BIOLOGY

Cell :The Unit of Life

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 Important point to remember
* Cell organelles are of three types (i) Membraneless, e.g., ribosomes, centrioles, (ii) Single
membraneous, e.g.,endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, microbodies, sphaerosomes. (iii)
Double membraneous, e.g., mitochondria, plastids (in plant cells).
* Cell of alga Caulerpa may be upto one metre. Among multicellular organisms, human red blood cells
are about 7.0 μm in diameter, nerve fibres are the longest, upto 90 cm to few metres.
* Prokaryotic cells vary greatly in their size from 1 to10 μm in diameter. The smallest bacterium is
Dialister pneumosintes (0.15 to 0.3 μm in diameter) and the largest bacterium is Spirillum volutans
(500μm).
* In the cell wall of bacteria, there are 2 important sugar derivatives which are not found anywhere in the
biological world, i.e., NAG and NAM (N-acetyl glucosamine and
N-acetyl muramic acid).
* Many prokaryotes have extra chromosomal, circular DNA molecules called plasmids. The plasmid
DNA confers certain unique phenotypic characters to such bacteria like fertility factor, nif genes,
resistance factors and colicinogenic factors. Plasmids which can get associated
temporarily with nucleoid are known as episomes. It is used as vector in genetic engineering.
* In fungi, cell wall is made up of chitin (polymer of N-aetyl glucosamine).
* Lomasomes : They are vesicular and membranous structures usually present between cell wall and
plasmalemma of plant cells. Their definite function is not known but probably they help in cell wall
elaboration. They are mainly found in fungi.
* In fleshy fruits during ripening the pectic substances of the middle lamella are dissolved by the
proteolytic enzymes.The cells are, therefore, lossened and fruit becomes soft.
* The main functions of vacuoles are storage, transmission of the materials and the maintenance of
internal pressure of the cell.
* Cilia and flagella may not be able to vibrate due to (i) Absence of central fibrils. (ii) Deficiency of
dynein arms. In human beings, the immotile cilia syndrome leads to chronic bronchitis, sinusitis and
infertility.
* SAT-chromosomes are used as marker chromosomes.
* Outer layer of Gram-ve bacteria is made of lipopolysaccharides and in Gram +ve bacteria of teichoic
acid.
* In human beings, the membrane of the erythrocyte has approximately 52 per cent protein and 40 per
cent lipids.
* The approximate constitution of plant protoplasm is as follows :
Water – about 90%
Proteins – 7.2%
Carbohydrates – 2.0%
Fats – 1.0%
Minerals – 1.0%
DNA and RNA – in traces
* Materials to be packaged in the form of vesicles from the ER fuse with the forming face of the Golgi
apparatus and move towards the maturing face. This explains, why the Golgi apparatus remains in close
association with the endoplasmic reticulum.
* In plant cells the Golgi complex is known as dictyosome. It secretes necessary materials for cell wall
formation during cell division. Vesicles of Golgi body secrete Ca++ and Mg++
pectates that forms middle lamella between two plant cells. Golgi bodies form acrosome during
spermiogenesis.
* Nucleus is the ‘controlling centre of cell’ was proved by J. Hammerling (1934), by grafting
experiments on two species of unicellular green alga Acetabularia.

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 Fig: Formation of lysosomes and intracellular digestion in them.

* To study plant and animal cells always make descriptive figures and compare their organelles.
* Logical thinking helps to recall to memory the basics of the science. Remember the function of cell
organelles by comparing with basic body parts, Like
• Nucleus should be compared with human heart. Like heart controls the heartbeat of human body
similarly nucleus functions as the heartbeat of cell. As it is the control centre of cell.
• Compare cell membrane with skin layer. Both are the outer covering of body muscles and cell
respectively.
* Make table of similarities and differences of plant and animal cells for better understanding.
* Remember the characteristics feature differentiate the following:
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
• Plant and animal cell
* Don't leave functions of organelles, structure of chloroplast and mitochondria.
* Make flow chart of organelles which show their important role and membranous structure.
* Use different colored pen to colour organelles based on their membrane structure (such as
single, double and nonmembranous),characteristic organelle of [plant or animal cell etc.

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 Year-wise analysis of NEET 2014-2021
Topic Name 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 2021
Odissa Covid
T1: Overview of Cell 1 3 1 1 1 1
T2: Prokaryotic Cell - 3 1 1 1
Cell Envelope
and its Modification,
Ribosomes
and Inclusion Bodies
T3: Eukaryotic Cells – 3 8 1 1 4 5 3 1 1 4
Cell Organelles

NEET 8 YEARS AT A GLANCE

1. Which of the following is true for nucleolus? [2018]
(a) Larger nucleoli are present in dividing cells.
(b) It is a membrane-bound structure.
(c) It is a site for active ribosomal RNA synthesis.
(d) It takes part in spindle formation.
2. The Golgi complex participates in: [2018]
(a) Fatty acid breakdown (b) Formation of secretory vesicles
(c) Activation of amino acid (d) Respiration in bacteria
3. Which of the following events does not occur in rough endoplasmic reticulum? [2018]
(a) Protein folding (b) Protein glycosylation
(c) Phospholipid synthesis (d) Cleavage of signal peptide
4. Select the incorrect match. [2018]
(a) Lampbrush – Diplotene bivalents chromosomes
(b) Allosomes – Sex chromosomes
(c) Polytene – Oocytes of amphibians chromosomes
(d) Submetacentric – L-shaped chromosomes chromosomes
5. Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for extracting energy from carbohydrates to form
ATP? [2017]
(a) Ribosome (b) Chloroplast (c) Mitochondrion (d) Lysosome
6. Mitochondria and chloroplast are [2016]
1. semi-autonomous organelles.
2. formed by division of pre-existing organelles and they contain DNA but lack protein synthesising
machinary.
Which one of the following options is correct?
(a) Both 1 and 2 are true (b) 2 is true but 1 is false
(c) 1 is true but 2 is false (d) Both 1 and 2 are false
7. Microtubules are the constituents of : [2016]
(a) Cilia, Flagella and Peroxisomes (b) Spindle fibres, Centrioles and Cilia
(c) Centrioles, Spindle fibres and Chromatin (d) Centrosome, Nucleosome and Centrioles
8. Which one of the following cell organelles is enclosed by a single membrane? [2016]
(a) Mitochondria (b) Chloroplasts (c) Lysosomes (d) Nuclei
9. A protoplast is a cell: [2015]
(a) Without nucleus (b) Undergoing division
(c) Without cell wall (d) Without plasma membrane
10. Which one of the following is not an inclusion body found in prokaryotes? [2015]
(a) Cyanophycean granule (b) Glycogen granule (c) Polysome (d) Phosphate granule
11. Which of the following are not membrane-bound? [2015]
(a) Ribosomes (b) Lysosomes (c) Mesosomes (d) Vacuoles
12. Identify the correct order of organisation of genetic material from largest to smallest. [2015]
(a) Genome, chromosome, nucleotide, gene (b) Genome, chromosome, gene, nucleotide
(c) Chromosome, genome, nucleotide, gene (d) Chromosome, gene, genome, nucleotide
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13. Balbiani rings are sites of: [2015]
(a) Nucleotide synthesis (b) Polysaccharide synthesis
(c) RNA and protein synthesis (d) Lipid synthesis
14. Match the columns and identify the correct option. [2015]
Column-I Column-II
A. Thylakoids I. Disc-shaped sacs in Golgi apparatus
B. Cristae II. Condensed structure of DNA
C. Cisternae III. Flat membranous sacs in stroma
D. Chromatin IV. Infoldings in mitochondria
(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II (b) A – III; B – I; C – IV; D – II
(c) A – III; B – IV; C – II; D – I (d) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II
15. Cellular organelles with membranes are [2015]
(a) chormosomes, ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum.
(b) endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and nuclei.
(c) lysosomes, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria.
(d) nuclei, ribosomes and mitochondria.

