AP Precalculus Name ________________________________________________

Final Exam Review

2
1) What are the intervals of increasing and decreasing of 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 + 4

2) Find the average rate of change over the interval [−2, 4] given 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2

3) The graph of ℎ(𝑥𝑥) is shown in the figure at right for the

interval −6 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 6. On what open interval(s) is ℎ increasing?

2
Use the following function for problems 4 and 5. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 + 5 𝑥𝑥 − 3
4) Identify the zeros and state their multiplicities.

5) Use limit notation to describe the end behavior of 𝑓𝑓.

2𝑥𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑥−9
Use the following function for problems 6 – 9. 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥 2 −9
6) Write an equivalent expression for 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) by factoring.

7) Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of 𝑔𝑔.

8) Find the zeros of the function.

9) Find the coordinates of the hole of 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 .

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10) The polynomial 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥𝑥 − 3 describe the zeros of 𝑔𝑔.

11) Write a polynomial with real coefficients having degree 4 and zeros: −2𝑖𝑖 and 3 (multiplicity 2)

Graph of 𝑓𝑓

Use the graph of the function 𝒇𝒇 shown above for problems 12-15.
12) The extrema for 𝑓𝑓 are labeled where A, B, C, D, and E represent the x-coordinates at those points.
On which interval(s) is the rate of change of 𝑓𝑓 positive and increasing? Explain how you know.

13) The extrema for 𝑓𝑓 are labeled where A, B, C, D, and E represent the x-coordinates at those points.
On which interval(s) is the rate of change of 𝑓𝑓 negative and decreasing? Explain how you know.

14) On what intervals of x is the function 𝑓𝑓 increasing at a decreasing rate? Justify.

15) On what intervals of x is the function 𝑓𝑓 decreasing at an increasing rate? Justify.

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 𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 −𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓+𝟖𝟖
Use the rational function 𝒓𝒓 is given by 𝒓𝒓 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒙𝒙−𝟑𝟑
for problems 16-18.

16) Determine the asymptotes of the function.

17) Use limit notation to describe the end behavior of 𝑟𝑟.

18) Use limit notation to describe the behavior of 𝑟𝑟 as 𝑥𝑥 → 3 from both the left and right.

19) Write a polynomial function that could be used to represent

the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘(𝑥𝑥) shown at right.
Explain your reasoning.

Use the graph of 𝒇𝒇 shown below right with the six points A, B, C, D, E, and F labeled for
problems 20-21.

20) At which points does the graph of 𝑓𝑓

have a local maximum?

21) Name the global or absolute extrema of

the graph of 𝑓𝑓.

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 1
22) The functions 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 are defined for all real numbers such that 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 2
𝑥𝑥 + 5 . Describe
the sequence of transformations that maps the graph of 𝑓𝑓 to the graph of 𝑔𝑔 in the same 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 −plane.

𝑥𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 6 9

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 0 1 3 −2 −3 4 5 −2 −1 −6

The table of values of the continuous function 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) are shown in the table above. Use the
values in the table to answer the following.

23) Let 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 − 2 + 1; find 𝑔𝑔 2 24) Let ℎ 𝑥𝑥 = 4 − 𝑓𝑓 3𝑥𝑥 ; find ℎ(3)

25) Let 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 − 2 + 1; 26) Let ℎ 𝑥𝑥 = 4 − 𝑓𝑓 3𝑥𝑥 ;

If 𝑔𝑔 𝑘𝑘 = −5, find 𝑘𝑘 Find ℎ−1 (3)

3
27) Use the binomial theorem to expand 2𝑥𝑥 + 3

28) Solve using sign analysis 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 ≤ 12

𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥−2 2
29) Solve 𝑥𝑥+2
≥0

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The table below shows the population 𝑷𝑷 , in millions, of a migratory bird. Use the table for
problems 30 and 31.

𝒕𝒕 years since 2020 0 1 2 3

Population 𝑷𝑷 6.384 6.446 6.527 6.831

30) Find a linear regression to model the population of the birds 𝑡𝑡 years after 2020.

31) What does 𝑃𝑃(𝑡𝑡) predict the population of birds will be in 2030?

Unit 2
32) Write the general rule for the arithmetic sequences with 𝑎𝑎1 = 15 and 𝑑𝑑 = −2

33) Given the geometric sequence where 𝑎𝑎2 = 15 and 𝑟𝑟 = 3, write an exponential function that will
contain the domain of the sequence.

34) Find the 31st term of the sequence 25, 21 ,17, . . .

1
35) Write the explicit formula for the geometric sequence with 𝑎𝑎1 = 32 and 𝑟𝑟 = − 2

36) The number of students with flu-like systems at Surfside High increased exponentially. The
function 𝐹𝐹(𝑡𝑡) can be used to model the number of students 𝐹𝐹 who contracted the flu 𝑡𝑡 weeks
after the initial outbreak. Use the table below to write an expression for 𝐹𝐹(𝑡𝑡).

