FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

Dr. Lokmane Abdeldjouad

 Bar Elements

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 Linear Static Analysis

Most structural analysis problems can be treated as linear static problems, based on the
following assumptions:

1. Small deformations (loading pattern is not changed due to the deformed shape)

2. Elastic materials (no plasticity or failures)

3. Static loads (the load is applied to the structure in a slow or steady fashion)

Linear analysis can provide most of the information about the behavior of a structure, and can
be a good approximation for many analyses. It is also the bases of nonlinear analysis in most of
the cases.

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 Bar Element

Consider a uniform prismatic bar:

L: length

A: cross-sectional area

E: elastic modulus

𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥) displacement

𝜀 = 𝜀(𝑥) strain

𝜎 = 𝜎(𝑥) stress

𝑑𝑢
Strain-displacement relation: 𝜀 = (1)
𝑑𝑥

Stress-strain relation: 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 (2)

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 Stiffness Matrix --- Direct Method

Assuming that the displacement u is varying linearly along the axis of the bar, i.e.:

𝑥 𝑥
𝑢 𝑥 = 1− 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗 (3)
𝐿 𝐿

𝑢𝑗 −𝑢𝑖 ∆
we have: 𝜀 = = (∆ = elongation) (4)
𝐿 𝐿

𝐸∆
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 = (5)
𝐿

𝐹
We also have: 𝜎 = (𝐹 = force in bar) (6)
𝐴

𝐸𝐴
Thus, (5) and (6) lead to: 𝐹 = ∆ = 𝑘∆ (7)
𝐿

𝐸𝐴
Where 𝑘 = is the stiffness of the bar.
𝐿

The bar is acting like a spring in this case and we conclude that element stiffness matrix is:

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 Stiffness Matrix --- Direct Method

𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
𝑘 −𝑘 − 𝐸𝐴 1 −1
𝐿 𝐿
k= = 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 = (8)
−𝑘 𝑘 − 𝐿 −1 1
𝐿 𝐿

This can be verified by considering the equilibrium of the forces at the two nodes.

𝐸𝐴 1 −1 𝑢𝑖 𝑓𝑖
Element equilibrium equation is: = (9)
𝐿 −1 1 𝑢𝑗 𝑓𝑗

Degree of Freedom (dof): Number of components of the displacement vector at a node.

For 1-D bar element: one dof at each node.

Physical Meaning of the Coefficients in k

The 𝑗 th column of k (here j = 1 or 2) represents the forces applied to the bar to maintain a deformed shape
with unit displacement at node j and zero displacement at the other node.

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 Stiffness Matrix --- A Formal Approach

We derive the same stiffness matrix for the bar using a formal approach which can be applied to many other
more complicated situations.

Define two linear shape functions as follows:

𝑁𝑖 𝜉 = 1 − 𝜉 , 𝑁𝑗 𝜉 = 𝜉 (10)

𝑥
Where: 𝜉 = , 0≤𝜉≤1 (11)
𝐿

From (3) we can write the displacement as:

𝑢
𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑢 𝜉 = 𝑁𝑖 𝜉 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝜉 𝑢𝑗 = 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 𝑢𝑖 = 𝑁𝑢 (12)
𝑗

𝑑𝑢 𝑑
Strain is given by (1) and (12) as: 𝜀 = = 𝑁 u = Bu (13)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Where B is the element strain-displacement matrix, which is:

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝜉
𝐵= 𝑁𝑖 𝜉 𝑁𝑗 𝜉 = 𝑁𝑖 𝜉 𝑁𝑗 𝜉 = −1/𝐿 1/𝐿 (14)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝑥

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 Stiffness Matrix --- A Formal Approach

Stress can be written as:

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 = 𝐸Bu (15)

Consider the strain energy stored in the bar:

1 1 1
𝑈= 𝜎 𝑇 𝜀𝑑𝑉 = (u𝑇 B𝑇 𝐸Bu)𝑑𝑉 = u𝑇 (B𝑇 𝐸B)𝑑𝑉 u (16)
2 𝑉 2 𝑉 2 𝑉

where (13) and (15) have been used.