16. Satellite DNA is important because it [2015]

(a) Shows high degree of polymorphism in population and also the same degree of polymorphism in an
individual, which is heritable from parents to children.
(b) Does not code for proteins and is same in all members of the population.
(c) Codes for enzymes needed for DNA replication.
(d) Codes for proteins needed in cell cycle.
17. DNA is not present in: [2015]
(a) Ribosomes (b) Nucleus (c) Mitochondria (d) Chloroplast
18. Nuclear envelope is a derivative of : [2015]
(a) Membrane of Golgi complex (b) Microtubules
(c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (d) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
19. Select the correct matching in the following pairs. [2015]
(a) Smooth ER – Synthesis of lipids (b) Rough ER – Synthesis of glycogen
(c) Rough ER – Oxidation of fatty acids (d) Smooth ER – Oxidation of phospholipid
20. The function of the gap junction is to [2015]
(a) Facilitate communication between adjoining cells by connecting the cytoplasm for rapid transfer of
ions, small molecules and some large molecules.
(b) Separate two cells from each other.
(c) Stop substance from leading across a tissue
(d) Performing cementing to keep neighbouring cells together.
21. Cell wall is absent in: [2015]
(a) Funaria (b) Mycoplasma (c) Nostoc (d) Aspergillus
22. The chromosomes in which centromere is situated close to one end are: [2015]
(a) Acrocentric (b) Telocentric (c) Sub-metacentric (d) Metacentric
23. Which structures perform the function of mitochondria in bacteria? [2014]
(a) Nucleoid (b) Ribosomes (c) Cell wall (d) Mesosomes
24. The solid linear cytoskeletal elements having a diameter of 6 nm and made up of a single type of
monomer are known as: [2014]
(a) Microtubules (b) Microfilaments (c) Intermediate filaments (d) Lamins
25. The osmotic expansion of a cell kept in water is chiefly regulated by: [2014]
(a) Mitochondria (b) Vacuoles (c) Plastids (d) Ribosomes
26. Match the following and select the correct answer. [2014]
Column I Column II
A. Centriole I. Infoldings in mitochondria
B. Chlorophyll II. Thylakoids
C. Cristae III. Nucleic acids
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 D. Ribozymes IV. Basal body cilia or flagella
(a) A – IV; B – II; C – I; D – III (b) A – I; B – II; C – IV; D – III
(c) A – I; B – III; C – II; D – IV (d) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II
27. The shorter and longer arms of a submetacentric chromosome are referred to as (NEET-2019)
(1) s-arm and l-arm respectively (2) p-arm and q-arm respectively
(3) q-arm and p-arm respectively (4) m-arm and n-arm respectively
28. Which of the following pair of organelles does not contain DNA :- (NEET-2019)
(1) Mitochondria and Lysosomes (2) Chloroplast and Vacuoles
(3) Lysosomes and Vacuoles (4) Nuclear envelope and Mitochondria
29. Which of the following statement is not correct? (NEET-2019)
(1) Lysosomes have numerous hydrolytic enzymes.
(2) The hydrolytic enzymes of lysosomes are active under acidic pH.
(3) Lysosomes are membrane bound structures.
(4) Lysosomes are formed by the process of packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum.
30. The concept of " Omnis cellula-e cellula" regarding cell division was first proposed by: (NEET-2019)
(1) Rudolf Virchow (2) Theodore Schwann (3) Schleiden (4) Aristotle
31. Which of the following cell organelles is present in the highest number in secretory cells? (NEET-2019
ODISSA)
(1) Mitochondria (2) Golgi complex (3) Endoplasmic reticulum (4) Lysosomes
32. Non-membranous nucleoplasmic structures in nucleus are the site for active synthesis of (NEET-2019
ODISSA)
(1) Protein synthesis (2) mRNA (3) rRNA (4) tRNA
33. Which of the following nucleic acids is present in an organism having 70S ribosomes only? (NEET-2019
ODISSA)
(1) Single stranded DNA with protein coat
(2) Double stranded circular naked DNA
(3) Double stranded DNA enclosed in nuclear membrane
(4) Double stranded circular DNA with histone proteins
34. Match the column-I with column-II :- (NEET-2019 ODISSA)
Column-I Column-II
(a) Golgi apparatus (i) Synthesis of protein
(b) Lysosomes (ii) Trap waste and excretory products
(c) Vacuoles (iii) Formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids
(d) Ribosomes (iv) Digesting biomolecules
Choose the right match from options given below :-
(1) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i) (2) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(3) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i) (4) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)
35. "Ramachandran plot" is used to confirm the structure of :- (NEET-2019 ODISSA)
(1) RNA (2) Proteins (3) Triacylglycerides (4) DNA
36. Inclusion bodies of blue- green, purple and green photosynthetic bacteria are (NEET-2020 COVID-19)
(1) Contractile vacuoles (2) Gas vacuoles (3) Centrioles (4) Microtubules
37. The biosynthesis of ribosomal RNA occurs in : (NEET-2020 COVID-19)
(1) Ribosomes (2) Golgi apparatus (3) Microbodies (4) Nucleolus
38. The size of Pleuropneumonia - like Organism (PPLO) is : (NEET-2020 COVID-19)
(1) 0.02 mm (2) 1-2 mm (3) 10-20 mm (4) 0.1 mm
39. Which of the following statements about inclusion bodies is incorrect? (NEET-2020)
1) These represent reserve material in cytoplasm 2) They are not bound by any membrane
3) These are involved in ingestion of food particles 4) They lie free in the cytoplasm
40. Which is the important site of formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids in eukaryotic cells? (NEET-
2020)
1) Polysomes 2) Endoplasmic reticulum 3) Peroxisomes 4) Golgi bodies

