Capacitor and Capacitance

Behaviour of Conductors in Electrostatics Field.

4). Net electrostatics Field is zero in the interior of a conductor.

* -

E Ext-Eind
+ -
-
->

Eind Net Field

=

I -
+ 3
<
-

7 7
+

Eext= Eind
-

3 -
3
+
Here

1 -
3
+

SO E0=

4
conductor

(1). Atthe surface ofa charged conductor, electrostatic field must be normal to the surface
at
every point.
II. The net in the interior ofa conductor is and
change resides
charge zero
any excess
at its surface.
(v) potential is constant within and on the
S unil J
surface of a conductor.
we know that E=-d
dr
inside a conductor a E0
=
SO
4 0
=
or = constant

ng
M
N) Electric Field at the surface ofa charged conductor E = Surface charge density
n
=

ra P ysics
Electrostatic shielding
The phenomenon of making a
region free from any electric field is called electrostatic

h
shielding. It is based on the fact that electric field vanishes inside the cavity ofa
hollow conductor.
capacitor
· A capacitor is a
system oftwo conductors
Gu separated by an insulator.
conductor is capacitor.
a
called the ofthe
the
charge charge
O
↳
I conductor ·
ruji as

Y V2
· V y, -ve,
=

potental difference between the conductor.

O
·
Capacitor is used to store charge in a small space.
Symbol ofCapacitor

Capacitance / Capaci·ty
capacity ofa conductor is the ratio ofcharge given to the conductor to the rise in
its potentialit is denoted by C.
capacity/capacitance Catal
i. c
8siis unit of capacitance is Farad, and Farad
=
-

a
very big unit.
·
capacitance depends upon the
following factors
1) Size and shape ofconductor.
(2) Nature ofthe surrounding medium
B) presence ofthe other conductors in its neighbourhood.

ne
+9iim
Capacitance of an isolated Spherical Capacitor.
- R
consider an isolated spherical conductor ofRadius. The
Charge G is uniformly <
ene
I
distributed over its entire surface, assumed to be concentrated at the centre ofthe sphere.
*
t

· The potential at
any point on the surface ofthe spherical conductor will be +

1 capacitance C
y
=C=4ITER
=

and
=

4IEoR
in CR Radius ofConductor
·
Capacitance of Earth C 4iTE. (Radius of Earth) i.e C= THuF
=

Dielectric
Dielectric are
insulating
produce electric effect without conduction.
material that can

Types (II. Polar dielectric 2) Non-Polar dielectric

1). Polar dielectric: The polar dielectric are made up of polar atoms/molecule, in which the
centre ofpositive charge does not coincide with the centre of
charge ofthe atom. negative
e.g H2O, CO2, NHy etc
2). non-polar dielectric (like N2, O2, benzene, methane etc) are
Non-Polar dielectric: -> The
made up ofnon-polar atom/molecule, in which centre ofpositive
charge coincides with the
negative charge ofthe atom molecule. e.g N2, O2, benzene, methane.
centre of

·
Polarization in dielectric and Polarisation Vector.
↳ When dielectric material is placed
a ↳ It is defined as the dipole moment per unit
in electric field, dipole moment appears is referred see
volume,andits magnitude
an to

in fact is known
volume in it. This
Sunil J Polarisation
much
any as X

Partionthe material. P= LeE a vector-Lipe

moment
P jaugra.
ng
Behaviour of conductor dielectric in external electric field.

ra P ysics
·
a and a an

h
Here Ein= induced electric field. Gu
Eo=External electric field. Here
ruji E. F-Ei
E
E
- -

and Es Er Net Electric Field

=
=
i.e
-

Dielectric Constant (K)

the ratio ofstrength ofthe applied electric field to the strength ofthe reduced value of
electric field on placing the dielectric between the plates ofa capacitor is the dielectric
constant, denoted by K. K Eo =

The Parallel Plate Capacitor

the parallel plate capacitor consists oftwo metal plates

parallel to each other and separated by a distance do

The field due to the two charged plates (in inner region)
E E
+
=

=
for uniform electric field, potential difference is
x Ed y rd 0 r
AQ:Charge
=> =

on
= =

So acitor. cap

Sanch
↓

So
a 3A i.e cA

jangel
=
=

lote:- Farad is a unit.

very big
In practical the area ofthe plates needed to have C:
IFfor a separation of1 cm

c nicheplate
then A =

about 50 km in and breadth.

length
 Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance
I -
r

When there is a dielectric between the plates

I
when there is
-

a vacuum
A
between the plates then then Net Electric field E is given by
+
-

vacuum Eo-Ein
E
E = T E =

Here E=
I
Zo Eo-Ein
t
-

E:
where K- dielection
E r-die = ro-ri
I -

15 ch - constant.
Now potential difference
==Asok
v
t y =
=

(for vacuum]
C
G C=CoK Co
A
= = =

↳ increases 1 times.
Capacitance

Capacitance of Parallel Capacitor dielectric slab

#Partially filled.
a plate
un with
S il Ja
a

R t f + +++t

2(for
+

Capacitance C vacuum) 0 Electric field

Eos (arm) ↓Eo
=

ng
- - u . . . . . a

d Dielectric slab
↑ E, t
When dielectric slab isplaced partially between the plates ofthe capacitor.

ra P ysics
+
I
I + t
+

X w
Hence the potential difference between the capacitor plates is
- . . . . .

E
Eold-t)+Eot where Eo/K
y Eold-t) + Et => y
= = =

E((d-t ) (*- )*=yi h

=
y +
=
= +

y
= =
+

· if the dielectric fills the entire space between the plates Gu

then t d C
k
=
=

ruji
if conductor is ·8K 0 for conductor
placed between the plates ofCapacitor then C=
et
=

Combination of Capacitors
SERIES 9 -
qq Q Q PARALLEL

se
-

v
Yc, C2
-

In Parallel Combination

voltage remain same

In Series charge remain same and potential and charge divided.
divided
The total potential drop V across the combination
+Re
az =X

is Total Charge G G,
=

+ Q2
X V, ve Here y
=
= +

9 CV a=
C,X Q2 CzX
= =

and V,
0, Ve
2
0
=
=

(V GV + c2X
=

ange (V (2 (z) X
=
+

X x, y
0 0, 2
= = =
+ +

sand
C 0, Cz
=
+
&

d I,
=
 stored ina capacitor
Energy
The work done in charging the capacitor is stored as its electrical potential energy.
This energy is supplied
by the battery. In charging ofthe capacitor electric charges
transferred from one plate to another plate.
Suppose now a small additional charge do be
transferred from plate 2 to plate'. The work done will be
db v'dQ dN
G'.60
=
= =>

Total work done in charging the Capacitor

(
(d(
y)a69N (
=
=

injangra [Q201
kn =

W this work done is stored

1, a
=
as

Sunil Jelectrical potential energy v.

a
u
10 1(v aX q CX
=
·
= =
=

ng
ra P ysics
Force between the plates ofa capacitor
q -
q Electric Susceptibility (Xe)

h
I
-Electric field on the
negative It describes the electrical behaviour of
+
-plate due to positive change is a dielectric. It is a dimensionless constant
+ >- for vacuum Xe0
=

EI 1
=
=

Gu
t 1 -

A
t --
220 2AEo Relation between
ruji dielectric constant & electric
susceptibility can be
given as

The
magnitude offorce on the charge in-ve
plate is K It Re
=

1
Sunil
F GE =
=
F =

2ASo

Energy density (n) between the plates e

acitor*
Energy or *
n = =
=