Practice Sheet I (Set Theory & Mathematical Induction)

1. Represent the following set-in tabular form:

(i ) A = {x : x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0}
(ii ) B = {x : x is an integer & 1  x  7}
(iii ) C = {x : x is a perfect square , x  30}
(iv ) D = {x : x is a positive integral divisor of 60}
2. (a) Which of the following sets are equal
A = {x : x  N , x  4}
B = {x : x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0}
C = {x : x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 = 0}
(b) Let A = {1, 2… 8, 9}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, D = {3, 4, 5}, E = {3, 5}
Which of the above sets can equal to X under each of the following conditions?
(i) X and B are disjoint. (ii) X  A but X  C.
(iii) X  D but X  B (iv) X  C but X  A.
3.

4. (a) If A  B = A  C then is it necessary that B = C ?

(b) If A  B = A  C then is it necessary that B = C ?
5. If A= {1, 2, 3, 5}, B= {4, 5, 7} and C= {1, 6, 7} then prove that
(a) A  (B  C ) = ( A  B )  ( A  C )
(b) A − ( A − B)  B.
(c) A − ( B  C ) = ( A − B)  ( A − C ).
(d) A  ( B − C ) = ( A  B) − ( A  C )
(e) A − ( B − C ) = ( A − B)  ( A  C ).
(f) A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B)  ( A  C ).
(g) ( A − B)  C = ( A  C ) − ( B  C ).
(h) ( A  B)  C = ( A  C )  ( B  C ).
6. If A i = [0, i ] where i  N(set of naturals), then find (a) A1  A2 (b) A 3  A4 (c)  ii ==10
5 Ai
3 3
and Verify tha t ( Ai ) c =  Aic .
i =1 i =1

 1
7. Let Dn =  0,  where n  N , the set of positive integers. Find (i) D3  D5 .
 n
(ii) D4  D10 (iii)  Di where A is a subset of N (iv)  Di
i A i N
8. Prove the following (in general):
(i ) A − ( B  C ) = ( A − B)  ( A − C )
(ii ) ( A  B)c = Ac  B c
(iii )( A  B)  ( A  B c ) = A.
(iv )( A  B) − ( A  B) = ( A − B)  ( B − A). [ Note the def n of symm. difference]
(v) If A  B & C  D then A  C  B  D & A  C  B  D.
 9. If U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7}, A={1,2,3,5}, B={1,3,4,6}and C={1,2,4,7}find
(iv) A  B
(i) n( A  B  C )
(v ) ( B  C ) − A
(ii) n( A  (B  C ))
(
(iii) n A  B c  C )
10. A computer company must hire 20 programmers to handle system programming jobs and 30
programmers for applications programming. Of those hired,5 are expected to perform jobs of
both types. How many programmers must be hired? Ans: 45

11. In a class of 25 students, 12 have taken Mathematics. 8 have taken Mathematics but not Biology. Find
the number of students who have taken Mathematics and Biology and those who have taken Biology
but not Mathematics. Ans: 4, 13
12. Out of 250 candidates who failed in an examination, it was revealed that 128 failed in Mathematics,
87 in physics, and 134 in aggregate.31 failed in Mathematics and in Physics,
54 failed in the aggregate and in Mathematics, 30 failed in the aggregate and in Physics.
Find how many candidates failed:
(a) in all the three subjects; Ans: 16
(b) in Mathematics but not in Physics; Ans:97
(c) in the aggregate but not in Mathematics; Ans: 80
(d) in Physics but not in the aggregate or in Mathematics; Ans:42
(e) in the aggregate or in Mathematics, but not in Physics; Ans:163