1 1 1
The work done by the two nodal forces is: 𝑊 = 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑓𝑗 𝑢𝑗 = u𝑇 f (17)
2 2 2

For conservative system, we state that: 𝑈 = 𝑊 (18)

1 1
which gives: u𝑇 𝑉
(B 𝑇
𝐸B)𝑑𝑉 u = u 𝑇
f
2 2

We can conclude that: 𝑉

(B𝑇 𝐸B)𝑑𝑉 u = f or ku = f (19)

Where: k = 𝑉(B𝑇 𝐸B)𝑑𝑉 (20) ; k is the element stiffness matrix..

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 Stiffness Matrix --- A Formal Approach

Expression (20) is a general result which can be used for the construction of other types of elements. This
expression can also be derived using other more rigorous approaches, such as the Principle of Minimum
Potential Energy, or the Galerkin’s Method.

Now, we evaluate (20) for the bar element by using (14):

𝐿 −1/𝐿 𝐸𝐴 1 −1
k= 𝐸 −1/𝐿 1/𝐿 𝐴𝑑𝑥 =
0 1/𝐿 𝐿 −1 1

which is the same as we derived using the direct method.

Note that from (16) and (20), the strain energy in the element can be written as:

1
𝑈 = u𝑇 ku (21)
2

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 Examples

Example 1

Problem: Find the stresses in the two bar assembly which is loaded with force P, and constrained
at the two ends, as shown in the figure.

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 Examples

Solution 1

Use two 1-D bar elements.

𝑢1 𝑢2
2𝐸𝐴
Element 1: k1 = 1 −1
𝐿
−1 1

𝑢2 𝑢3
𝐸𝐴
Element 2: k2 = 1 −1
𝐿
−1 1
Imagine a frictionless pin at node 2, which connects the two elements. We can assemble the
global FE equation as follows :

𝐸𝐴 2 −2 0 𝑢1 𝐹1
−2 3 −1 𝑢2 = 𝐹2
𝐿
0 −1 1 𝑢3 𝐹3

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 Examples

Solution 1

Load and boundary conditions (BC) are : 𝑢1 = 𝑢3 = 0 ; 𝐹2 = 𝑃

2 −2 0 0 𝐹1
𝐸𝐴
FE equation becomes : 𝐿 −2 3 −1 𝑢2 = 𝑃
0 −1 1 0 𝐹3

Deleting the 1st row and column, and the 3rd row and column, we obtain :

𝐸𝐴
3 𝑢2 = 𝑃
𝐿

𝑢1 0
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
Thus: 𝑢2 = 3𝐸𝐴 and 𝑢2 = 1
3𝐸𝐴
𝑢3 0

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 Examples

Solution 1

Stress in element 1 is :

𝑢 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 𝐸 𝑃𝐿 𝑃
𝜎1 = 𝐸𝜀1 = 𝐸B1 u1 = 𝐸 −1/𝐿 1/𝐿 𝑢1 = 𝐸 = −0 =
2 𝐿 𝐿 3𝐸𝐴 3𝐴

Similarly, stress in element 2 is :

𝑢 𝑢3 − 𝑢2 𝐸 𝑃𝐿 𝑃
𝜎2 = 𝐸𝜀2 = 𝐸B2 u2 = 𝐸 −1/𝐿 1/𝐿 𝑢2 = 𝐸 = 0− =−
3 𝐿 𝐿 3𝐸𝐴 3𝐴

which indicates that bar 2 is in compression.

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 Examples

Solution 1

Notes:

1. In this case, the calculated stresses in elements 1 and 2 are exact within the linear theory for
1-D bar structures. It will not help if we further divide element 1 or 2 into smaller finite
elements.

2. For tapered bars, averaged values of the cross-sectional areas should be used for the
elements.

3. We need to find the displacements first in order to find the stresses, since we are using the
displacement based FEM.

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 Examples

Example 2

Problem: Determine the support reaction forces at the two ends of the bar shown above, given
the following :

𝑃 = 6 × 104 𝑁 ; 𝐸 = 2 × 104 𝑁/mm2 ; 𝐴 = 250 mm2 ; 𝐿 = 150 mm ; ∆= 1,2 mm

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 Examples

Solution 2

We first check to see if or not the contact of the bar with the wall on the right will occur. To do
this, we imagine the wall on the right is removed and calculate the displacement at the right
end:

𝑃𝐿 (6 × 104 )(150)
∆0 = = = 1,8 mm
𝐸𝐴 (2 × 104 )(250)

Thus, contact occurs.