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41. When the centromere is situated in the middle of two equal arms of chromosomes, the chromosome is
referred as: [NEET-2021]
(1) Telocentric (2) Sub-metacentric (3) Acrocentric (4) Metacentric
42. Which of the following is an incorrect statement? [NEET-2021]
(1) Microbodies are present both in plant and animal cells.
(2) The perinuclear space forms a barrier -between the materials present inside the nucleus and that of the
cytoplasm
(3) Nuclear pores act as passages for proteins and RNA molecules in both directions between nucleus and
cytoplasm.
(4) Mature sieve tube elements possess a conspicuous nucleus and usual cytoplasmic organelles.
43. Match List-I with List-II [NEET-2021]
List-I List-II
a) Cristae i) Primary constriction in chromosome
b) Thylakoids ii) Disc-shaped sacs in Golgi apparatus
c) Centromere iii) Infoldings in mitochondria
d) Cisternae iv) Flattened membranous sacs in stroma of plastids
1) a-i, b-iv, c-iii, d-ii 2) a-iii, b-iv, c-i,d-ii
3) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-I 4) a-i, b-iii, c-ii, d-i

44. The organelles that are included in the endomembrane system are : [NEET-2021]
1. Endoplasmic reticulum , Golgi complex , Lysosomes and vacuoles
2. Golgi complex , Mitochondria , ribosomes and Lysosomes
3. Golgi complex , Endoplasmic reticulum , Mitochondria and Lysosomes
4. Endoplasmic reticulum , Mitochondria , Ribosomes and Lysosomes

LEVEL-1
TOPIC-1: Overview of Cell
1. Who proposed the theory that "Cells arise only from the pre-existing cells"?
(a) Mohl (b) Virchow (c) Haeckel (d) Brown
2. An organalle devoid of membrane covering is:
(a) Vacuole (b) Ribosome
(c) Peroxisome (d) Lysosome
3. Difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in having:
(a) Cell wall (b) Nuclear membrane
(c) Ribosome (d) None of these
4. Select the statements which are related to Schwann.
(i) He reported that cells have a thin outer layer which is today known as plasma
membrane.
(ii) Cell wall is a unique character of the plant cell.
(iii) Body of plants and animals are composed of cells and products of cells.
(a) Only (i) (b) Only (iii)
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) All of these
5. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(i) The shape of the cells may vary with the function they perform.
(ii) Human RBC is about 7.0 mm in diameter.
(iii) Cytoplasm is the main area of cellular activities.
(iv) Various chemical reactions occur in cytoplasm to keep the cell in the living state.
(a) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (b) Only (i) and (ii)
(c) Only (iv) (d) None of the above
6. Match column-I (scientists) with column-II (discovery) and select the correct option.
Column-I Column-II
A. Leeuwenhoek I. First saw and described a livingcell.
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 B. Robert Brown II. Presence of cell wall is uniqueto plant cells.
C. Schleiden III. Discovered the nucleus.
D. Schwann IV. All plants are composed ofdifferent kind of cells.
(a) A – I; B – III; C – IV; D – II (b) A – I; B – III; C – II; D – IV
(c) A – III; B – I; C – IV; D – II (d) A – I; B – IV; C – II; D – III
7. Cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Evidence supporting
this fact is that
(a) all cells arise by the fusion of two cells.
(b) all cells are totipotent.
(c) subcellular component can regenerate a complete cell.
(d) anything less than a complete structure of a cell does not ensure independent living.

TOPIC-2:
Prokaryotic Cell - Cell Envelope and its Modification, Ribosomes and Inclusion Bodies
8. The statement that does not apply for prokaryotic cells is that:
(a) Few prokaryotes have cell walls without muramic acid.
(b) Prokaryotes shows a wide variety of shapes and functions.
(c) There is no well defined nucleus.
(d) The organisation of the prokaryotic cells is fundamentally similar.
9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
(a) Presence of DNA (b) Photosynthetic membrane system
(c) Mesosome (d) Membrane bound organelles
10. Ribosomes within the cell are found in:
(a) Cytoplasm (b) Chloroplasts (in plants) and mitochondria
(c) Rough ER (d) All of the above.
11. Membranous extensions in blue green algae are known as:
(a) Phytochrome (b) Chromatophore (c) Mesosome (d) Pneumatophore.
12. Extension of plasma membrane in prokaryotic cell is:
(a) Mesosome (b) Haploid (c) Ribosome (d) None of these
13. Polysome is a chain of
(a) Oxysomes (b) Sphaerosomes (c) Ribosomes (d) Dictyosomes
14. In prokaryotes, chromatophores are
(a) specialised granules responsible for colouration of cells.
(b) structures responsible for organising the shape of the organism.
(c) inclusion bodies lying free inside the cells for carrying out various metabolic activities.
(d) internal membrane system which becomes extensive and complex in photosynthetic
bacteria.
15. Which of the following is incorrect?
(a) Mycoplasma is the smallest cell (0.3 μ). (b) Bacteria are 3 to 5 μm in size.
(c) The largest cell is the egg of an ostrich. (d) Nerve cells are some of the smallest cells.
16. Select the incorrect statement about prokaryotic ribosomes.
(a) 50S and 30S subunits unite to form 70S ribosomes.
(b) Polysome/polyribosome consists of many ribosomes only.
(c) Ribosome is the site of protein synthesis.
(d) Polysome indicate the synthesis of identical poolypeptide in multiple copies.
17. Choose the incorrect statements regarding bacterial cell.
(i) Glycocalyx is the outermost envelope in bacteria.
(ii) The glycocalyx could be a loose sheath called capsule.
(iii) The glycocalyx may be thick and tough called slime layer.
(iv) A special structure formed by the plasma membrane is called mesosome.
(v) Small bristle like fibres sprouting out of the cell are called fimbriae.
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) and (ii) (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iv)
18. Match column I (cell type) with column II (size) and choose the correct option.
Column-I Column-II
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 (Cell type) (Size)
A. Viruses I. 1-2 mm
B. PPLO II. 10-20 mm
C. Eukaryotic cell III. About 0.1 mm
D. Bacterium IV. 0.02 - 0.2 mm
(a) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV (b) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
(c) A – I; B – III; C – II; D – IV (d) A – IV; B – II; C – III; D – I
TOPIC-3: Eukaryotic Cells - Cell Organelles
19. Integral proteins of cell membrane occur on/in:
(a) Inner surfaces (b) Outer surfaces
(c) Phospholipid matrix (d) Inner and outer surfaces.
20. Active transport across biomembrane involves:
(a) Production of ATP (b) Requirement of energy
(c) Production of toxin (d) Release of energy.
21. The membrane of the erythrocytes has approximately ___% of proteins and ___% lipids.
(a) 42, 50 (b) 52, 40 (c) 50, 50 (d) 60, 40
22. The lipid component of the membrane mainly consists of _________.
(a) polysaccharides (b) phosphoglyceride
(c) monosaccharaides (d) Both (a) and (c)
23. The best material for study of structure of cell membrane is:
(a) RBC of human (b) RBC of frog
(c) cheek cell of human (d) Liver cell of rat.
24. In which of the following the cells are held together by a Ca-pectate layer?
(a) Primary cell wall (b) Secondary cell wall
(c) Middle lamella (d) Tertiary cell wall
25. Which one of the following structures between two adjacent cells is an effective transport
pathway?
(a) Plasmodesmata (b) Plastoquinones
(c) Endoplasmic reticulum (d) Plasmalemma
26. Which of the following will determines the shape of the cells and provides a strong structural
support to prevent the bacterium from bursting or collapsing?
(a) Plasmids (b) Cell wall (c) Mesosome (d) Cell membrane
27. Which one of the following is not considered as part of the endomembrane system?
(a) Golgi complex (b) Peroxisome (c) Vacuole (d) Lysosome
28. Which of the following cell organelles were discovered after the introduction of electron
microscope?
(a) Mitochondria (b) Endoplasmic reticulum (c) Ribosomes (d) Both (b) and (c)
29. _______________ is the important site of formation of glycoproteins and golycolipids.
(a) SER (b) Lysosome
(c) Golgi apparatus (d) Mitochondria
30. Golgi apparatus is concerned with:
(a) Excretion (b) Secretion (c) ATP synthesis (d) RNA synthesis.
31. Lysosomes contain:
(a) Carbohydrates (b) Hormones (c) Nucleic acids (d) Hydrolases.
32. Function of contractile vacuole in Amoeba is
(a) excretion and osmoregulation. (b) digestion and respiration.
(c) osmoregulation and transportation. (d) None of the above.
33. Both the membranes of mitochondrion are
(a) structurally different but functionally similar.
(b) structurally as well as functionally different.
(c) structurally similar but functionally different.
(d) structurally different but functionally similar.
34. Plastids are found in
(a) all animal cells. (b) some animal cells. (c) all plant cells. (d) all plant cells and euglenoides.

