝑟 80° 32′

Example: An airship is flying at an altitude of 800m when it spots a village in the distance with
a depression angle of 12°. How far is the village from where the plane is flying over?
d
Solution:
12o
• By definition, angle of elevation is equal to the angle of
depression. In this problem, we are task to find the distance
of the airship to the spot of the village.
800m
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 800
tan 𝜃 = tan 12° =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑
𝑑 = 3,763.70408758276 𝑜𝑟 3,763.7041 𝑚

PRACTICE TASK 2.3

I. Solve triangle ABC whose given parts are

1. 𝑎 = 7 𝑐 = 25.8
2. 𝑏 = 9 𝑎 = 35
3. 𝑐 = 14 𝐵 = 38°
4. 𝐵 = 22 𝑎=3
5. 𝑐 = 25.5 𝐵 = 47° 14′

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 II. Solve the following problems
1. A man in Agoo Cathedral tower finds that the angle of depression of a tricycle on
the road is 21°16´. If he is 20 meters above the ground, how far is the tricycle from
the tower?

2. The Quezon memorial tower casts a shadow 25 meters long when the angle of
elevation of the sun is 69°15´. What is the height of the tower?

3. A 200-foot-long zip line cable is attached to the top of a tree and extends to an
anchor on the ground. The cable makes an angle of 61° with the ground. Calculate
how far away the foot of the cable is to the base of the tree?

4. Sean is operating an RC drone hovering above a garbage pail that is 50 yds. away
from him. If the angle of elevation between the drone and the ground is 43°, what
is the altitude of the drone?

5. A skateboard ramp makes a 32° angle with the ground and has a vertical height of
12 feet. Find the length of the ramp.

BEARING
In the past lessons, we are trying to figure out unknown distances given certain
elements of a triangle and used the trigonometric ratios. This point out the importance and
application of trigonometry to real-word problems. Now, we will also learn to use angles to
determine the position of one point with reference to the other and tell directions that is essential
in navigation.

The direction of a point on the earth’s plane surface is usually referred to the north-
south line and is called its bearing. The bearing of a point M from O is the acute angle that line
OM makes with the north-south line. The angle is represented by N or S first followed by angle
value and E or W direction. Thus, in the figure below, the bearing of M from O is 70o east of
north and is abbreviated as N 70o E. This is read as “north 70o east.”

N
J
33o 70o M
The bearing of J is N 33o W

W E The bearing of V is S 73o 20’ W

O
V The bearing of R is S 45o 30’ E
R
S

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 Let us have other examples. Suppose a boat leaves an island at a bearing of S 30o E
and travels in a straight line as shown below

The boat is
W E moving in this
direction
30o

In both air and naval navigation, the heading is the direction

N
in which the prow of a ship in motion or the nose of the plane in
flight is pointed. But due to the air velocity or the water current they
do not advance to where they are headed. The actual direction of
flight of the plane or motion of the ship with respect to the ground is
called the course, and the smallest positive angle  between the
course and the heading is the drift angle, as shown in the figure.

Furthermore, the real speed of the plane with respect to the ground Course
is called ground speed; but its velocity in still air is called air speed. W S E

Let’s try some examples.

Example: A ship sails 12 km due west from Poro Point La Union, then turns south and sails 8
km. What is its distance and bearing from the port?

Solution. N
a. Given the measurements of
two sides we can use the
12
Pythagorean Theorem to W Poro Point, E

find the value of x. La Union
𝑥 2 = 122 + 82 8
𝑥 2 = 144 + 64 x
𝑥 2 = 208
S
√𝑥 2 = √208 𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑥 = 14.42 b. By definition, we can use the function tan 𝜃 = to solve
𝑎𝑑𝑗
for the value of .
8
Thus, the distance of the tan 𝜃 = = 0.67
12
ship from the port is 14.42 −1
𝜃 = tan 0.67 𝜃 = 33.69
km.
Therefore, the bearing from the port is S 33o 41’ 24” W.

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 Example: A mariner spots an island directly south from his location. Another boatman is 200
ft. west of the mariner and spots the island at a bearing of S 42o 38’ E. How far is the location
of the island from the mariner?
N
Solution.

a. Given the angle 42o 38’, we can 200

E
find the value of  by definition of W
complementary angles. 
90° − 42° 38′ = 47° 38′ or 47.63
42o 38’ x
S
b. With the given measurements, we can now use the
𝑜𝑝𝑝
function tan 𝜃 = to solve for the value of x.
𝑎𝑑𝑑
𝑥 S
Island
tan 47.63 =
200 Thus, the island is
200 tan 47.63 = 𝑥
219. 29 km. away
𝑥 = 219.29
from the mariner.

