Chapter 5- Building

Elements
1
Course: Building Construction
Course Code: CEng-3207
Program: Architecture (regular)
Credit Hours: 3
Lecture: 1hrs/wk
Lab: 6 hr/wk
Course Instructor: Abdissa G.
2
5.1 Foundations
3 Presentation Outline
q Introduction

q Functions of Foundation

q Essential requirements of good

Foundation

q Types of Foundation

q Excavation and Timbering

q Foundation Failure
4 Introduction
q Buildings consist of Sub and Super Structure elements.

q Sub – Structure or Foundation – is the lower portion of the building,

usually located below ground level, and transmits the load of the
superstructure to the sub – soil.

q The soil which is located immediately below the base of the foundation is
called the Sub – Soil or Foundation Soil.

q Since it remains below ground level, the signs of failure of foundation are
not noticeable till it has already affected the building.
5 Introduction (CoNT...)
q Foundations are also increases stability of structure by taking the
structure deep in to the ground.

q A foundation should be sufficiently strong to prevent excessive

settlement as well as unequal settlement.

q Unequal Settlement - might be caused due to weak sub soil, shrinkable

and expansive soil, frost action, ground water movement, excessive
vibration, consolidation settlement or slipping of strata.
5 Introduction (CoNT...)
q Unequal settlement or differential settlement may be caused by:

Ø Weak sub-soils, such as made up ground,

Ø Shrinkable and expansive soil (such as clay),

Ø Frost action,

Ø Movement of ground water, and uplift pressure

Ø Excessive vibrations, due to traffic, machinery etc.,

Ø Slow consolidation of saturated clays, and

Ø Slipping of strata on sloping sites.

6 Introduction (CoNT...)
q Foundations are generally built of:
1. Bricks
2. Stones
3. Concrete
4. Steel and Timber.

q The general inspection of site of work serves as a good for determine

the type of foundation.

q The selection of material and type of foundation depends upon the type
of structure and the nature of underlying soil.
7
Introduction (CoNT...)

q Before deciding of foundation size we must ensure that:

ü The bearing pressure at the base does not exceed the allowable soil
pressure.

ü The settlement of the foundation is within reasonable limits.

ü Deferential settlement is so limited as not to cause any damage to the

structure.
8
Functions of Foundation

q Foundation serve the following purposes:

Ø Reduction of Load intensity: foundation distributes the load of super

structure to a larger area so that the intensity of the load at its base doesn’t
exceed the safe bearing capacity of sub-soil.

Ø Even Distribution of Load: foundation distribute the non-uniform load of

the super-structure to the sub-soil.

Ø Provision of Level Surface: foundation provide levelled and hard surface

over which the super-structure is built.
9 Functions of Foundation (CoNT)

Ø Lateral Stability: it anchors the super-structure to the ground, thus

imparting laterial stability to the super-structure.

Ø It provides safety gainst Sliding, and overturning due to Wind and EQ.

Ø Safety against undermining: it provides safety against undermining or

scouring due to burrowing animals or flood.

Ø Protection against soil movements: minimize the the distress on super-

structure due to expansion or contraction of sub-soil because of moisture
movement.
10 Essential Requirements of Good Foundation

q Foundation should be constructed to satisfy the following requirements:

ü Foundations shall sustain and safely transmit the Dead and Live Loads of
the Superstructure.

ü Foundation shall be rigid to avoid differential settlement.

ü Foundations shall be sufficiently deep to guard against damage due to

swelling or shrinkage of the sub – soil.

ü Foundations should be so located that its performance may not be affected

due to any unexpected future influence.
11 Types of Foundations

q Depending upon their nature and depth, foundations have been

categorized as follows:

i. Shallow foundations

ii. Deep foundations

12
Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

i. Open or Shallow Foundation

q Shallow foundations are those founded near to the finished ground surface.
Generally where the depth of foundation (Df) is less than the width of
footing (Wf) or less than 5m.

q This is most common type of foundation and can be laid using open
excavation by allowing natural slopes on all sides.

q This type of foundation normally convenient above the water table.

13 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

q The base of the structure is enlarged or spread to provide individual

support.

q Since the spread foundations are constructed in open excavations,

therefore they are termed as open foundations.

q Shallows foundations are used when surface soils are sufficiently strong
and stiff to support the imposed loads.

q They are generally unsuitable in weak or highly compressible soils,

such as poorly-compacted fill, peat, alluvial deposits, etc.
14 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

q The various types of spread footings are:

1. Wall footing
2. Isolated footing
3. Combined footing
4. Inverted arch footing
5. Continuous footing
6. Cantilever footing
7. Grillage footing
8. Raft or Mat foundation
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
15

Wall Footing or Strip Footing

q These footings can be either

simple or stepped.

q The base course of these

footings can be concrete.

q They have only one projection beyond the width of the wall.

q Used where the soil is of good bearing capacity.

16 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

q The base width of the concrete

base course should be equal to
twice the width of wall.

q The depth of concrete bed is at

least twice the projection of
wall

q They support line loads

17 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

Isolated Footing

q These are used to support divided columns.

q They are also called column footings.

q In case of heavy loaded columns

steel reinforcement is provided in
both directions in concrete with
15cm offsets
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
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Combined Footing

q A combined footing supports two or

more columns in a row.

q A Combined footing may be rectangular

or trapezoidal constructed with RC.

q The location of centre of gravity of

column loads and centroid of the footing should coincide.