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35. Plastids storing fat are called
(a) elaioplasts (b) sphaerosomes (c) aleuroplasts (d) pyrenoids.
36. Grana are
(a) protein storing plastids. (b) coloured plastids.
(c) stacks of thylakoids. (d) individual thylakoids present in stroma.
37. A component of cytoskeleton is:
(a) Microtubule (b) Bone (c) Chitin (d) Cartilage.
38. The cytoskeleton is a proteinaceous network of fibres in the cytoplasm. It is involved in:
(a) Mechanical support. (b) Motility.
(c) Maintenace of cell-shape. (d) All of these.
39. Axoneme with 9 + 2 microtubular arrangement occurs in:
(a) Cilia (b) Flagella (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Centriole
40. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella differ in the
(a) type of movement and placement. (b) location and mode of functioning.
(c) microtubular structure and function. (d) microtubular organisation and type of movement.
41. Basal bodies are associated with the formation of :
(a) Phragmoplast (b) Cilia and flagella (c) Cell plate (d) Kinetochore
42. Centrioles and centrosomes occur in the cells of :
(a) Green plants (b) Animals (c) Bacteria and cyanobacteria (d) Both (b) and (c)

43. Nucleolus is
(a) rounded structure found in cytoplasm near nucleus.
(b) rounded structure inside nucleus and having rRNA.
(c) rod-shaped structure in cytoplasm near the nucleus.
(d) None of the above.
44. Satellite means
(a) terminal part of the chromosome beyond secondary constriction.
(b) terminal part of the chromosome beyond primary constriction.
(c) terminal part of chromosome beyond tertiary constriction.
(d) None of the above.
45. According to widely accepted “fluid mosaic model” cell membranes are semi-fluid, where lipids
and integral proteins can diffuse randomly. In recent years, this model has been
modified in several respects. In this regard, which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) Proteins in cell membranes can travel within the lipid bilayer.
(b) Proteins can also undergo flip-flop movements in the lipid bilayer.
(c) Proteins can remain confined within certain domains of the membrane.
(d) Many proteins remain completely embedded within the lipid bilayer.
46. Study the following statements on cilium or flagellum and choose the correct statement.
(i) Cilium / Flagellum contains an outer ring of nine doublet microtubules surrounding
two singlet microtubules.
(ii) Cilia are smaller which work like oars, causing the movement of either the cells or
surrounding fluid.
(iii) Flagella are comparatively longer and responsible for cell movement.
(iv) Cilium and flagellum are covered with plasma membrane.
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
47. Which of the following statement is not the function of cell wall?
(i) Provides shape to the cell.
(ii) Protects the cell from mechanical damage and infection.
(iii) Helps in cell to cell interaction.
(iv) Provides barrier to undesirable macromolecules.
(a) Only (i) (b) Only (iv) (c) Only (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) None of these
48. Which of the following statements are incorrect?
(i) Plant cells have centrioles which are absent in almost all animal cells.
(ii) Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
(iii) The middle lamella is a layer mainly of calcium carbonate which holds the different
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 neighbouring cells together.
(iv) In animal cell, steroidal hormones are synthesised by smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (iii) and (iv) (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
49. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(i) The endomembrane system includes plasma membrane, ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes
and vacuoles.
(ii) ER helps in the transport of substances, synthesis of proteins, lipoproteins and
glycogen.
(iii) Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.
(iv) Mitochondria help in oxidative phosphorylation and generation of ATP.
(a) (ii), (iii) & (iv) (b) (i) only (c) (ii) only (d) (iii) only
50. Which of the following statements are correct?
(a) Na+/K+ pump is an example of active transport.
(b) In plant cells lipid like steroidal hormones are synthesised in SER.
(c) In plant cells, the vacuoles can occupy up to 10% of the volume of the cell.
(d) Chlorophyll and leucoplast are responsible for trapping light energy essential for
photosynthesis.