Example: A sailboat heads S 55o 30’ E at 5km per hour while the wind is blowing west at 8
km per hour. What is the bearing of the boat from the starting point 2 hours later?
Solution. N

a. The given distances for two W E

hours
𝑥 = 5 × 2 = 10𝑘𝑚
𝑦 = 8 × 2 = 16 𝑘𝑚 Wind blows to West
S westblows

b. To find z we use the Pythagorean theorem Now we can represent

thus, and draw a triangle
𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑧 2 = 102 + 162 N
√𝑧 2 = √356
𝑧 = 18.87
Hence, at the end of 2 hours the sailboat
traveled 18.87 km. W E
10


16
10

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c. To find the value of  we can use the sine ratio.
16
sin 𝜃 = = 0.85
18.87
θ = sin−1 0.85
𝜃 = 58.21 or 58o 12’ 36”

Then, subtract 55o 30’ from 58o 12’ 36” which

is equal to 2o 42’ 36”.

Therefore, the bearing of the boat from the

starting point is S 2o 42’ 36” W.

PRACTICE TASK 2.4

I. Make a fairly accurate sketch showing the bearing under the following conditions.
1. A rock R S 20o 40’ W from a hut H
2. A police outpost P due east of a Municipal Building M

II. B. Solve the following problems.

1. An airplane flies directly south at 130 km/hr. After two hours, it turns and flies due
west for 3 hours at the same speed. Find its distance and bearing from the starting
point at the end of the 5 hours.

2. A ship leaves Calapan Mindoro, at 3:00 pm and sails east at 12km per hour. A second
ship leaves the same port at 5:00 pm and sails due north at 15 km per hour. Find the
bearing of the second ship from the first at 7:00 pm.

3. Ship A which is 32 km directly west of B is sailing due east. B is sailing S 21 o 11’ W

at 18 km per hour. Two hours later, A is due north of B. What is the speed of A.?

ANSWER KEY

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 ANSWER KEY:

Practice Task 2.1:

I.
For angle B, opposite side is 9 and the adjacent side is 6 and
B the value of the hypotenuse is 15 thus,
1.
9 15
sin 𝐵 = csc 𝐵 =
15 15 9
6 6 15
cos 𝐵 = sec 𝐵 =
15 6
9 6
tan 𝐵 = cot 𝐵 =
A 9 C 6 9

2. B 4 8
sin 𝐵 = csc 𝐵 =
8 4
4√3 8
8 cos 𝐵 = sec 𝐵 =
8 4√3
4√3
4 4√3
tan 𝐵 = cot 𝐵 =
4√3 4
4 A
C

B 𝑦 25
3. sin 𝐵 = csc 𝐵 =
25 𝑦
𝑥 25
25 cos 𝐵 = sec 𝐵 =
x 25 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
tan 𝐵 = cot 𝐵 =
𝑥 𝑦
A C
y
II.

1. cos 59° 35′ = sin(90° − 59° 35′) = sin 30° 25′

2. sec 29° = csc(90° − 29°) = csc 61°
3. tan 76° 49′ = cot(90° − 76° 49′ ) = cot 13° 11′
4. csc 45° = sec(90° − 45°) = sec 45°
5. tan 57° 18′ = cot(90° − 57° 18′ ) = cot 32° 42′

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Practice Task 2.2:

I.
8
1. Since sin 𝐴 = , the opposite side is 8 and the value of the hypotenuse 15
15

By Pythagorean Theorem the adjacent side is Therefore the other functions of A are

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 12.69 15
cos 𝐴 = sec 𝐴 =
15 12.69
152 = 82 + 𝑏 2
8 12.69
tan 𝐴 = cot 𝐴 =
𝑏2 = 225 − 64 12.69 8
15
√𝑏 2 = √161 csc 𝐴 =
8
𝑏 = 12.69

7
2. Since sec 𝐵 = , the hypotenuse is 7 and the value of the adjacent side is 3√5
3√5

By Pythagorean Theorem the opposite side is Therefore the other functions of A are

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2 7
sin 𝐵 = csc 𝐵 =
7 2
2
72 = (3√5) + 𝑏 2
3√5
cos 𝐵 =
49 − 45 = 𝑏 2 7

2 3√5
√𝑏 2 = √4 tan 𝐵 = cot 𝐵 =
3√5 2
𝑏=2

𝑥
II. Since sin 𝐴 = 𝑥 or by making it into fraction sin 𝐴 = , x is the opposite side and 1 is the
1
adjacent side and in finding for the hypotenuse, we can use Pythagorean Theorem

Let y be the hypotenuse; Hence,

𝑦2 = 𝑥2 + 1
1
√𝑦 2 = √𝑥 2 + 1 cos 𝐴 =
√𝑥 2 +1
𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 1
Where 1 is adjacent and the hypotenuse is √𝑥 2 + 1 is true

49 THIS COURSEPACK IS FOR PNU NL USE ONLY

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Practice Task 2.3:

I.