13. A survey of 500 television watchers produced the following information: 285 watch football games,
195 watch hockey games, 115 watch basketball games, 45 watch football and basketball games, 70
watch football and hockey games, 50 watch hockey and basketball games, and 50 do not watch any of
the three kinds of games.
a. How many people in the survey watch all three kinds of games?
b. How many people watch exactly one of the sports?
14. If A and B are disjoint sets s.t. A  B = A , then what must be true about B?
15. Write the dual of each equation:
(i) A  B = ( B c  Ac ) c (ii ) A = ( B c  A)  ( A  B)
(iii ) A  ( A  B) = A (iv ) ( A  B)  ( Ac  B)  ( A  B c )  ( Ac  B c ) = U
16. Find the power set of S= {1, 2,{2},{1,2}, 3}.
17. If A = n then prove that P( A) = 2 n.
18. The power set P(A) of a set A is the set of all subsets of A. Suppose that A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
a) How many elements are there in P(A)?
b) How many elements are there in P(A×P(A))  A?
c) How many elements are there in P(A×P(A)) ∩ A?
19. Let X = {1, 2… 8, 9}. Determine whether or not each of the following is a partition of X:
(a) [{1, 3, 6}, {2, 8}, {5,7,9}] (b) [{1,5,7},{2,4,8,9},{3,5,6}]
(c) [{2,4,5,8},{1,9},{3,6,7}] (d) [{1,2,7},{3,5},{4,6,8,9},{3,5}]
20. Let S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}. Determine whether or not each of the following is a partition of S:
(a) [{1,2,3},{1,4,5,6}] (b) [{1,2},{3,5,6}]
(c) [{1,3,5},{2,4},{6}] (d) [{1,3,5,},{2,4,6,7}]
21. Let [ A1 , A2 ,..., Am ] and [ B1 , B2 ,..., Bn ] be partitions of a set X. Show that the collection of sets
P = [ Ai  B j : i = 1,2,..., m, j = 1,2,..., n] − 
is also a partition (called the cross partition) of X.(Observe that we have deleted the empty set)
22. Let X = { 1, 2, 3, …,8,9}. Find the cross partition P of the following partitions of X:
P1 = [{1,3,5,7,9},{2,4,6,8}] and P2 = [{1,2,3,4},{5,7},{6,8,9}]
Using the technique of mathematical induction:
23. Prove that (cos  + i sin  ) n = (cos n + i sin n ) n  N
24. Show that 9 − 8n − 1 is divisible by 64.
n

2
1 
25. Prove that 1 + 2 + 3 + − − − − + n =  n(n + 1) 
3 3 3 3
n  N
2 
( 4n 3 − n)
26. Prove that 1 + 3 + − − +(2n − 1) =
2 2 2
n  N
3
n(n + 1)
27. 12 − 2 2 + 3 2 + − − − + (−1) n +1 n 2 = (−1) n +1 n  N
2
28. Prove that n 3 + 5n is divisible by 6 n  N
29. Prove that 2 n  n! n  4, n  N
30. n  2 n
n  N
1 − r n+1
31. If r  R, r  1 & n  N then 1 + r + r 2 + − − − + r n =
1− r
32. Conjecture a formula for the sum of first n odd natural numbers 1+3+----+ (2n-1) and prove your
formula by using mathematical induction.
33. Find the least n for which the statement is true and then prove that 10n  3 n.
34. Find the least n for which the statement is true and then prove that (1 + n 2 )  2 n.
 n(n + 1)( n + 2) 
35. Prove that (1 + 1 ) + (2 + 2 ) + (3 + 3 ) + ... + (n + n ) =   n  N .
2 2 2 2