51. Match column-I with column-II and choose the correct option.
Column-I Column-II
A. Tonoplast I. Contain digestive enzyme.
B. Contractile vacuole II. Store metabolic gases.
C. Food vacuole III. Excretion
D. Air vacuole IV. Transport of ions in plants.
(a) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II (b) A – II; B – III; C – IV; D – I
(c) A – IV; B – II; C – III; D – I (d) A – I; B – III; C – II; D – IV
52. Identify the components labelled A, B, C and D in the given figure of cilia/flagella. Choose the
option which shows the correct labelling of parts.

(a) A – Plasma membrane, B – Interdoublet bridge, C – Central microtubule, D – Radial spoke

(b) A – Plasma membrane, B – Arm, C – Central microtubule, D – Radial spoke
(c) A – Plasma membrane, B – Interdoublet bridge, C – Hub, D – Radial spoke
(d) A – Plasma membrane, B – Interdoublet bridge, C– Hub, D – Arm
53. The given diagram shows the types of chromosomes (labelled as A, B, C & D) based on the
position of centromere. Which one is the correct option for the labelled chromosomes.
A, B, C and D?

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 (a) A – Telocentric chromosome, B – Acrocentric chromosome, C – Submetacentric
chromosome, D – Metacentric chromosome
(b) A – Acrocentric chromosome, B – Telocentric chromosome, C – Metacentric chromosome,
D – Submetacentric chromosome
(c) A – Submetacentric chromosome, B – Metacentric chromosome, C – Telocentric
chromosome, D – Acrocentric chromosome
(d) A – Metacentric chromosome, B – Submetacentric chromosome, C– Acrocentric
chromosome, D – Telocentric chromosome.THE UNIT OF LIFE 109
54. Microtubules, motor proteins, and actin filaments are all part of the
(a) mechanism of photosynthesis that occurs in chloroplasts.
(b) rough ER in prokaryotic cells.
(c) cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells.
(d) process that moves small molecules across cell membranes.
55. In which method of transport, plasma membrane does not require carrier molecule?
(a) Active transport (b) Facilitated diffusion (c) Simple diffusion (d) Na+ – K+ pump
56. Which of the following organelles is directly connected to the outer membrane of the nucleus in a
eukaryotic cell?
(a) Mitochondrion (b) Lysosome (c) Golgi apparatus (d) Endoplasmic reticulum
Directions for Q 57 and 58: A student was given cell samples (A and B) to identify parts which are
highlighted. He observed the samples under the microscope and list
down the function of the part of cell sample. The information collected
by the student is listed in the table below, on the basis of which the
student infers that the samples contain the organelles.
Sample A Sample B
Make energy available for Generates ATP and
cellular metabolism. synthesises sugar.
Absent in cell that carry Present in plant cell.
oxygen throughout the body.
Called the energy currency of cell. Source of all the food energy.
57. Identify the part highlighted in the sample A and B and explain why they were called as semi-
autonomous organelles?
(a) Sample A - Mitochondria, Sample B - Chloroplast; because both the organelles are double
membrane bound structure.
(b) Sample A- Mitochondria, Sample B - Chloroplast; because they both are capable of
synthesis of their own proteins only.
(c) Sample A - Mitochondria, Sample B - Chloroplast; because they are capable of synthesis of
their own proteins and contain their own DNA.
(d) Sample A- Mitochondria, Sample B - Chloroplast; because they contain their own DNA to
transfer the genetic information from one generation to another.
58. Explain why the samples were belonged to eukaryotic cell and not prokaryotic cell?
(a) Eukaryotic cell have membrane bound organelles.
(b) Eukaryotic cell have non - membrane bound organelles.
(c) Eukaryotic cell are smaller and multiply more rapidly than prokaryotic cells.
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 (d) Eukaryotic cell are larger and multiply more rapidly than prokaryotic cells.
59. A student placed two cells in the same solution in two different containers. The observation was
given in the table.
Container Observation
1 Cell burst.
2 Cell does not change its shape.
Which structure maintains the shape of the cell present in container 2 and provides the most significant
difference between the two cells?
(a) Nucleus (b) Cell wall (c) Chloroplast (d) Cell membrane
60. Match column-I with column-II and select the correct option.
Column - I Column - II
A. Golgi apparatus I. Storage
B. Mitochondria II. Photosynthesis
C. Vacuoles III. Transport
D. Grana IV. Secretion
V. Respiration
(a) A – IV; B – V; C – I: D – II (b) A – I; B – II; C – IV: D – III
(c) A – IV; B – I; C – II: D – III (d) A – I; B – II; C – III: D – I
LEVEL-2
1. Lysosomes are generally found in:
(a) Animal cells (b) Plant cells (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Bacterial cells
2. Which of the following statements is incorrect about ribosomes?
(a) Formed by two-subunits. (b) Formed by ribonucleoprotein.
(c) Formed in chain. (d) Both subunits are bounded by a membrane.
3. Which type of ribosomes are found in Nostoc cells?
(a) 50 S (b) 60 S (c) 70 S (d) 80 S
4. ‘Palade granules’ are:
(a) Ribosomes (b) Microbodies
(c) Sulphur granules (d) Lipid granules.