1 −1 0 𝑢1 𝐹1
𝐸𝐴
The global FE equation is found to be : 𝐿 −1 2 −1 𝑢2 = 𝐹2
0 −1 1 𝑢3 𝐹3

The load and boundary conditions are : 𝐹2 = 𝑃 = 6 × 104 𝑁 ; 𝑢1 = 0 ; 𝑢3 = ∆= 1,2 mm

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 Examples

Solution 2

1 −1 0 0 𝐹1
𝐸𝐴
FE equation becomes :
𝐿
−1 2 −1 𝑢2 = 𝑃
0 −1 1 ∆ 𝐹3

𝐸𝐴 𝑢2
The 2nd equation gives : 2 −1 = 𝑃
𝐿 ∆

𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
That is : 𝐿
2 𝑢2 = 𝑃 + 𝐿 ∆

𝑢1 0
1 𝑃𝐿
Solving this, we obtain : 𝑢2 = + ∆ = 1,5 mm and 𝑢2 = 1,5 mm
2 𝐸𝐴
𝑢3 1,2

To calculate the support reaction forces, we apply the 1st and 3rd equations in the global FE
equation.
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 Examples

Solution 2

The 1st equation gives:

𝑢1
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
𝐹1 = 1 −1 0 𝑢2 = −𝑢2 = −5 × 104 𝑁
𝐿 𝑢3 𝐿

and the 3rd equation gives :

𝑢1
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
𝐹3 = 0 −1 1 𝑢2 = −𝑢2 + 𝑢3 = −1 × 104 𝑁
𝐿 𝑢3 𝐿

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 Distributed Load

Uniformly distributed axial load q (N/mm, N/m) can be converted to two equivalent nodal forces of
magnitude qL/2.We verify this by considering the work done by the load q :

𝐿 1 1 1
1 1 𝑞𝐿 𝑞𝐿 𝑢𝑖
𝑊𝑞 = 𝑢𝑞𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝜉 𝑞(𝐿𝑑𝜉) = 𝑢 𝜉 𝑑𝜉 = 𝑁𝑖 𝜉 𝑁𝑗 𝜉 𝑢𝑗 𝑑𝜉
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0

1
𝑞𝐿 𝑢𝑖 1 𝑞𝐿 𝑞𝐿 𝑢𝑖 1
= 1−𝜉 𝜉 𝑑𝜉 𝑢 = = 𝑢𝑖 𝑢𝑗 𝑞𝐿/2
2 𝑗 2 2 2 𝑢𝑗 2 𝑞𝐿/2
0

1 𝑞𝐿/2
That is: 𝑊𝑞 = u𝑇 f 𝑞 with f 𝑞 = (22)
2 𝑞𝐿/2

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 Distributed Load

Thus, from the U =W concept for the element, we have :

1 𝑇 1 1
u ku = u𝑇 f + u𝑇 f 𝑞 (23)
2 2 2

which yields : ku = f + f 𝑞 (24)

𝑓𝑖 + 𝑞𝐿/2
The new nodal force vector is : f + f 𝑞 =
𝑓𝑗 + 𝑞𝐿/2

In an assembly of bars :

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 Bar Elements in 2D

Local Global
𝑥, 𝑦 X,Y
𝑢𝑖′ , 𝑣𝑖′ 𝑢𝑖 , 𝑣𝑖
1 dof at a node 2 dof at a node

Note: Lateral displacement 𝑣𝑖′ does not contribute to the stretch of the bar, within the linear theory.

