CE323-T

FLOODS DEFINITION
Hydrology

2 3

Flood Design Flood

Any flow which is relatively high and which The maximum flood that any structure can safely
overtops the natural or artificial banks in any reach pass.
of a river
Magnitude of design flood is decided based on
REFERENCE IN THE DESIGN
acceptable risk of exceedance.
FLOOD ESTIMATES
Exceedance probability is referred to as the
probability that a certain value will be exceeded in a
predefined future time period.
4 5 6

Standard Project Flood (SPF) Maximum probable flood (MPF) Probable max precipitation
This is the estimate of the flood likely to occur This differs from the SPF in that it includes the The probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is
from the most severe combination of the extremely rare and catastrophic floods and is defined as the greatest or extreme rainfall of a
meteorological and hydrological conditions, usually confined to spillway design of very high given duration that is physically possible over a
which are reasonably characteristic of the dams. station or basin.
drainage basin being considered but excluding
extremely rare combination The SPF is usually around 80% of the MPF for
the basin.

7 8 9
 Design Flood Physical indication of past flood
It is the flood adopted for the design of hydraulic By noting the flood marks (and by local inquiry),
structures like spillways, bridge openings, flood
banks, etc. The methods used in the estimation of
METHODS USED IN THE depths, affluxes (heading up of water near
bridge openings or similar obstructions to flow),
design flood:
a. Physical indication of past flood
ESTIMATION OF THE DESIGN the maximum flood discharge may be estimated.
b. Envelope curves
c. Empirical Formula FLOOD
d. Rational Method
e. Unit Hydrograph application
10 f. Frequency analysis (or statistical methods) 11 12

Envelope curves Envelope curves Empirical Formula

Are generally used Following equation The simplest of the empirical relationships are
for comparison only is sometimes used those which relate the flood peak to the drainage
for enveloping area.
The design floods curve of maximum
got by other floods: The various empirical formula are:
a. Dickens Formula
methods should be
b. Ryves Formula
higher than those
c. Inglis Formula
obtained from
envelope curves
13 14 15

Empirical Formula Empirical Formula Empirical Formula

a. Dickens Formula is given by: b. Ryves Formula is given by: c. Inglis Formula is given by:
Qp=CDA3/4 Qp=CRA2/3 Qp=124A/sqrt(A+10.4)
Where:
Where: Qp = maximum flood discharge Where:
Qp = maximum flood discharge A = catchment area Qp = maximum flood discharge
A = catchment area CD = Ryves coefficient A = catchment area
CD = Dicken’s constant with value between 6 to 30 = 6.8 for areas within 80 km from the east coast
= 8.5 for area which are 80-160 km from the east
coast
16 17 = 10.2 for limited areas near hills 18
 Unit Hydrograph Method Frequency analysis Frequency
analysis
This technique can be used to predict the Frequency analysis makes use of the observed
Data selected
peak-flood hydrograph if the rainfall producing data in the past to predict the future flood events
for analysis
the flood, infiltration characteristics of the along with their probabilities and return
are:
catchment, and the appropriate unit hydrograph periods.
a. Data of If peak discharge of II, V, VII, X, XII
are available.
annual are arranged in decreasing order of
For frequency analysis, adequate and accurate
series magnitude, we get annual series. If
It is then operated upon by the design storm to data of previous floods are required. Records of
b. Data of however, all floods above a base value
generate the desired flood hydrograph. less than 20 years should not be used in
partial series Q1 is considered, we get partial data
19
frequency analysis.
20 21 series

Rational Method Rational Method: Concentration Time Rational Method: Concentration Time
It is assumed that the maximum flood flow is Concentration time is the time period required a. US Practice - For small drainage basins, the time
of concentration is approximately equal to the lag
produced by a certain rainfall intensity which for the surface runoff from the remotest part of
time of the peak flow. Thus:
lasts for a time equal to or greater than the the catchment area to reach the basin outlet. It
period of concentration time. can be calculated using the following formula:
tc=tp=CtL(LLca/sqrt(S))n
Where:
a. US Practice tc is the time of concentration in hours
b. Kirpich Equation L is the basin length measured along the water course from the basin
divide to the gauging station in km
Lca is the distance along the main water course from the gauging
station to centroid of the watershed in km
S is the basin slope
22 23 CtL and n are basin constants
24