 3 
36. Discuss the problem of Tower of Hanoi and prove it by the method of induction.
Practice Sheet – II (Logic, Propositional functions & quantifiers)
1. (a) Which of the following sentences are propositions:
(i) Is this true?
(ii) 5  {1,6,7}
(iii) Answer this question.
(iv) 5 + 6 = 12
(v) Four is even.
(b) What is the negation of: (c) Determine the truth value of the following:
(i) Today is Tuesday. (i) 6 + 2 =7 or 4 + 4 = 8
(ii) 5 + 1 = 6. (ii) 3 +1 = 4 and 5 + 4 = 7
(iii) No one wants to buy my house. (iii) 4 + 3 = 7 and 6 + 2 = 8
(iv) Some students have no mobile phone. (iv) If 3 * 5 = 24 then 3 + 5 = 8
(v) Every even integer greater than 4 is the sum (v) If 3 * 5 = 15 then 3 + 5 =12
of two primes.
2. Consider the following:
p: This computer is good.
q : This computer is cheap.
Write each of the following statements in symbolic form:
(i) This computer is good and cheap.
(ii) This computer is not good but cheap.
(iii) This computer is costly but good.
(iv) This computer is neither good nor cheap.
(v) This computer is good or cheap.
3. Consider the following:
p : you take a course in Discrete Mathematics
q : you understand logic.
r : you get an A+ in this course.
Write in simple sentences the meaning of the following:
(i) p  q (ii ) q → r
(iii ) ~ p  ~ q. (iv) ( p  q) → r (v) ( p ~ q) → ~ r
4. Construct the truth table for the following:
(i )( p  q )  p
(ii )( p  q)  (p  q)
(iii ) p  (q  r )
(iv )p  q → q
( v ) p  r  q  r
5. Determine whether the following propositions are tautologies or not.
(i ) p  ( p  q )
(ii )( p  q )  [(p )  q ]  p
(iii ) ( p  q ) → ( p → q )
(iv )[ p  ( p → q )] → q
(v ) p  ( q  r )  ( p  q )  r
6. Show that the propositions p  (q  p) and ( p  q)  (p)  (q) are contradiction.
7. Show that the following pairs of propositions are logically equivalent:
(i ) ( p  q) → r  ( p → r )  (q → r )
(ii ) p  ( p  q)  p
(iii ) ( p  q)  p  q
(iv) p  (q  q)  p
 8. State the converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following:
(i) If today is Easter then tomorrow is Monday
(ii) If John is a poet then he is poor.
(iii) If triangle ABC is right angled then AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2
(iv) If P is a square then P is a rectangle.
(v) If a triangle is not isosceles then it is not equilateral.
(vii) If the square of an odd integer is odd then that number is odd.
9. Write the negation of each statement as simply as possible.
(i) If she works, she will earn money.
(ii) He swims if and only if the water is warm
(iii) If it snows, then they do not drive the car.
10. Determine the validity of the following arguments.
(i ) p → q, r →~ q  p →~ r
(ii ) ( p  ~ q ), ~ q → r , q  ~ r
(iii ) p → ~ q, r → q , r  ~ p
(iv) If I study then I will pass in examination.
If I don’t go to cinema, then I will study.
But I failed in examination.
…………………………….
Therefore I went to cinema.

11. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Determine the truth value of each of the following statements:
(i ) (x  A)( x + 3 = 10) (ii ) (x  A)( x + 3  10)
(iii ) (x  A)( x + 3  5) (iv ) (x  A)( x + 3  7)
12. Determine the truth value of each of the following statements where U ={1, 2, 3} is the
universal set:
(i) xy , x 2  y + 1 (ii ) xy , x 2 + y 2  12 (iii ) xy , x 2 + y 2  12
13. Negate each of the following statements:
(i) xy , p( x, y) (ii ) xy , x 2 + y 2  a 2 (iii ) yxz , x 2 + y 2 − z 2  a 2
14. Let p(x) denote the sentence “x+2 > 5”. State whether or not p(x) is a propositional
function on each of the following sets:
(a) N, the set of positive integers (b) M = {-1, -2, -3, …} (c) C, the set of complex numbers
15. Negate each of the following statements:
(a) All the students live in the hostels.
(b) All mathematics majors are male.
(c) Some students are 18 (years) or older.
16. Let A = {1, 2, 3, …,9, 10}. Consider each of the following sentences. If it is a statement,
then determine its truth value. If it is a propositional function, determine its truth set.
(a) (x  A)(y  A)( x + y  14). (c) (x  A)(y  A)( x + y  14).
(b) (y  A)( x + y  14). (d ) (y  A)( x + y  14).
17. Negate each of the following statements:
(a) If the teacher is absent, then some students do not complete their homework.
(b) All the students completed their homework and the teacher is present.
(c) Some of the students did not complete their homework or the teacher is absent.