1. B=? a. By Pythagorean Theorem 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2

𝑏 2 = (25.8)2 − (7)2
𝑏 = 24.83
𝑎
b. To solve for A, use sin 𝐴 =
7 𝑐
7
sin 𝐴 =
25.8
C 𝐴 = 15° 45′
A=?
b=? c. To solve for B, use 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 90°
𝐵 = 90° − 15° 45′
𝐵 = 74° 15′

a. By Pythagorean Theorem 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
2. 𝑐 2 = 352 + 92
B=?
𝑐 = 36.14
𝑎
b. To solve for A we use sin 𝐴 =
𝑐
35
35 sin 𝐴 =
36.14
𝐴 = 75° 34′
c. To solve for B, use 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 90°
A=? C 𝐵 = 90° − 75° 34′
9
𝐵 = 14° 26′

a. Use 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 90°
𝐴 = 90° − 38°
B 𝐴 = 52°
3. 𝑎
b. To solve for a, use sin 𝐴 =
𝑐
38o 𝑎
sin 52° =
14
a=? 𝑎 = 11.03
𝑏
c. To solve for b, use cos 𝐴 =
𝑐
A=? C 𝑏
b=? cos 52° = 𝑏 = 8.62
14

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 a. Use 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 90°
B 𝐴 = 90° − 22°
4. 𝐴 = 68°
𝑎
22o b. To solve for b, use tan 𝐴 =
𝑏
3
3 tan 68° =
𝑏
𝑏 = 1.21
𝑎
c. To solve for c, use cos 𝐵 =
A=? C 𝑐
b=? 3
cos 22° =
𝑐
𝑐 = 3.24

a. Use 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 90°
5. 𝐴 = 90° − 47° 14′
B 𝐴 = 42° 46′
𝑎
b. To solve for a we use sin 𝐴 =
𝑐
′
𝑎
47o 14’ sin 42° 46 =
25.5
a=? 𝑎 = 17.31
𝑏
c. To solve for b, we can use sin 𝐵 =
𝑐
𝑏
A=? b=? C sin 47°14′ =
25.5
II. 𝑏 = 18.72

1.
Let d = the distance between tricycle and the
tower

𝑑
cot 21°16´ =
20 𝑚
20 meters
21o 16’ d = 20 𝑚 cot 21°16´

𝑑 = 51.38565952705 𝑜𝑟

𝟓𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝒎
d
Let a = the height of the tower
2.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
tan 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎
tan 69°15´ =
25 𝑚
a
a = 25 tan 69°15´

𝑎 = 65. 98637203547 𝑜𝑟
o
69 15’ 𝟔𝟑. 𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟒 𝒎
25 m

51 THIS COURSEPACK IS FOR PNU NL USE ONLY

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3. Let x = the distance between the foo of the
cable to the base of the tree

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
cos 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑥
cos 61° =
200 𝑓𝑡

𝑥 = 200 𝑓𝑡 cos 61°

61o
𝑥 = 96. 96192404927 𝑜𝑟
x
𝟗𝟔. 𝟗𝟔𝟏𝟗 𝒇𝒕

4. Let m = the altitude of the drone

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
tan 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

m 𝑚
tan 43° =
50 𝑦𝑑𝑠

m = 50 tan 43°
o
43
50 yds. 𝑚 = 46.62575430688 𝑜𝑟
𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝒚𝒅𝒔

5.
Let h = length of the ramp

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

12 𝑓𝑡
sin 32° =
ℎ
12 ft. 12𝑓𝑡
h=
sin 32°
32o ℎ = 22.6449589776 𝑜𝑟

𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒇𝒕

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Practice Task 2.4:

I. 1. N 2.
N

H M P
W E W E

R
S S
II.
1. In 2 hrs., the airplane is 260 km directly
south and at the end of another 3 hrs., the 𝑜𝑝𝑝
tan 𝜃 = 𝑥 2 = 3902 + 2602
airplane is 390 km. due west. 𝑎𝑑𝑗
N
tan 𝜃 =
390 𝑥 = 468.72
260

390 Therefore, the distance

𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) of the airplane from the
W E 260
x  starting point is 468.72
260  = 56.31 𝑜𝑟
km and the bearing is S
390 56° 18′ 36" 56o 18’ 36” W
0
S

2. At 7 pm the first ship is 48 km due east of Calapan

Mindoro and the second ship is 30 km due north by,
N
1st Ship 2nd Ship

7:00 - 3:00 = 4:00hrs. 7:00 - 5:00 = 2:00

412 = 48 km 215 = 30 km

30 30
tan 𝜃 = 
48 W E
48
Thus, the bearing of the
30
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) second ship from the
48
first ship is N 32o W
𝜃 = 32.0 𝑜𝑟 32°
S
3.
a. At the end of two hours Ship B has reach 2  18 = 36 km
b. By definition of complementary angles, 90o= 21o 11’ +  or  = 68o 49’ or 68.82.
c. Then given the hypotenuse and the angle opposite from x, we can use sin ratio.
𝑥
sin 68.82 = and 36 sin 68.82 = 𝑥 or 𝑥 = 33.57.
36
d. By Pythagorean Theorem, 362 = 33.572 + 𝑦 2 and 𝑦 = 13.00.
e. To find z, z = 32 – 13 and z = 19.
f. Divide 19 with the number of hours which is 2, this gives 9.5
Thus, Ship A is moving 9.5 km/hr due east.

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