Rational Method: Concentration Time Rational Method: Runoff Rate Rational Method: Runoff Coefficient
b. Kirpich Equation - The formula is given by: The run off rate corresponding to this condition
Runoff coefficient is given by:
tc=0.01947L0.77S-0.385 is given by: C = runoff/rainfall
Q=CAI C = impermeability factor
Where:
tc is the time of concentration in minutes If different portions of catchment
L is the maximum length of travel of water in meter Where: have different runoff coefficient
S is the slope of the catchment = ΔH over L in which A is the area of the catchment then Ceq is calculated as:
ΔH is the difference in elevation between the most remote
I is the intensity of rainfall
point on the catchment and the outlet
C is the runoff coefficient to account for the
25 26abstractions from the rainfall 27
 Rational Method: Example 1 Rational Method: Example 2 Rational Method: Example 3
2
An urban catchment has an area of 0.85 km . The If in the urban area, the land use of the area and the A small watershed consists of 1.5 sq.km. of cultivated
slope of the catchment is 0.006 and the maximum corresponding runoff coefficients are as given below, area (C=0.20), 2.5 sq.km. under forest (C=0.10), and
length of travel of water is 950 m. The maximum calculate the equivalent runoff coefficients: 1.0 sq.km. under grass cover (C=0.35). There is a fall
depth of rainfall with a 25-year return period is as of 22 m in a watercourse length of 1.8 km. The
below. If a culvert for drainage at the outlet of this intensity frequency-duration relation for the area
area is designed for return period of 25 years, may be taken as:
estimate the required peak-flow rate, by assuming
the runoff coefficient as 0.3 Where I is in cm/h, Tr is in years, and t is in minutes.
Estimate the peak rate of runoff for a 25 year
frequency
28 29 30

Weibull’s Formula Weibull’s Formula

The return period is calculated for each event using The probability of exceedance is given by:
ESTIMATION of DESIGN Weibull’s formula:
TR = (n+1)/m
P = 1/TR

FLOOD for a PARTICULAR Where:

TR is the return period in year
If a graph is plotted between flood magnitude and
its return period in simple plane coordinates, the
RETURN PERIOD m is the order number
N is the number of year of records
plot is called probability or an empirical distribution

It represents the average no. of years within which a

31
given event will be equalled or exceeded
32 33

Gumble’s Method Gumble’s Method Gumble’s Method

As per Gumble’s method: The frequency factor is given by: Here are the steps involved:
a. Assemble the discharge data and note the sample
size n.
Where: b. Find the mean and standard deviation
Where: yT is the reduced variate
XT is the value of variate (i.e. flood) with a return period of T Y-barn is the mean of reduced variate
c. Using tables, determine Y-barn and Sn for given n
Xbar is the mean value of variate = sum of X/n Sn is the standard deviation of reduced variate d. Find yT for a given T
n is the number of years of record e. Find K
σn-1 is the standard deviation of the sample of size n If n is large or n>200, yn is 0.577 and Sn is 1.2825 f. Determine the required XT
K is the frequency factor
34 35 36
 Example 4 Example 4
The maximum annual floods for river Kamala and The maximum annual floods for river Kamala and
Darbhanga were statically analysed for 93 years Darbhanga were statically analysed for 93 years
(1876-1968). The mean annual flood and standard
deviation are 14210 and 9700 cu.m/s, respectively.
(1876-1968). The mean annual flood and standard
deviation are 14210 and 9700 cu.m/s, respectively.
RISK RELIABILITY AND
Determine:
I. The recurrence interval of the highest flood 42500
Determine:
II. What is the recurrance interval of the design SAFETY FACTOR
cu.m/s in (1968) by Weibull’s method and what is its flood adopted by CWPC (49500 m3/s) and the
percentage chance of occuring in: highest flood (42500) by Gumble’s method.
a. Any year
b. In 10 years
37 38 39

Risk, R Reliability, Re Example 5

The probability of occurrence of an even at least The reliability is defined as: A bridge has an expected life of 25 years and is
once over a period of n successive years is called the Re = 1 - R designed for a flood magnitude of return period 100
risk R. It is given by: years.
R = 1 - (1-P)n a. What is the risk of this hydrologic design?
Where: b. If a 10% risk is acceptable, what return period
P is the probability and is equal to 1/T will have to be adopted?
T is the return period

40 41 42

Example 6
Annual flood data of the river Narmada at Garudeshwar
covering the period 1948 to 1979 yielded for the annual flood
discharges a mean of 29600 cu.m/s and a standard deviation
of 14860 cu.m/s. For a proposed bridge on this river near this
site, it is decided to have an acceptable risk of 10% in its
expected life of 50 years.
a. Estimate the flood discharge by Gumbel’s method for use
in the design of this structure
b. If the actual flood value adopted in the design is 125000
cu.m/s, what are the safety factor and safety margin
relating to maximum flood discharge?
43Take n = 32 years, ybarn=0.5380 and Sn=1.1193