18. Find a counterexample for each statement where U = {3, 5, 7, 9} is the universal set:
(i) x, x + 3  7 (ii ) x, x is odd (iii) x, x is prime. (iv)x, x = x.
19. Negate the statement x y ( p( x) ~ q( x)) .
Practice Sheet – III (Functions and Algorithms)
1. Let A and B be finite sets. Suppose A has m elements and B has n elements. State the relationship
which must hold between m and n for each of the following to be true:
(a) there exists a one-one (injection) map from A to B.
(b) there exists an onto (surjection) map from A to B.
(c) there exists a bijection (one-one onto) map from A to B.
2. Find the domain D and range of each of the following real-valued functions of a real variable:
1
( a ) f ( x) = (c) f ( x) = 25 − x 2
x−2
(b) f ( x) = x 2 − 3x − 4. (d ) f ( x) = x 2 where 0  x  2.

3. Define floor, ceiling, integer, absolute value, and remainder, exponential and logarithmic functions.
Give two examples for each.
4.

5. Let f(x) = x + 2, g(x) = x – 2, and h(x) = 3x for x  R, where R is set of Real numbers.
Find g  f, f  g, f  f, h  f, g  f  h.
6. Let f : R → R and g : R → R, where R is set of real numbers. Find f  g, g  f, where
f(x) = x 2 − 2 and g(x) = x + 4. State whether these functions are injective, surjective or
bijective.
7. Show that there exists a one-one and onto mapping from the set of naturals to the set of integers.
Hence the cardinality of both the sets is same.
8. If f : A → B and g : B → C and both f and g are onto, show that g  f is also onto. Is
g  f one - one if both g and f are one - one?
9. Let f : R → R be given by f(x) = x 3 − 2. Find f -1 .
10.

11. Let a and b be positive integers, and suppose Q is defined recursively as follows:

0 if a  b
Q(a, b) = 
Q(a - b, b) + 1 if b  a
Find (i) Q (2, 5) (ii) Q (12, 5)
(iii) What does this function Q do? Find Q (5861, 7).
12. Let n denote a positive integer. Suppose a function L is defined recursively as follows:
0 if n = 1

L(n) =    n  
L  2   if n  1
  
Find L (25).
 13. Consider a recursive function G from set of positive integers to integers,
1 if n = 1

 n
G (n) = 1 + G  if n is even
 2
G (3n − 1) if n is odd and n  1.
Is G well defined? Justify.
14. Let x and y be two integers and suppose that g(x, y) is defined recursively by
5 if x  y
g(x, y) =  .
g(x - y, y + 2) + x if x  y
Find g (2, 7), g (5, 3) and g (15, 2).

15. Let a and b be integers, and suppose Q (a, b) is defined recursively by

5 if a  b
Q (a, b) = 
Q (a - b, b + 2) + a if a  b
Find Q (2, 7) and Q (5, 3).
16. A function f : Z + → Z is defined by
1 if n =1