𝒕𝒕 weeks after initial outbreak 1 2 3

𝑭𝑭 number of students with flu 32 40 50

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37) A culture contains 2800 bacteria initially and increases by 28% every hour. Find a formula for
the number 𝑁𝑁 𝑡𝑡 of bacteria present after t hours. How many bacteria are in the culture after
6 hours?

For problems 38 and 39, describe the transformations of f that yield the graph of g.

48) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 ; 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥−3 − 4 49) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥 ; 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = −3𝑥𝑥+2 + 5

For problems 50 and 51, determine whether the equation represents exponential growth or
exponential decay. Explain.

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
50) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2450 1.1825 51) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 18.35 0.874

−𝑥𝑥
52) Describe the end behavior of 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = −4 3 − 1 using limit notation.

Use the following information for problems 53 and 54.

Sarah is selling cans of lemonade. She records the daily high temperature and the number of cans
sold. She found the following regression equation to predict the sale of lemonade from the daily
high temperature. 𝑦𝑦� = 0.75𝑥𝑥 − 22

53) What is the residual if the high temperature was 95° and she sold 46 cans of lemonade?

54) Interpret the value of the slope in context.

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 𝑥𝑥 2 +1
55) If 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 3
, find 𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 and state its domain.

𝒙𝒙 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
Use the table for problems 56 – 58.
𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 2 −1 0 1 −3 −2
𝒈𝒈 𝒙𝒙 0 −3 1 2 −1 0

56) Find 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 −1 57) Find 𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓 −3 58) Find 𝑓𝑓 −1 𝑔𝑔−1 (2 )

𝑥𝑥−1 2
59) Find functions f and g such that ℎ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 . ℎ 𝑥𝑥 =
2 𝑥𝑥−1 2 +3

Problems 60 and 61, The table at right represents values for a function ℎ at selected values of 𝑥𝑥.
An exponential regression 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 is used to model these data.

60) Find the exponential regression equation. 𝒙𝒙 −1 1 2 5

𝒉𝒉 𝒙𝒙 6 10 18 31

61) What is the value of ℎ(3.6) predicted by the exponential function model?

62) Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 5 − 3𝑥𝑥 and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 3. If ℎ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 , find ℎ(−4)

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63) The table at right shows selected values of the function 𝑘𝑘(𝑥𝑥). 𝒙𝒙 𝒌𝒌(𝒙𝒙)
What regression model would best fit these data? Explain why.
126 1

42 2

14 3
14
4
3
14
5
9

Use the following information for problems 64 and 66.

The graph of the piecewise-defined function 𝑔𝑔 is shown at
right and consists of three line-segments. The function ℎ is
the inverse of g, such that ℎ−1 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 .

64)What is the maximum value of ℎ? Explain.

65) What is the domain of ℎ? Explain.

66)Find the value of 𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔 3 .

2𝑥𝑥+5
67) Find the inverse of 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥−2

𝑘𝑘 3 𝑤𝑤
68) Let 𝑘𝑘, 𝑤𝑤, and 𝑧𝑧 be positive constants. Expand the expression. ln 𝑧𝑧 2
.

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69) Regression was used to create two different models (an exponential model and a linear model) for
a given set of data (not shown). The graphs of the residuals for the exponential and linear models
are shown below. Use the graphs of the residuals to determine which model was appropriate for
the data. Explain your reasoning.
Linear Regression Model Residuals Exponential Regression Model Residuals

Time, months Time, months

3 𝑥𝑥
70) The exponential function 𝑓𝑓 is defined by 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = −3 2
. Describe the rate of change of
the function and the function behavior.

Problems 71 and 72, Solve and check for extraneous solutions.

71) ln 2𝑥𝑥 + 7 = 2 ln(4) 72) log 2 𝑥𝑥 + 4 + log 2 𝑥𝑥 − 6 = log 2 (2𝑥𝑥 − 3)

Problems 73-74, Solve without a calculator.

8 𝑥𝑥 25 2𝑥𝑥−5
73) 52𝑥𝑥+1 = 9 74) 125
= 4

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 A

75) The grid above is a semi-log plot with the vertical axis logarithmically scaled. Give the
estimate for each point plotted.

76) A set of data is shown on the semi-log plot at right. If

an exponential regression is used to model the data,
which of the following claim and explanation
statements best fit these data?

A) The residual plot will show a clear pattern,

because the exponential model was not
appropriate.
B) The residual plot will show no clear pattern,
because the exponential model was not
appropriate.
C) The residual plot will show no clear pattern,
because the exponential model was appropriate.
D) The residual plot will show a clear pattern,
because the exponential model was appropriate.

77) If the logarithmic regression model is 𝑦𝑦� = 3 + ln 𝑥𝑥 − 2 , what is the residual for the point (5, 4)?