5. Which of the following cell organelle lacks DNA and bounding membrane?
(a) Ribosome (b) Plastid (c) Nucleolus (d) Plasmid
6. If all the ribosomes of a cell are destroyed, then
(a) respiration will not take place. (b) photosynthesis will not occur.
(c) fat will not be stored. (d) protein will not be formed.
7. In prokaryotic ribosome, RNA – protein ratio is
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 3 : 1 (d) None of these
8. Which of the following structures carries out a similar function in both plant and animal cell?
(a) Chloroplasts (b) Ribosomes
(c) Cell wall (d) Contractile vacuoles
9. Matched the Column I and Column II and select the correct answer using the code given below.
Column I Column II
A. Microtubules Structural components of cilia.
B. Centrioles Store hydrolytic enzymes.
C. Peroxisomes Store oil protein and starch in plants.
(a) A, B and C are correct. (b) A and B are correct, C is incorrect.
(c) A is correct, B and C are incorrect. (d) A and C are correct, B is incorrect.
10. The cellular role of microtubule is:
(a) Protein synthesis. (b) Intracellular communication.
(c) Digestion of aged organelles. (d) Cell destruction during development.
11. In an animal cell, protein synthesis takes place
(a) only on the ribosomes in the cytosol.
(b) only on the ribosomes attached to nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum.
(c) on ribosomes present in the nucleolus as well as in cytoplasm.
(d) on ribosomes present in the cytosol as well as in the mitochondria.
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12. Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote is in:
(a) Cell size. (b) Cell shape.
(c) Chemical composition of protoplasm. (d) Organisation of nuclear material.
13. Which of the following four cell structures is correctly matched with the accompanying
description?
(a) Plasma membrane — Outer layer composed of cellulose or chitin.
(b) Mitochondria — Bacteria like elements with inner membrane forming sacs containing
chlorophyll, found in plant cell and algae.
(c) Chloroplasts — Bacteria like elements with inner membrane highly folded.
(d) Golgi apparatus — Stacks of flattened vesicles.
14. The thickness of unit membrane is
(a) 20 Å (b) 35 Å (c) 55 Å (d) 75 Å
15. Choose the incorrect match.
(a) Nucleus — RNA (b) Lysosome — Protein synthesis
(c) Mitochondria — Respiration (d) Cytoskeleton — Microtubules
16. Which of the following is absent in prokaryotes?
(a) DNA (b) RNA (c) Plasma membrane (d) Mitochondria
17. Enzymes found attached to inner membrane of mitochondria instead of matrix is/are:
(a) Succinate Dehydrogenase (b) Cytochrome Oxidase
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Malic dehydrogenase
18. The factor which set the limit of cell size or volume are:
(i) The rate of metabolic activity.
(ii) The nucleo-cytoplasmic or kern-plasma ratio.
(iii) The ability of oxygen and other materials to reach every part of the cell.
(iv) The ability of waste products to pass outside.
(v) The ratio of surface area to the volume of the cell.
Choose the correct set of statements.
(a) (iii) and (iv) (b) (i) and (ii) (c) Only (v) (d) All of the above

19. The lipid molecules present in plasma membrane have polar heads and non-polar tails (as shown
in figure). Which option represents the correct arrangement of liquid bilayer?

20. Mitochondria are usually found in:

(a) Reproductive cells. (b) Vegetative cells. (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these.
21. Mesosomes were taken as:
(a) Golgi bodies (b) Plastids (c) Mitochondria (d) Endoplasmi reticulum
22. In which part of mitochondria, ATP is generated?
(a) Matrix (b) Cristae (c) Outer membrane (d) F1 particles (oxysomes)
23. Which one of the following organelle given below is correctly matched with its function ?
(a) Golgi apparatus– Protein synthesis.
(b) Golgi apparatus– Formation of glycolipids.

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 (c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum– Protein synthesis.
(d) Rough endoplasmic reticulum– Formation of glycoproteins.
24. What would happen if lysosomes get ruptured in a cell?
(a) Cell dies (b) Cell shrinks (c) Cell swell up (d) Nothing would happen.
25. The fluidity of membranes in a plant in cold weather may be maintained by
(a) increasing the number of phospholipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon tails.
(b) increasing the proportion of integral proteins.
(c) increasing concentration of cholesterol in membrane.
(d) increasing the number of phospholipids with saturated hydrocarbon tail.
26. Which of the following statements are correct?
(i) In prokaryotic cells, a special membranous structure formed by the extension of the
plasma membrane into the cell is known as polysome.
(ii) The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the major site for synthesis of glycoproteins.er key
(iii) RuBisCO is the most abundant protein in the whole biosphere.
(iv) Mitochondria, chloroplasts and peroxisomes are not considered as part of
endomembrane system.
(a) (iii) and (iv) (b) (i) and (ii) (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iv)
27. Chromosomes having equal or almost equal arms are called _________.
(a) metacentric (b) acrocentric (c) polycentric (d) acentric.
28. Percentage of mitochondrial DNA in the cell is
(a) 10% of total cellular DNA (b) 1% of total cellular DNA
(c) 2.5% of total cell (d) None of the above.
29. DNA strands are antiparallel because of the presence of
(a) H-bonds (b) peptide bonds (c) disulphide bonds (d) phosphate-diester bonds
30. Enzyme found functional in lysosome is:
(a) Acid phosphatase (b) Basic phosphatase (c) Oxidoreductase (d) Lyases

Answer key
NEET 8 Years at a Glance
1) c 2) b 3) c 4) c 5) c 6) c 7) b 8) c 9) c 10) c
11) a 12) b 13) c 14) a 15) c 16) a 17) a 18) c 19) a 20) a
21) b 22) a 23) d 24) b 25) b 26) a 27) 2 28) 3 29) 4 30) 1
31) 2 32) 3 33) 2 34) 1 35) 2 36) 2 37) 4 38) 4 39) 3 40) 4
41) 4 42) 4 43) 2 44) 1
LEVEL-1
1 (b) 7 (d) 13 (c) 19 (d) 25 (a) 31 (d) 37 (a) 43 (b) 49 (a) 55 (c)
2 (b) 8 (a) 14 (d) 20 (b) 26 (b) 32 (a) 38 (d) 44 (a) 50 (a) 56 (d)
3 (b) 9 (d) 15 (d) 21 (b) 27 (b) 33 (b) 39 (c) 45 (b) 51 (a) 57 (c)
4 (d) 10 (d) 16 (b) 22 (b) 28 (d) 34 (d) 40 (d) 46 (b) 52 (a) 58 (a)
5 (a) 11 (b) 17 (c) 23 (a) 29 (c) 35 (a) 41 (b) 47 (d) 53 (a) 59 (b)
6 (a) 12 (a) 18 (b) 24 (c) 30 (b) 36 (c) 42 (b) 48 (a) 54 (c) 60 (a)
LEVEL-2
1 (c) 4 (a) 7 (a) 10 (b) 13 (b) 16 (d) 19 (b) 22 (d) 25 (a) 28 (b)
2 (d) 5 (a) 8 (b) 11 (b) 14 (d) 17 (c) 20 (c) 23 (c) 26 (a) 29 (a)
3 (c) 6 (d) 9 (c) 12 (d) 15 (b) 18 (d) 21 (c) 24 (a) 27 (a) 30 (a)

NEET 5 Years at a Glance

1. (c) The nucleolus (plural nucleoli) is a large, distinct, spheroidal subcompartment of the nucleus of
eukaryote cells that is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits.