 n
f ( n) =  f   if n is even
 2
1 + f (5n − 9) if n is odd and n  1.
Show that f is not well defined.
( )
17. Suppose P(n) = a 0 + a 1 n + a 2 n 2 + ......... + a m n m has degree m.Prove P(n) = O n m .
18. Prove that 2x 4 + x 3 − x 2 + 3x + 4 = O(x 4 ).
19. Show that 9 x 2 is O( x 3 ). Is it true that x 3 is O(9 x 2 ).
20. Show that x 3 is O( x 4 ) but x 4 is not O( x 3 ).
21. Using generating function solve the following recurrence relations:
(i ) a n = 8a n−1 + 10 n−1 with initial condition a 0 = 1.
(ii ) a k = 7 a k −1 with initial condition a 0 = 5.
(iii ) a k = 3a k −1 + 2; a 0 = 1.
(iv ) a k = 7a k −1 − 12 a k −2 ; a 0 = 1.; a1 = 7.
(v) a k = ma k −1 − 1; a 0 = m.
22. Using Euclidean’s Algorithm find the greatest common divisors of
(i) 630 and 196 (ii) 1800 and 756.
Also show that their gcd can be expressed as a linear integral combination of the numbers.
23. Show that 17,369 and 5472 are relatively prime.
24. Evaluate the following polynomial by using Horner’s Method:
(i) f ( x) = 4 x 3 − 2 x + 1 at x = −2
(ii ) f ( x) = 17 x 5 − 40 x 3 + 16 x − 7 at x = 3
25. Using Russian Peasant Method multiply the following:
(i ) 461  973 (ii )168  413 (iii )141  141.
Practice Sheet – IV (Graphs part 1)
1. Draw a picture of each of the following graphs, and state whether or not it is simple.
(a) G1 = {V1,E1}, where V1 = {a, b, c, d, e} and E1={(a,b),(b,c),(a,c),(a,d),(d,e)}.
(b) G2 = {V2,E2}, where V2 = {P,Q,R,S,T} and E2={PQ,PR,PS,PT,TR,PR}.
(c) G3 = {V3,E3}, where V3 = { v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 , v5 } and
E3={ v1v1 , v1v2 , v2 v3 , v3 v4 , v5 v4 , v4 v5 }.
2. For each undirected graph given below that is not simple, find a set of edges to remove to
make it simple:

Graph no.2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6

3. Write down the number of vertices and number of edges and verify Hand-shaking lemma
in each case:

Graph 3.1, 3.2

4. Consider G = G(V, E) where V = { A, B, C, D} and

deg(A) = 2, deg(B) = 3, deg(C) = 2, deg(D) = 2.
a. Does such a graph G exist; If not, why not?
b. Does such a multigraph G exist?
5. How many edges are there in a graph with 10 vertices each of degree six?
6. Find the sum of the degrees of the vertices of each of the following graphs and verify that
it equals twice the number of edges in the graph.

Graph 6.1, Graph 6.2 Graph 6.3

7. Can a simple graph exit with 15 vertices each of degree five?

8. Show that the sum, over the set of people at a party, of the number of people a person has
shaken hands with, is even. Assume that no one shakes his or her own hand.
9. By suitably lettering the vertices, prove that the following two graphs are isomorphic:

Graph 9.1 and 9.2

10. Are the following graphs isomorphic? Justify your answer.

Graph 10.1 Graph 10.2

11. Draw the following graphs:

(i ) K 7 (ii ) K1,8 (iii ) K 4, 4 (iv ) C 7 (v) W7 (vi) Q3 (vii) Q4 .

12. How many vertices and how many edges do these graphs have?
(i ) K n (ii ) K m,n (iii ) C n (iv ) Wn (v) Qn .

13. Draw all subgraphs of this graph:

Graph 13

14. Let G be a graph with v vertices and e edges. Let M be the maximum degree of the
vertices of G and let m be the minimum degree of the vertices of G. Show that
(i) 2e / v  m. (ii) 2e / v  M .

15. Show that the following graphs are not isomorphic:

Graph 15a Graph 15b

16. Does each of these lists of vertices form a path in the following graph? Which paths are
simple? Which are circuits? What are the lengths of those that are paths?
(a) a,e,b,c,b (b) a,e,a,d,b,c,a (c) e,b,a,d,b,e (d) c, b, d, a, e, c

Graph 16

17. Let G be a graph. Determine whether or

not each of the following sequences of edges forms a path:
a. [{A, X}, {X,B}, {C, Y}, {Y, X}]
b. [{A, X}, {X,Y}, {Y, Z}, {Z, A}]
c. [{X, B},{B, Y}, {Y, C}] Graph 17
d. [{B, Y},{Y, C}, {C,Y}]
Find all possible cycle in the graph.