Transformation:

𝑢𝑖
𝑢𝑖′ = 𝑢𝑖 cos 𝜃 + 𝑣𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 𝑙 𝑚 𝑣
𝑖

𝑢𝑖
𝑣𝑖′ = −𝑢𝑖 sin 𝜃 + 𝑣𝑖 cos 𝜃 = −𝑚 𝑙 𝑣 where 𝑙 = cos 𝜃 , 𝑚 = sin 𝜃
𝑖

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 Bar Elements in 2D

𝑢𝑖′ 𝑙 𝑚 𝑢𝑖
In matrix form: ′ = (26)
𝑣𝑖 −𝑚 𝑙 𝑣𝑖

𝑙 𝑚
Or 𝑢𝑖′ = 𝑇𝑢𝑖 where the transformation matrix 𝑇 = (27)
−𝑚 𝑙

is orthogonal, that is : 𝑇 −1 = 𝑇 𝑇

𝑢𝑖′ 𝑙 𝑚 0 0 𝑢𝑖
𝑣𝑖′ −𝑚 𝑙 0 0 𝑣𝑖
For the two nodes of the bar element, we have: ′ = 𝑢𝑗 (28)
𝑢𝑗 0 0 𝑙 𝑚
𝑣𝑗′ 0 0 −𝑚 𝑙 𝑣𝑗

Or u′ = 𝑇u with 𝑇 = 𝑇 0 (29)
0 𝑇

The nodal forces are transformed in the same way: f′ = 𝑇f (30)

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 Stiffness Matrix in the 2D Space

𝐸𝐴 1 −1 𝑢𝑖′ 𝑓𝑖′
In the local coordinate system, we have: = ′
𝐿 −1 1 𝑢𝑗′ 𝑓𝑗

1 0 −1 0 𝑢𝑖′ 𝑓𝑖′
𝐸𝐴 0 0 0 0 𝑣𝑖′ 0
Augmenting this equation, we write: = or k′ u′ = f′
𝐿 −1 0 1 0 𝑢𝑗′ 𝑓𝑗′
0 0 0 0 𝑣𝑗′ 0

Using transformations given in (29) and (30), we obtain: k′ 𝑇u = Tf

Multiplying both sides by 𝑇 𝑇 and noticing that 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 = 𝐼, we obtain: 𝑇 𝑇 k′ 𝑇u = f (31)

Thus, the element stiffness matrix k in the global coordinate system is: k = 𝑇 𝑇 k′ 𝑇 (32)

which is a 4×4 symmetric matrix 4 × 4.

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 Stiffness Matrix in the 2D Space

Explicit form:

𝑢𝑖 𝑣𝑖 𝑢𝑗 𝑣𝑗
𝐸𝐴
𝑙2 𝑙𝑚 −𝑙2 −𝑙𝑚
k= 𝑙𝑚 𝑚2 −𝑙𝑚 −𝑚2 (33)
𝐿
−𝑙2 −𝑙𝑚 𝑙2 𝑙𝑚
−𝑙𝑚 −𝑚 2 𝑙𝑚 𝑚2

Calculation of the directional cosines 𝑙 and 𝑚:

𝑋𝑗 −𝑋𝑖 𝑌𝑗 −𝑌𝑖
𝑙 = cos 𝜃 = ; 𝑚 = sin 𝜃 = (34)
𝐿 𝐿

The structure stiffness matrix is assembled by using the element stiffness matrices in the usual way as in the
1D case.

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 Element Stress

𝑢𝑖
𝑢𝑖′ 1 1 𝑙 𝑚 0 0 𝑣𝑖
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 = 𝐸B =𝐸 − − 𝑢𝑗
𝑢𝑗′ 𝐿 𝐿 0 0 𝑙 𝑚
𝑣𝑗

𝑢𝑖
𝐸 𝑣𝑖
That is: 𝜎 = −𝑙 −𝑚 𝑙 𝑚 𝑢𝑗 (35)
𝐿
𝑣𝑗

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 Examples

Example 3

A simple plane truss is made of two identical bars (with E, A, and L), and loaded as shown in
the figure. Find:

1. displacement of node 2.

2. stress in each bar.

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 Examples

Solution 3

This simple structure is used here to demonstrate the assembly and solution process using the
bar element in 2D space.

In local coordinate systems, we have:

𝐸𝐴 1 −1
k1′ = = k′2
𝐿 −1 1

These two matrices cannot be assembled together, because they are in different coordinate
systems. We need to convert them to global coordinate system OXY.

