Intro To QP
Intro To QP
Quantum programming
Marco Armenta
CMAI
February 1st 2022
Outline
1. Circuit composer
2. Dirac notation
3. One-qubit gates {X,Z,H}
4. Two-qubits gates {CNOT}
5. Entanglement
6. Quantum Enigmas
Outline
1. Circuit composer
2. Dirac notation
3. One-qubit gates {X,Z,H}
4. Two-qubits gates {CNOT}
5. Entanglement
6. Quantum Enigmas
The Dirac notation
1 qubit state
{
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|1i 2
<latexit sha1_base64="6VkudgTKnuIvzKTvWgDiMD55hdk=">AAACDXicbVC7SgNBFJ2Nrxhfq5Y2g1GwCrtB0UYI2FhJBPOA7LrcnUySIbOzy8ysEDb5ARt/xcZCEVt7O//GyaPQxAMDh3PuvXPvCRPOlHacbyu3tLyyupZfL2xsbm3v2Lt7dRWnktAaiXksmyEoypmgNc00p81EUohCThth/2rsNx6oVCwWd3qQUD+CrmAdRkAbKbCPvAh0jwDPqqMgGzqeBNHldIQv8dADnvRgeF8O7KJTcibAi8SdkSKaoRrYX147JmlEhSYclGq5TqL9DKRmxAwveKmiCZA+dGnLUAERVX42uWaEj43Sxp1Ymic0nqi/OzKIlBpEoakc767mvbH4n9dKdefCz5hIUk0FmX7USTnWMR5Hg9tMUqL5wBAgkpldMemBBKJNgAUTgjt/8iKpl0vuWcm5PS1WbmZx5NEBOkQnyEXnqIKuURXVEEGP6Bm9ojfryXqx3q2PaWnOmvXsoz+wPn8Aiseb4A==</latexit>
|0i P|1i = | |
| i = ↵ |0i + |1i
<latexit sha1_base64="wqdY8CQbMnb8DfdWxz75LYAe/t4=">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</latexit>
2 2
<latexit sha1_base64="Y6CS6uGS9eWUbUXfX0VEqezbMTQ=">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</latexit>
|↵| + | | = 1
Examples :
1 1 1 1
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2 2 2 2
Outline
1. Circuit composer
2. Dirac notation
3. One-qubit gates {X,Z,H}
4. Two-qubits gates {CNOT}
5. Entanglement
6. Quantum Enigmas
X Gate
X X
|1i |1i |1i
|0i |0i |0i
https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/docs/iqx/operations-glossary#x-gate
H Gate
H H
|1i |1i |1i
|0i |0i |0i
1 1
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2 2
https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/docs/iqx/operations-glossary#h-gate
H Gate
H H
|1i |1i |1i
|0i |0i |0i
1 1
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2 2
https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/docs/iqx/operations-glossary#h-gate
Z Gate
Z Z
|1i |1i |1i
|0i |0i |0i
1 |0i + 0 |1i
<latexit sha1_base64="JbmEohq2xitoEwmXZ7dOz5NYhbU=">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</latexit>
https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/docs/iqx/operations-glossary#z-gate
Z Gate
Z Z
|1i |1i |1i
|0i |0i |0i
https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/docs/iqx/operations-glossary#z-gate
Exercise
Can you create these two states?
A) B)
Outline
1. Circuit composer
2. Dirac notation
3. One-qubit gates {X,Z,H}
4. Two-qubits gates {CNOT, SWAP}
5. Entanglement
6. Quantum Enigmas
The Dirac notation
2 qubit state
{
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2
|0i |0i P|00i = |↵|
2 2 2 2
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|↵| + | | + | | + | | = 1
|1i |1i <latexit sha1_base64="Z4R6LRZ1veAvb9J2KulQa1UPB/g=">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</latexit>
2
|0i |0i P|01i = | |
|1i |1i
|0i |0i
|1i |1i <latexit sha1_base64="asY+v4VcWzMwYGA7MGnNUEwuh6w=">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</latexit>
2
|0i |0i P|10i = | | Examples :
| i = ↵ |00i + |01i + |10i + |11i
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1 1 1 1
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2 4 4 4 4
|0i |0i P|11i = | |
1 1
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target
|1i |1i
|0i |0i
https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/docs/iqx/operations-glossary#cx-gate
CNOT Gate
control
|1i |1i
|0i |0i
target
|1i |1i
|0i |0i
https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/docs/iqx/operations-glossary#cx-gate
SWAP Gate
If the rst qubit is in a state of | 1⟩, and the second qubit is in the
state | 0⟩, the SWAP gate will put the rst qubit in state | 0⟩ and the
second qubit in state | 1⟩.
fi
fi
SWAP Gate
|1i |1i
|0i |0i
|1i |1i
|0i |0i
SWAP Gate
|1i |1i
|0i |0i
|1i |1i
|0i |0i
Outline
1. Circuit composer
2. Dirac notation
3. One-qubit gates {X,Z,H}
4. Two-qubits gates {CNOT}
5. Entanglement
6. Quantum Enigmas
Entanglement
2 steps recipe Entanglement
<latexit sha1_base64="vuhy2h8uJ2zE5+yvBMvx15NQU6M=">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</latexit>
1 1
|00i p |00i + p |11i
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2 2
Hadamard 0
| i = H0 |00i
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|00i
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✓ ◆ <latexit sha1_base64="jqonQbof3YaGCHy8zP4BHYfPZ8Y=">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</latexit>
1 1
| i = |0i p |0i + p |1i
2 2
1 1 CNOT 1 1
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0
| i = p |00i + p |01i | i = p |00i + p |11i
2 2 2 2
Exercise
Can you create these two Bell pairs?
A) B)
Four Bell states
|1i
|0i
|1i
|0i + |1i
|0i
|1i
|0i
|1i
|0i
|1i
|0i + |1i
|0i
|1i
|0i
1 1 1 1
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|1i
|0i
|1i
|0i + |1i
|0i
|1i
|0i
|1i
|0i
|1i
|0i + |1i
|0i
|1i
|0i
1 1
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1 1
<latexit sha1_base64="roE9cKmjZx1Zg84TNnRUNlZfAQU=">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</latexit>
1 1 1 1
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1 1 1 1
<latexit sha1_base64="5zGt9KsSQN76PzflOuEbsOOD1fk=">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</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="roE9cKmjZx1Zg84TNnRUNlZfAQU=">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</latexit>
p |00i + p |11i 00
2 2
Bell
1 1
<latexit sha1_base64="sfSJIjJoTCl7Y9A6KLPhTFCyN9M=">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</latexit>
p |00i + p |11i 01
2 2
Bell
1 1
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p |01i + p |10i 10
2 2
Bell
1 1
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p |01i + p |10i 11
2 2
Outline
1. Circuit composer
2. Dirac notation
3. One-qubit gates {X,Z,H}
4. Two-qubits gates {CNOT}
5. Entanglement
6. Quantum Enigmas
Exercise
Can you tell what is obtained after measurement in each case?
Next steps
• Qiskit textbook:
https://qiskit.org/textbook/preface.html
4 modules (elements)
Terra
Circuit creation and pulse
Ignis
Error and noise characterization and
mitigation
Aqua (now subdivided)
Nature (chemistry), Finance,
Machine Learning, Optimization
Aer
Simulation
Questions?
IBM