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2. (b) Golgi complex after processing, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or
sends them out of the cell. It is also the organelle that builds lysosomes
(cell digestion machines).
3. (c) Phospholipid synthesis does not take place in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in lipid synthesis.
4. (c) Polytene chromosomes are found in salivary glands of insects of order Diptera
5. (c) The site of aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates in cells to generate ATP are mitochondria.
6. (c) Mitochondria & chloroplast are semi-autonomous cell organelle which are formed by division of
pre-existing organelle & contain DNA but they also contain protein
synthesizing machinery, thus (1) is true & (2) is false.
7. (b)
8. (c) Double membrane bound organelles are mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi
body, and nucleus. Single membrane bound organelles are lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles.
Organelles lacking any membrane are ribosomes, centrioles, nucleolus.
9. (c) Cell wall is absent in a protoplast.
10. (c) Polysomes are found in eukaryotes and are defined as a cluster of ribosomes attached to a mRNA
molecule. Polysomes are number of ribosomal complexes situated
on mRNA.
11. (a) Ribosomes are not membrane-bound cell organelle.
12. (b) Genome > chromosomes > gene > nucleotide.
13. (c) RNA and protein synthesis occur in Balbiani rings.
14. (a)
15. (c) Lysosomes, golgi apparatus and mitochondria are the cell organelles which have membranes.
16. (a) Satellite DNA displays high degree of polymorphism in population and also the same degree of
polymorphism in an individual, which is inherited from parents to children
(offsprings).
17. (a) Ribosomes are composed of ribonucleic acid and proteins and are not surrounded by any membrane.
These are the site for protein synthesis.
18. (c) In late prophase, nuclear envelope disappears and reappears in late telophase from rough
endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
19. (a) Lipid synthesis takes place in smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
20. (a) The function of the gap junction is to facilitate communication between adjoining cells by
connecting the cytoplasm for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and some large molecules.
21. (b) Mycoplasma lacks cell wall.
22. (a) In acrocentric chromosomes, one arm is very short but another is long.
23. (d) In some bacteria (e.g., Bacillus subtilis), the plasma membrane form certain invaginations or
infoldings called mesosomes in the cytoplasm. The mesosomes have various functions, viz., respiratory,
secretory etc.
24. (b) Microtubule, microfilament and intermediate filaments along with ER form cytoskeleton.
Microfilaments are nonliving, solid and consist of actin protein. They are 4-6 nm in diameter.
25. (b) The vacuole is bound by a single membrane called tonoplast. It also functions as semipermeable
membrane. It segregates vacuolar contents from cytoplasm, allows osmotic entry or exit of water,
concentration and storage of nutrients as well as wastes.
26. (a)
39. Phosphate granules, glycogen granules and cyanophycean granules are inclusion bodies. They are freely
present in cytoplasm and are not bound by any membrane
40: Golgi bodies is useful for formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids
41. When the centromere is situated in the middle of two equal arms of chromosomes, the chromosome is
referred as Metacentric. When the centromere is present slightly away from the middle, it is called sub-
metacentric chromosome.When the centromere is present very close to one end of the chromosome, it is
called acrocentric chromosome.When the centromere is present at terminal position, the chromosome is
called telocentric

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42. A mature sieve tube elements possess a peripheral cytoplasm and a large central vacuole but lacks a
nucleus. Rest of other statements are correct.
43. iii---iv---i—ii
44. Endo membrane system
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex , Lysosomes and vacuoles
LEVEL-1
1. (b) Rudolf Virchow (1855) first explained that cells divided and new cells are formed from pre-existing
cells (omnis cellula-e-cellula). It is also known as law of cell lineage.
2. (b) Ribosome is sub-spherical granular structure which is devoid of membrane.
3. (b) The prokaryotic cells do not have nuclear membrane while eukaryotic cell have well organised
nuclear membrane.
4. (d)
5. (a)
6. (a)
7. (d) Unicellular organisms are capable of
(i) independent existence,
(ii) perform the essential functions of life.
Anything less than a complete stucture of a cell does not ensure independent living. Hence, cell is the
fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
8. (a) In prokaryotes, if cell wall is present, it possesses muramic acid.
9. (d) The prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, microtubules, microfilaments and centrioles.
10. (d) In eukaryotes, ribosomes are found in chloroplasts and mitochondria. In prokaryotes, ribosomes
occur freely in the cytoplasmic matrix. In eukaryotic cells, RER possesses ribosomes attached to its
membranes. Ribosomes occur in all living cells with the exception
of mammalian erythrocytes or red blood corpuscles.
11. (b) In some prokaryotes like cyanobacteria or blue-green algae, there are other membranous extensions
in the cytoplasm called chromatophores.
12. (a)
13. (c) Several ribosomes may attach to a single mRNA and forms a chain called polysomes. The ribosomes
of a polysome translate the mRNA into proteins.
14. (d) In some prokaryotes like cyanobacteria, there are membranous extensions into the
cytoplasm called chromatophores which contain pigments.
15. (d) Nerve cells are the longest cells of the body.
16. (b)
17. (c) In bacteria, a sticky, gelatinous material called glycocalyx collects outside the cell wall to form an
additional surface layer. Glycocalyx covering of the bacterial cell may be loose, thin sheath or thick and
tough coat. Loose glycocalyx covering is termed slime layer while tough and thick type is known as
capsule.
18. (b)
19. (d) Integral proteins occur inside the lipid bilayer passing to its diferent depths. Some intrinsic proteins
run throughout the thickness of the membrane. They are called transmembrane proteins.
20. (b) An energy dependent process, in which ATP is utilised is called an active transport.
e.g., Na+ / K+ Pump.
21. (b) The ratio of protein and lipids varies considerably in different cell types. The membrane of the
erythrocytes has approximately 52% of proteins and 40% lipids.
22. (b) The lipid component of the membrane is mainly consists of phosphoglycerides. Phosphoglyceride
are glycerol based phospholipids and main component of biological membranes. Each
glycerophospholipid molecule consists of a small polar head group and two
long hydrophobic chains.
23. (a)
24. (c) Middle lamella is the cementing layer between the cells. It is made up of Ca and Mg pectates.
25. (a)
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26. (b) Cell wall is a very tough, flexible and rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane. Cell wall
determines the shape of the cells and provides a strong structural support to prevent the bacterium from
bursting or collapsing.
27. (b) The endomembrane system includes endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes and
vacuoles.
28. (d) Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes are the cell organelles which were discovered after the
introduction of electron microscope.
29. (c)
30. (b) Golgi apparatus principally performs the function of packaging material to be delivered either to the
intra – cellular targets or secreted outside the cell.
31. (d) Lysosomes are originated by golgi complex and contain many hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases –
lipases,proteases, carbohydrases) which are optically active at the acidic pH.
32. (a)
33. (b)
34. (d) Plastids are found in all plant cells and in euglenoides.
35. (a) Elaioplasts are a type of leucoplast that is specialised for the storage of lipids in plants.
36. (c) Grana is a stacked membranous structure within the chloroplasts of plants and green algae that
contains the chlorophyll (green pigment). It is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis. The sac-
like membranes that make up grana are known as thylakoids.
37. (a)
38. (d) The cytoskeleton is a series of intercellular proteins that help a cell with shape, mechanical support,
and movement. Cytoskeleton has three main structural components: microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, and microtubules.
39. (c) Axoneme with 9 + 2 microtubular arrangement occurs in cilia and flagella. Cilia are hair like
growths of the cell membrane. Flagella are comparatively longer and responsible for movement. The
axoneme usually has nine pair of centrally located microtubules. Such an arrangement of axonemal
microtubules is referred to as the 9 + 2 array.
40. (d) Microtubular organisation and type of movement differentiates prokaryotic flagella or eukaryotic
flagella.
41. (b)
42. (b) A centriole is a barrel - shaped cell structure found in most animal eukaryotic cells, though absent in
higher plants and most fungi.
43. (b) Nucleolus is a small rounded body within a resting nucleus that contains RNA and proteins. It is
usually associated with a specific chromosomal site and involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis and the
formation of ribosomes.
44. (a)
45. (b) The quasi-fluid nature of lipid enable lateral movement of proteins within the overall bilayer. This
ability to move within the membrane is measured as its fluidity.
46. (b)
47. (d) All the given function is related to cell wall. Cell wall is a very tough, flexible and fairly rigid layer
that surrounds some types of cells. It surrounds the cell membrane
and provides these cells with structural support and protection. It also acts as a filtering mechanism.
48. (a) The centrioles occur in nearly all animal cells, but absent in plant cells with few exceptions such as
zoospores of algae, sperm cells of ferns, and motile algae. Middle lamella is a thin, amorphous and
cementing layer between two adjacent cells. It is made up of pectates of
calcium and magnesium.
49. (a) Endomembrance system is a grouping of some membrane organelles which function in close
coordination with one another, viz., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex,
lysosomes and vacuoles.
50. (a) In animal cells lipid like steroidal hormones are synthesised in SER. In plant cells, the vacuoles can
occupy up to 90% of the volume of the cell. Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments are responsible for
trapping light energy essential for photosynthesis.
51. (a)
52. (a)