√2
Element 1: 𝜃 = 45° ; 𝑙 = 𝑚 = 2

Using formula (32) or (33), we obtain the stiffness matrix in the global system

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 Examples

Solution 3

𝑢1 𝑣1 𝑢2 𝑣2

𝑇 ′
𝐸𝐴 1 1 −1 −1
k1 = 𝑇1 k1 𝑇1 = 1 1 −1 −1
2𝐿 −1 −1 1 1
−1 −1 1 1

√2 √2
Element 2: 𝜃 = 135° ; 𝑙 = − ;𝑚 =
2 2

𝑢2 𝑣2 𝑢3 𝑣3
1 −1 −1 1
𝐸𝐴
We have : k2 = 𝑇2𝑇 k′2 𝑇2 = −1 1 1 −1
2𝐿
−1 1 1 −1
1 −1 −1 1

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 Examples

Solution 3

Assemble the structure FE equation:

𝑢1 𝑣1 𝑢2 𝑣2 𝑢3 𝑣3
1 1 −1 −1 0 0 𝑢1 𝐹1𝑋
1 1 −1 −1 0 0 𝑣1 𝐹1𝑌
𝐸𝐴 𝑢2
−1 −1 2 0 −1 1 𝐹
2𝐿
𝑣2 = 2𝑋
−1 −1 0 2 1 −1 𝐹2𝑌
0 0 −1 1 1 −1 𝑢3 𝐹3𝑋
0 0 1 −1 −1 1 𝑣3 𝐹3𝑌

Load and boundary conditions (BC): 𝑢1 = 𝑣1 = 𝑢3 = 𝑣3 = 0 ; 𝐹2𝑋 = 𝑃1 ; 𝐹2𝑌 = 𝑃2

𝐸𝐴 2 0 𝑢2 𝑃1
Condensed FE equation: 2𝐿 =
0 2 𝑣2 𝑃2

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 Examples

Solution 3

Solving this, we obtain the displacement of node 2:

𝑢2 𝐿 𝑃1
𝑣2 =
𝐸𝐴 𝑃2

Using formula (35), we calculate the stresses in the two bars:

0
𝐸 √2 𝐿 0 2
𝜎1 = −1 −1 1 1 = 𝑃 + 𝑃2
𝐿 2 𝐸𝐴 𝑃1 2𝐴 1
𝑃2

𝑃1
𝐸 √2 𝐿 𝑃2 2
𝜎2 = 1 −1 −1 1 = (𝑃 − 𝑃2 )
𝐿 2 𝐸𝐴 0 2𝐴 1
0

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 Examples

Example 4 (Multipoint Constraint)

For the plane truss shown above: 𝑃 = 1000 kN ; 𝐿 = 1 m ; 𝐸 = 210 Gpa

𝐴 = 6 × 10−4 𝑚2 pour les éléments 1 et 2

𝐴 = 6√2 × 10−4 𝑚2 pour l’élément 3

Determine the displacements and reaction forces.

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 Examples

Solution 4

We have an inclined roller at node 3, which needs special attention in the FE solution. We first
assemble the global FE equation for the truss.

Element 1: 𝜃 = 90° ;𝑙 = 0 ; 𝑚 = 1
𝑢1 𝑣1 𝑢2 𝑣2
0 0 0 0
(210×109 )(6×10−4 )
k1 = 0 1 0 −1 (N/m)
1
0 0 0 0
0 −1 0 1
Element 2: 𝜃 = 0° ;𝑙 = 1 ; 𝑚 = 0
𝑢2 𝑣2 𝑢3 𝑣3
1 0 −1 0
(210×109 )(6×10−4 )
k2 = 0 0 0 0 (N/m)
1
−1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0

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 Examples

Solution 4
1 1
Element 3: 𝜃 = 45° ;𝑙 = √2 ; 𝑚 = √2
𝑢1 𝑣1 𝑢3 𝑣3
0,5 0,5 −0,5 −0,5
(210×109 )(6√2×10−4 )
k1 = 0,5 0,5 −0,5 −0,5 (N/m)
√2
−0,5 −0,5 0,5 0,5
−0,5 −0,5 0,5 0,5

