Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering & Management Sciences

Introduction to
Database Systems
Mohammad Imran
Lecturer
Department of Information Technology
Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering & Management Science

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Lecture 5
Relational Data Model

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Difference between DBMS and RDBMS

• Every RDBMS is a DBMS but opposite is not true
• RDBMS is a DBMS which is based on the relational model,
but not every DBMS must be relational
• RDBMS are most common, sometimes the term DBMS is
used to denote a RDBMS which is NOT relational,
depends upon the context

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Difference between DBMS and RDBMS

RDBMS DMBS
• RDBMS (relational database • DBMS applications store
management system) data as files
applications store data in a
tabular form

Does that mean there are no tables in a DBMS?

There can be, but there will be no “relation” between the tables, like in a RDBMS

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Difference between DBMS and RDBMS

RDBMS DBMS
• Tables will have an identifier called • No Primary Key Concept in
primary key
• Data values will be stored in the form of
DBMS
tables • No Relationship
• The relationships between data values
will be stored in the form of a table • Accessibility is difficult
• Every value stored is accessible • Updating is difficult
• Value can be updated by the system
• The data in this system is also physically
• Dependency is there
and logically independent • No Data Normalization
• Data Normalization

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Difference between DBMS and RDBMS

• You can say that a RDBMS is an in an extension of a DBMS, even if
there are many differences between the two
• Most software products in the market today are both DBMS and
RDBMS compliant
• Essentially, they can maintain databases in a (relational) tabular
form as well as a file form, or both
• Today a RDBMS application is a DBMS application, and vice versa
• Still major differences between a relational database system for
storing data and a plain database system
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RDBMS
• Relational Database Management System
• Based on Relational Model
• So lets see what a relational model is

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Relational Model
• Edgar Frank Codd (aka E.F. Code)
• (19 August 1923 – 18 April 2003)
• English computer scientist, Worked for IBM
• Invented the relational model for database
management, basis for relational databases
• Made valuable contributions to computer
science
• Relational model, a very influential general
theory of data management, remains his
most mentioned achievement

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Relational Model
• Primary data model, which is used widely around the
world for data storage and processing
• Model is simple and it has all the properties and
capabilities required to process data with storage
efficiency

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Relational Model Concepts

• Tables
• Tuple
• Relation Instance
• Relation Schema
• Relation Key
• Attribute Domain

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Tables
• In relational data model, • A Table
relations are saved in the
format of Tables CMS-ID Name Session Phone

• This format stores the 123456 Ali Spring 15 1111-

1111111
relation among entities
789456 Saira Fall 13 2222-
• A table has rows and 2222222
columns, where rows 654321 Karim Fall 12 3333-
represents records and 3333333

columns represent the

attributes

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Tuple
• A single row of a table, • Tuple: highlighted in Red
which contains a single
CMS-ID Name Session Phone
record for that relation is
123456 Ali Spring 15 1111-
called a tuple 1111111

789456 Saira Fall 13 2222-

2222222
654321 Karim Fall 12 3333-
3333333

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Relation Instance
• A finite set of tuples in • Relation Instance: highlighted in Red
the relational database
CMS-ID Name Session Phone
system represents
123456 Ali Spring 15 1111-
relation instance 1111111

Relation instances do 789456 Saira Fall 13 2222-

2222222
not have duplicate 654321 Karim Fall 12 3333-
tuples 3333333

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Relation Schema
• A relation schema describes
o relation name (table name)
o attributes, and their names

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Relation (Table), Attributes & Tuple

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Relation Key
• Each row has one or • Relation Key: highlighted
more attributes, known
CMS-ID Name Session Phone
as relation key, which
123456 Ali Spring 15 1111-
can identify the row in 1111111

the relation (table) 789456 Saira Fall 13 2222-

2222222
uniquely 654321 Karim Fall 12 3333-
3333333

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Attribute domain
• Every attribute has some pre-defined value scope, known
as attribute domain
o Age (1-99)
o Married (yes or no)

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Constraints
• Every relation has some conditions that must hold for it to
be a valid relation
• These conditions are called Relational Integrity
Constraints
• There are three main integrity constraints:
o Key constraints
o Domain constraints
o Referential integrity constraints
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Key Constraints
• There must be at least one minimal subset of attributes in the relation,
which can identify a tuple uniquely
• This minimal subset of attributes is called key for that relation
• If there are more than one such minimal subsets, these are called
candidate keys
• Key constraints force that
o in a relation with a key attribute, no two tuples can have identical values
for key attributes
o a key attribute can not have NULL values.
• Key constraints are also referred to as Entity Constraints

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Domain Constraints
• Attributes have specific values in real-world scenario
o For example, age can only be a positive integer
• Same constraints have been tried to employ on the
attributes of a relation
• Every attribute is bound to have a specific range of values
o For example
• age cannot be less than zero
• telephone numbers cannot contain a digit outside 0-9

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Referential Integrity Constraints

• Referential integrity constraints work on the concept of
Foreign Keys
• A foreign key is a key attribute of a relation that can be
referred in other relation
• Referential integrity constraint states that if a relation
refers to a key attribute of a different or same
relation, then that key element must exist

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No Referential Integrity here

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Relational Model

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Thank you

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