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L4-Bearing and Azimuth

This document discusses angles, directions, bearings, and azimuths. It defines different types of angles and reference lines used to measure directions. It also explains how to define directions using bearings and azimuths, including their units and methods of measurement. Examples are provided to demonstrate converting between bearings and azimuths and solving for unknown directions in polygons.

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Taleb Abboud
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67 views16 pages

L4-Bearing and Azimuth

This document discusses angles, directions, bearings, and azimuths. It defines different types of angles and reference lines used to measure directions. It also explains how to define directions using bearings and azimuths, including their units and methods of measurement. Examples are provided to demonstrate converting between bearings and azimuths and solving for unknown directions in polygons.

Uploaded by

Taleb Abboud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Civil

&
Environmental Engineering

L4 –Angles and Directions


CENG 231
Surveying
Angles and Directions
To fix a location of a point we need:
1- Direction and distance from a known point
B
d

θ
A

2- Directions from two known points B

A θ1 θ2 C
Angles and Directions
To fix a location of a point we need:
3-Distances from 2 known points
B
d1 d2

A C
Angles and Directions
To fix a location of a point we need:

4-Direction from one point and a distance from another point.


B

θ
A C
Angles and Directions

Requirements (elements) for determination of angles and the directions we need:


1- Reference line B
2- Direction of rotation Clock wise
Ref. Line
θ
3- Angular value
A
Units :
Sexagsimal System
Degrees, minutes, seconds
20˚30’ 40”
Kinds of Horizontal Angles

1- Interior angles:
For a polygon we measure the interior angles.
Theoretical sum of angles = (n-2)*180 where n is the number of angles
n is equal to the number of angles or number of sides
E

F D  Start the problem at point A


 Angles are taken Clock Wise
 Sequence of letters Counter Clock
Wise
G C

A B
Kinds of Horizontal Angles

2- Angles to the right: when you measure the angles in a clockwise direction
Also including the obtuse right angles
Kinds of Horizontal Angles

Deflection angles: usually used in highway engineering. We can measure clockwise or even anticlockwise.
The maximum angle is 180°
Reference Lines

Reference Lines:

1- Meridian:

Can be the geographic (true) meridian. Most common meridian is the true meridian North-

South.

2- Magnetic Meridian:

It is less common. It follows the direction of the magnetic poles of the earth which deviate

slightly from the poles of the earth.

3- Assumed meridian:

For a survey we use one meridian that we choose to apply on it only.


Defining Directions

To determine it we either use:


1- Bearing
a. The bearing of a line is the acute angle between the reference meridian and the line less than 90°.
b. It is designated by numerical and alphabetical values.
c. Could be measured in either clock wise or counter clock wise.
d. True bearing is measured from the geographical meridian.
e. Magnetic bearing is measured from the magnetic meridian. N
f. Back Bearing is the reverse of Bearing
B
BAB = N60˚E 60˚
D
BAC = S20˚E
10˚
W E
BAD= N80˚W A

BBAB = S60˚W

BBAC = N20˚W 20˚


C
BBAD= S80˚E
S
Defining Directions

To determine it we either use:


2- Azimuth
a. It is the clockwise horizontal angle measured from the reference meridian which we usually
take as the north.
b. It vary from zero to 359° 59’ 59’’
c. BAZ=AZ 180
D N C
15˚
20˚
AZAB = 210˚
AZAC = 15˚
W E
AZAD= 340˚ A
BAZAB =AZBA= 30˚ 30˚

BAZAC = AZCA =195˚


B
BAZAD=AZDA=160˚
S
Defining Directions

BEARING AZIMUTH

Vary between 0° & 90° Vary between 0° & 360°


Require 2 letters and 1 numerical value Require only numerical value
True meridian, magnetic and assumed True meridian, magnetic and assumed
Measured clockwise and anticlockwise Measured only clockwise
Measured from North and South Usually measured from North
Correction of Angles

1. Add the measured interior angles

2. Compare the sum of measured angles to the theoretical sum (n-2)*180

3. Calculate the allowable error =1.4 𝑛 in min where n is the number of angles

4. If the error is less than the allowable correct the angles by a value α

α= Difference between actual and theoretical /n

5. Correction should be in reverse order

6. If the error is not accepted Repeat the Work


Example
Given AZAB = 0°
Point C is west of B
Interior angles of polygon ABCDE Such that:
A=75°
B=135°
C=60°
D=70°
E=200°
Find the Azimuth and Bearing of all it’s sides
Example
AZIMUTH:
BAZAB=180°
AZBC=180+135=315°
AZCB=135°
AZCD=60+135=195°
AZDC=15°
AZDE=15+70=85°
AZED=85+180=265°
AZEA=265+200-360=105°
AZAE=180+105=285°
CHECK: AZAB=285+75=360°=0° = INITIAL AZIMUTH
BEARING:
BAB=0= BBAB
BBC=N45°W
BCB=S45°E
BCD=S15°W
BDC=N15°E
BDE=N85°E
BED=S85°W
BEA=S75°E
BAE=N75°W
BAB=0°
HW2-Angles Bearing and Azimuth
Problem#1
Convert the following bearings to azimuths:
a-N45˚45’E b-N5˚51’W c-S5˚21’E d-S72˚12’W
e-N88˚59’E f-S3˚38’W g-S45˚01’E

Problem#2
Convert the following azimuths to bearings:
a-191˚58’ b-146˚11’ c-167˚23’ d-278˚59’
e-6˚06’ f-313˚47’ g-200˚20’

Problem#3
Given a Polygon ABCD such that BAB=N45˚E and the internal angles
A=70˚,B=65˚,C=110˚and D=115˚.
Calculate Bearings, Back Bearings, Azimuth and Back Azimuth.

Problem#3
Given a Polygon ABCDE such that AZAB=45˚23’20” and the internal angles A=63˚47’00’’,
B=140˚28’49”, C=101˚30’28”and D=72˚48’10”and E=161˚25’35”.
Calculate Bearings, Back Bearings, Azimuth and Back Azimuth.
Check the theoretical sum and correct if needed.

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