The global FE equation is:

0,5 0,5 0 0 −0,5 −0,5 𝑢1 𝐹1𝑋
1,5 0 −1 −0,5 −0,5 𝑣1 𝐹1𝑌
1 0 −1 0 𝑢2 𝐹
1260 × 105 𝑣2 = 2𝑋
1 0 0 𝐹2𝑌
1,5 0,5 𝑢3 𝐹3𝑋
𝑆𝑦𝑚 0,5 𝑣3 𝐹3𝑌
Load and boundary conditions (BC): 𝑢1 = 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 0 ; 𝑣3′ = 0 ; 𝐹2𝑋 = 𝑃 ; 𝐹3𝑥 ′ = 0

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 Examples

Solution 4
From the transformation relation and the BC, we have:
√2 √2 𝑢3 2
𝑣3′ = − 𝑣 = −𝑢3 + 𝑣3 = 0
2 2 3 2
That is: 𝑢3 − 𝑣3 = 0
This is a multipoint constraint (MPC).
Similarly, we have a relation for the force at node 3:
√2 √2 𝐹3𝑋 2
𝐹3𝑥 ′ = = 𝐹3𝑋 + 𝐹3𝑌 = 0
2 2 𝐹3𝑌 2
That is:𝐹3𝑋 + 𝐹3𝑌 = 0

Applying the load and BC’s in the structure FE equation by deleting 1st , 2nd and 4th rows and
columns, we have:

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD – Dr. Lokmane Abdeldjouad #34

 Examples

Solution 4
1 −1 0 𝑢2 𝑃
1260 × 105 −1 1,5 0,5 𝑢3 = 𝐹3𝑋
0 0,5 0,5 𝑣3 𝐹3𝑌
Further, from the MPC and the force relation at node 3, the equation becomes:
1 −1 0 𝑢2 𝑃
1260 × 105 −1 1,5 0,5 𝑢3 = 𝐹3𝑋
0 0,5 0,5 𝑢3 −𝐹3𝑋
1 −1 𝑢 𝑃
2
which is: 1260 × 105 −1 2 𝑢 = 𝐹3𝑋
3
0 1 −𝐹3𝑋
The 3rd equation yields: 𝐹3𝑋 = −1260 × 105 𝑢3

Substituting this into the 2nd equation and rearranging, we have:

1 −1 𝑢2 𝑃
1260 × 105 =
−1 3 𝑢3 0

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD – Dr. Lokmane Abdeldjouad #35

 Examples

Solution 4
Solving this, we obtain the displacements:
𝑢2 1 3𝑃 0,01191
𝑢3 = = (m)
2520×105 𝑃 0,003968
From the global FE equation, we can calculate the reaction forces:
𝐹1𝑋 0 −0,5 −0,5 −500
𝐹1𝑌 0 −0,5 −0,5 𝑢2 −500
𝐹2𝑋 = 1260 × 105 0 0 0 𝑢3 = 0 (kN)
𝐹2𝑌 −1 1,5 0,5 𝑣3 −500
𝐹3𝑋 0 0,5 0,5 500

A general multipoint constraint (MPC) can be described as: 𝑗 𝐴𝑗 𝑢𝑗 =0

Where 𝐴𝑗 ’s are constants and 𝑢𝑗 ’s are nodal displacement components. In the FE

software users only need to specify this relation to the software. The software will
take care of the solution.
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD – Dr. Lokmane Abdeldjouad #36
 Bar Elements in 3D

Local Global
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 X,Y, Z
𝑢𝑖′ , 𝑣𝑖′ , 𝑤𝑖′ 𝑢𝑖 , 𝑣𝑖 , 𝑤𝑖
1 ddf at a node 3 dof at a node
Element stiffness matrices are calculated in the local coordinate systems and then transformed into the
global coordinate system (X,Y, Z) where they are assembled.

FEA software packages will do this transformation automatically.

Input data for bar elements:

• (X,Y, Z) for each node

• E and A for each element

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD – Dr. Lokmane Abdeldjouad #37
 THANK YOU

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD – Dr. Lokmane Abdeldjouad [End of Slide] #38