18. For the graph given above, find (a) all simple paths from A to C (b) d (A, C).
19. Consider the graph 19. Find : (a) all simple paths from A to F; (b) all trails from A to F;
(c) d (A, F); the distance from A to F (d) diam (G); the diameter of G; (e) all cycles which
include vertex A; (f) all cycles in G.

Graph 19

20. Identify which of the graphs are planar. If not planar then draw subgraph which is
homeomorphic to K3,3 or K5.

21. Consider the graph G where V(G) = { A, B, C, D, E} and E (G) = {(A,D),(B,C),(C,E),

(D,B),(D,D),(D,E),(E,A)}
(a) Express G by its adjacency table
(b) Does G have any loops or parallel edges?
(c) Find all simple paths from D to E
(d) Find all cycles in G.
(e) Find the number of subgraphs of G with vertices C, D, E.
(f) Find the H of G generated by C, D, E.
22. Draw the multigraph G corresponding to each of the following adjacency matrices:
0 2 0 1 1 1 1 2
   
2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 ,
1 0 1 1 0 0 2
   
1 0  2 2 
 1 1  0 2

23.
Discuss the bridge of Konigsberg and its solution.
24.
Discuss with examples: Euler path and graph, Hamiltonian path and graph
Prove Euler’s formula. Discuss chromatic number and four color theorem.
25.
Use Welch Powell Algorithm to color the graph given in the Exercise: 8.21 (Schaum’s
26.
Series)
Practice Sheet – V (Graphs part 2)
1. For each of the given graph, determine the sum of the in-degrees and the sum of the
out-degrees of the vertices directly. Show that they are both equal to the number of
edges in the graph.

2. Construct the underlying undirected graph for the above directed graphs.
3. Let V = {2,3,4,9,15} and E = { (x, y): x < y and x is relatively prime to y }  V  V .
(Note that E is a relation on V)
(a) Draw the directed graph G(V, E).
(b) Is G strongly connected? Is G weakly connected? Is G unilaterally
connected?
4. Answer these questions about the rooted tree illustrated.
Which vertex is the root?
(a) Which vertices are internal?
(b) Which vertices are leaves?
(c) Which vertices are children of j?
(d) Which vertex is the parent of h?
(e) Which are siblings of o?
(f) Which vertices are ancestors of m?
(g) Which vertices are descendants of b?

5. The following addresses are in random order:

2.1.1, 3.1, 2.1, 1, 2.2,.1.2, 0, 3.2, 2.2, 1.1, 2, 3.1.1, 2.2.1, 3, 2.2.1.1
(a) Place the addresses in lexicographical order.
(b) Draw the corresponding rooted tree?
 (c) Identify the path p from the root 0 to each of the following vertices, and find the
level number of the vertex: (i) 2.2.1.1 (ii) 3.1 (iii) 2.1.1
(d) Find the leaves of T.
6. What is the value of the prefix expression + − * 2 3 5 /  2 3 4 ? Ans: 3.
7. Represent the expression (x + xy) + (x/y) and x + ((xy + x)/ y) using an ordered
rooted tree.
8. Represent ( A  B) − ( A  ( B − A)) using an ordered rooted tree.
9. Write the expressions of Q. No. 11 and Q. No. 12 in prefix form.
14. Draw the subtree of the tree (in Q. No. 5) that is rooted at
(a) a (b) c (c) e.
10. Give an example of a complete bipartite graph K m ,n , m and n are positive integers,
which is a tree.
11.Consider the following trees

Tree 1 Tree 2 Tree 3

a. Determine the order in which a preorder traversal visits the vertices of the
above
rooted trees.
b. Determine the order in which an inorder traversal visits the vertices of the
above
rooted trees.
c. Determine the order in which a postorder traversal visits the vertices of the
above
rooted trees.