Presentation 1

Graphs Associated With
Frequency Distribution Table

A histogram is a graph of the frequencies on the
vertical axis and the class boundaries on the horizontal
axis.
The histogram consists of contiguous (adjoining)

boxes that represent the frequency of each class or
interval of data.
A histogram can show the shape

and spread of the data distribution.
To construct a histogram from a frequency data table, you need to follow these steps:
Identify the variable and the range of values
that you want to display in the histogram.
Divide the range of values into equal intervals

or bins. The number and size of the bins depend on the data
set and the level of detail you want to show.
Count the frequency of each bin, i.e., how many data values fall
in each interval. You can use the frequency data table to help you
with this step.
Draw the horizontal and vertical axes of the histogram.

Label the horizontal axis with the variable name and
the bin boundaries. Label the vertical axis with the frequency
or the relative frequency (percentage) of each bin.
Draw a box for each bin with the height equal to the frequency or the
relative frequency of that bin. The boxes should be adjacent to
each other with no gaps in between.
A frequency polygon is a line graph that connects the
midpoints of the top of each box in the histogram.
The frequency polygon can also show the shape, center,

and spread of the data distribution.
To construct a frequency polygon from a frequency data

table, you need to follow these steps:
Identify the variable and the range of values that you want to display
in the frequency polygon.
Divide the range of values into equal intervals or bins. The number
and size of the bins depend on the data set and the level of detail you
want to show. A rule of thumb is to use the square root of the number
of data values as the number of bins.
Count the frequency of each bin, i.e., how many data values fall in
each interval. You can use the frequency data table to help you with
this step.
Draw the horizontal and vertical axes of the frequency
polygon. Label the horizontal axis with the variable
name and the bin boundaries. Label the vertical axis
with the frequency or the relative frequency
(percentage) of each bin.
Find the midpoints of each bin by adding the lower

and upper limits of the bin and dividing by two. For
example, if the bin is 10-19, the midpoint is (10+19)/2
= 14.5. Plot a point above each bin midpoint with the
height equal to the frequency or the relative frequency
of that bin.
Connect the points with a line segment. Extend the

line segment to the left and right of the first and last
bin to show that the frequency is zero outside the
range of the data.
Ogive
-The Ogive is defined as -Create the Ogive by
the frequency distribution plotting the point
graph of a series. The corresponding to the
Ogive is a graph of a cumulative frequency of
cumulative distribution, each class interval. Most
which explains data values of the Statisticians use
on the horizontal plane Ogive curve, to illustrate
axis and either the the data in the pictorial
cumulative relative representation. It helps
frequencies, the in estimating the number
cumulative frequencies or of observations which
cumulative per cent are less than or equal to
frequencies on the vertical the particular value.
axis.
-The frequencies of all preceding
classes are added to the frequency
of a class. This series is called the
less than cumulative series. It is
constructed by adding the first-
class frequency to the second-class
frequency and then to the third
class frequency and so on. The
downward cumulation results in the
less than cumulative series.
To construct a less than ogive from a frequency data table, you need to
follow these steps:
Identify the variable and the range of values that you want to display in the
less than ogive.
Divide the range of values into equal intervals or bins.

Count the frequency of each bin, i.e., how many data values fall in each
interval.
Calculate the cumulative frequency of each bin, i.e., how many data values
are less than or equal to the upper limit of each interval.
Draw the horizontal and vertical axes of the less than ogive.Label the
horizontal axis with the variable name and the bin boundaries.
Plot a point above each bin boundary with the height equal to the
cumulative frequency or the cumulative relative frequency of that bin.
Connect the points with a smooth curve. Extend the curve to the right of the
last bin to show that the cumulative frequency is constant after the last bin.
-The frequencies of the succeeding
classes are added to the frequency of
a class. This series is called the more
than or greater than cumulative
series. It is constructed by subtracting
the first class, second class frequency
from the total, third class frequency
from that and so on. The upward
cumulation result is greater than or
more than the cumulative series.
o construct a greater than ogive from a frequency data table, you need to follow
these steps:
Identify the variable and the range of values that you want to display in the
greater than ogive.
Divide the range of values into equal intervals or bins. The number and size of
the bins depend on the data set and the level of detail you want to show.
Count the frequency of each bin, i.e., how many data values fall in each interval.
You can use the frequency data table to help you with this step.
Calculate the cumulative frequency of each bin, i.e., how many data values are
greater than or equal to the lower limit of each interval.
Draw the horizontal and vertical axes of the greater than ogive. Label the
horizontal axis with the variable name and the bin boundaries.

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Graphs Associated With

Frequency Distribution Table

The histogram consists of contiguous (adjoining)

A histogram can show the shape

Divide the range of values into equal intervals

Draw the horizontal and vertical axes of the histogram.

The frequency polygon can also show the shape, center,

To construct a frequency polygon from a frequency data

Find the midpoints of each bin by adding the lower

Connect the points with a line segment. Extend the

Divide the range of values into equal intervals or bins.

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