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53. (a) The figures (A, B, C and D) are respectively telocentric chromosomes, acrocentric chromosomes,
sub metacentric chromosomes and metacentric chromosomes. These
chromosomes are classified on the basis of location of centromere.
54. (c) The cytoskeleton supports the cell and allows movement of the entire cell and microtubules, motor
proteins and actin filaments are part of the cytoskeleton.
55. (c) Simple diffusion is a process in which plasma membrane does not require any carrier molecule to
pass small noncharged molecules or lipid soluble molecules between
the phospholipids to enter or leave the cell. The particles move from areas of high concentration to areas
of low concentration (they move down their concentration
gradient). Oxygen, carbon dioxide & most lipids enter and leave cells by simple diffusion.
56. (d) The connection between E.R. and nucleus allows material produced in the nucleus to directly enter
the ER via the nuclear pores.
57. (c) Part in sample A and B are respectively mitochondria and chloroplast. They were called as semi-
autonomous organelles because they are capable of synthesis of their own proteins and contain their
own DNA; within the cell they are partially dependent upon cellular metabolism.
58. (a) The samples belong to eukaryotic cells because eukaryotic cell is a type of cell which have enclosed
membrane bound organelles and nucleus. And both the mitochondria and chloroplast are membrane
bound organelles. Whereas prokaryotic cells are morphologically the most primitive cells and they don't
have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller in size and
multiply more rapidly than the eukaryotic cells.
59. (b) The cell wall protects the cell, maintains its shape and provides supports and strength to it. Nucleus
controls the cell's activities. Chloroplast is a cell organelle that makes food for the plant cell. The cell
membrane holds the parts of the cell together and also separates the cell
from its surroundings.
60. (a) Golgi apparatus is a cellular organelle which is involved in the modifying, sorting and packaging of
proteins for secretion. Mitochondria are known as the power house of the cell as they are the site of
chemical reactions that transfer energy from organic compounds in ATP. Vacuole is a membrane bound
organelle and filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in
solution. Vacuoles might store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive. Grana are a
stacked membranous structure within the chloroplasts of plants and green algae that contains the
chlorophyll and is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis.

LEVEL-2
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (d)
7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (b) Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, and can occur freely in the cytoplasm though more
commonly on the outer surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Rough ER is responsible for
transporting the newly synthesised proteins to the Golgi apparatus.
12. (d) Prokaryotic cells are differ from eukaryotic cells in organisation of nuclear material. In eukaryotes,
nuclear material is present in nucleus, which is surrounded by nuclear membrane, while in prokaryotes
nuclear material is dispersed in cytoplasm, there is no well
organised nucleus in prokaryotes.
13. (b) 14. (d)
15. (b) Protein synthesis takes place in ribosomes, which are attached to surface of endoplasmic reticulum
by ribophorin-I and ribophorin-II. About 50 hydrolytic enzymes are found
in the lysosome. They include proteases, nucleases, glycosidases, lipases, phospholipases, phosphatases
and sulphatases. All lysosomal enzymes are acid hydrolases and optimally active at pH-5.0.
16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (d)
19. (b) Lipids are arranged in bilayers and proteins are embedded in it. Lipids are arranged within the
membrane with polar head towards the outer side while hydrophobic tails towards the inner side.
20. (c) Both reproductive and vegetative cells respire therefore mitochondria are present.
21. (c) 22. (d)
23. (c) The given figure shows the structure of RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum). RER is involved in
protein synthesis and responsible for the assembly of many proteins (in a process called translation).
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24. (a) Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles and consist of hydrolytic enzymes which capable of
breaking down all types of biological polymers (like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids).
If lysosomes get ruptured in a cell, the cell dies due to release of hydrolytic enzymes which destroys the
cells.
25. (a) The concept of membrane fluidity refer to the fact that both lipids and proteins may have
considerable freedom of lateral movements within the bilayer. The fluidity of membranes in a plant in
cold weather may be maintained by increasing the number of phospholipids with
unsaturated hydrocarbon tails.
26. (a) The special membranous structure formed by the extension of prokaryotic plasma membrane is
known as mesosome while polysome is structure formed by combination of many ribosomes. SER is the
major site of synthesis of lipids. The site of
protein synthesis is RER.
27. (a) Centromeres consist of a complex combination of proteins and DNA. They are essential to the
division and ensure the accurate segregation of chromosomes. Metacentric chromosomes have the
centromere in the centre, such that both sections are of equal length. Human chromosome 1 and 3 are
metacentric.
28. (b) 29. (a)
30. (a) Enzyme acid phosphatase is found functional in lysosome. It acts on substrate
phosphomonoesters and converts it into monophosphates.

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