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78) For the linearization equation 𝑦𝑦� = 2.525𝑥𝑥 + 3.48 where 𝑦𝑦� = ln 𝑦𝑦, find the exponential
equation to model the original data set.

For problems 79 – 80, find the solution set of the inequality.

79) log 2 𝑥𝑥 + 3 < 4 80) log 2 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 ≥ log 2 𝑥𝑥 + 2

81) The table gives values for a function 𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡) at selected values of 𝑡𝑡.

A) Graph the data on the semi-log plot. 𝑡𝑡 1 2 3 4 5

𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡) 20 38 65 115 210
B) What does the graph say about the data?

C) Approximate the values of 𝑘𝑘(7) by finding an

exponential regression equation.

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Unit 3

82) The periodic function 𝑓𝑓 is graphed in the xy-plane.

What is the best estimate of the period of 𝑓𝑓.

83) A portion of the graph of the periodic function 𝑔𝑔 is shown below, where the period of 𝑔𝑔 is 16.
Find the value of 𝑔𝑔(55)

84) The point P lies at the intersection of the terminal ray of an angle in
standard position measuring 𝜃𝜃 and the circle shown at right. Order 𝜃𝜃
the sine, cosine and tangent from smallest to largest for 𝜃𝜃.

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85) The point −5, 5 3 lies in the coordinate plane at the intersection of the terminal ray of
an angle 𝜃𝜃, 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝜋𝜋 and a circle of radius 𝑟𝑟. What is the value of 𝜃𝜃?

86) The function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is graphed at right and can be

expressed as 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sin[𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 ] . Find the values
of B and C for 𝑓𝑓 that can represent the graph shown.

87) The amplitude of a periodic function is 5.5 units and the maximum value of the function is 8.
What is the minimum value of the function?

5
88) If sin 𝜃𝜃 < 0 and cos 𝜃𝜃 = , find tangent of 𝜃𝜃 and the coordinates of point 𝑃𝑃 = (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
7

89) Find the frequency of a periodic function for a gear in a vehicle that oscillates periodically,
modeled by ℎ 𝑡𝑡 = 0.9 cos 52.065𝑡𝑡 + 0.85, where t is time in seconds and h is in centimeters.

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90) A portion of the periodic function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) is shown
at right. Use this graph to find the amplitude, period
and midline.

91) If the graph can be modeled by the equation

𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐷𝐷 . Write the equation
for the graph of the function.

92) Write an equation for 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) with the transformations of the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 , having a
𝜋𝜋
vertical dilation by a factor of 4, a phase shift of 3 left, and a vertical shift of 3 units down

2𝜋𝜋
93) A sinusoidal regression equation 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 15 cos 365
(𝑡𝑡 − 195) + 77 models the typical
high temperature for any day, 𝑡𝑡, throughout the year for coastal Alabama. On what interval
of time, 𝑡𝑡, is the typical high temperature decreasing at an increasing rate?

94) At a marina on the intercoastal waterway in South Florida, the height of the tide, in feet
𝜋𝜋
(ft) is modeled by the function ℎ, defined by ℎ 𝑡𝑡 = 6.7 cos 6 𝑡𝑡 + 7.25 for
0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 12 hours. Based on the model, find the maximum height of the tide.
Find the value for each expression.
8 7
95) tan sin−1 17
96) cos sin−1 25

𝜋𝜋
97) Graph 𝑦𝑦 = 3 csc 𝑥𝑥 + 2 − 2

98) Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥𝑥 cos(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = sin 𝑥𝑥 . In the xy-plane, what are the x-coordinates of the
points of intersection of the graphs of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 < 2𝜋𝜋?

2𝜋𝜋
99) The point 𝑃𝑃 has the polar coordinates −4, 3
. Find an equivalent representation of the point 𝑃𝑃.

5𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
100) Write the complex number in rectangular form: z = 3 cos 6
+ 𝑖𝑖 sin 6
.

101) Write the complex number 𝑧𝑧 = 3 − 𝑖𝑖 in polar form.

102) Given 𝑓𝑓 𝜃𝜃 = 2 − 4 sin(𝜃𝜃)
A. Graph
B. Find the range of positive 𝜃𝜃-values on the domain [0, 2𝜋𝜋]
for which the r-values are negative.

C. Find the interval(s) where r is decreasing.

103) Given 𝑓𝑓 𝜃𝜃 = 4 cos(3𝜃𝜃)

A. Graph
B. Find the value of 𝜃𝜃 where 𝑓𝑓 𝜃𝜃 = 0

C. Find the interval(s) where the distance r from the pole is increasing.

Problems 104 and 105, Find the average rate of change of 𝑓𝑓 on the given intervals. State the
interval where f is changing faster.

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
104) 𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓 𝜃𝜃 = 6 sin(2𝜃𝜃) on , and ,
4 2 2 4

2𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
105) 𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓 𝜃𝜃 = 2 + 4 cos(𝜃𝜃) on 3
, 𝜋𝜋 and 2
, 2𝜋𝜋