 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
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q Combined footings are essential whenever

Ø The projection of columns are not

possible on one side due to limited

available space.

Ø When the spacing of two consecutive

columns are close for isolated footing.

 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
20
Inverted arch Footing:

q This type of construction is used on

soft soils to reduce the depth of foundation

q Loads above an opening are transmitted

from supporting walls through inverted arches to the soil.

q In this type the end columns must be stable enough to resist the outward
pressure caused by arch actions.
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
21

Continuous Footing

q A single continuous R.C slab is produced as foundation of 2 or 3 or more

columns in a row.
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
21

Continuous Footing

q This type of footing is suitable at locations liable to earthquake activities.

q This also prevents differential settlement in the structure.

q In order to have better stability a deeper beam is constructed in between

the columns
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
22

Strap or Cantilever Footing:

q Strap footing consists of two or more

individual footings connected by a beam

called strap or cantilever footing or

pump handle foundation.

q Is used where the distance between the columns is so great that combined
trapezoidal footing becomes quite narrow with high bending moments.
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
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Strap or Cantilever Footing:

q Strap footing consists of two or more individual footings connected by a

beam called strap or cantilever footing

or pump handle foundation.

 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
22

Strap or Cantilever Footing:

q Is used where the distance between the columns is so great that combined
trapezoidal footing becomes quite narrow with high bending moments.
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
23

Grillage Footing

q Is used to transmit heavy loads from steel

columns to foundation soils having

low bearing power.

 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
23

Grillage footing

q This type of foundation avoids deep

excavation and provides necessary area

at the base to reduce the intensity of

pressure of the foundation soil.

q Consists of more than one extra layer of beams

 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
24

Raft Foundation:

q A raft or mat is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneath
a structure and supports all the columns.

q Raft foundation is the continuous slab,

which is resting on the hard soil, which

extends over the entire building footprint.

 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
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q It is used where
Ø The allowable soil pressure is low.
Ø The structure loads are heavy.
Ø The use of spread footings would cover
more than 50% of the area.
Ø The soil mass contains compressible lenses.
Ø The soil is sufficiently erratic
Ø If the cost of deep foundation higher than the raft foundation.
Ø If the bearing capacity of soil is weak and not capable of transferring the
superimposed loads to the foundation soil.
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
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q The raft is composed of RC beam

with relatively thin slab underneath.

q Raft foundation is not suitable for:

Ø Steeply sloping sites where the excavation would be excessive.

Ø Framed buildings with heavy concentrated loads where raft

thickness and reinforcement would be is excessive.
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
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q Raft may be divided into three groups, based on their design and
construction.
1. Solid slab system: is a generally solid reinforced concrete
with uniform thickness.
2. Beam slab system: consists of up-stand or down-stand
beams that take the loads of the walls or columns and
spread them.
3. Cellular system: consists of top and bottom slab separated
by and reinforced with vertical cross ribs in both directions.
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
27

Deep Foundation
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
28

Deep Foundations

q These foundations carry loads from a structure through weak

compressible soil or fills onto the stronger and less compressible
soils or rocks at depth.

q Depth of foundation greater than dridth of footing.

q These foundations are in general used as basements, buoyancy rafts,

Caissons, cylinders, shaft and piles.

q The deep foundation is a construction supported on pile.

 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
29

A) Classification based on the Function:

q End Bearing Pile
q Friction Pile
q Companied End Bearing
and Friction Pile
q Compaction Pile
q Uplift Pile
q Batter Pile
q Sheet Pile
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
30

B) Classification based on the material and composition

q Cement concrete pile
Ø Pre-cast concrete pile
Ø Cast in situ concrete pile
Ø Under ream pile foundation
q Pier foundation
q Steel pile
q Well foundation or caissons
q Timber pile
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
31

C) Classification based on method of construction

q Replacement Pile

q Displacement Pile
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
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End Bearing Pile

q These pile penetrate through the soft soil and

their bottoms or tips rest on a hard stratum.

q The soft ground through which the piles pass

also gives some lateral support and this increases

the load carrying capacity of the bearing piles.

q These piles act as columns and used for Multi-storey buildings.

 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
33
Friction Pile
q Used in granular soil

q Are used to transfer loads to a depth of a friction-load carrying material by

means of skin friction along the length of the pile.

q Such piles are generally used in granular soil

where the depth of hard stratum is very great.

 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
34

Combined End Bearing and Friction Pile

q Transfer the superimposed load both through side friction as well as end
bearing pile.

q Used to compact loose granular soil.

q Don’t carry loads by themselves and

thus can be made of soft materials.

 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
35

Compaction Pile

q They are used to compact loose granular soils in order to increase their
bearing capacity.

q These piles themselves do not carry any load.

36 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

Replacement Pile: are called bored piles since the removal of soil to
form a hole for the pile is always carried out boring technique.
Displacement Pile: are often called driven piles since they are usually
driven into the ground displacing the earth around the pile shaft.
38 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

Timber Piles

q Timber piles are prepared from trunks of trees.

q They may be circular or square they are 30 to 50 cm in diameter with a

length not exceeding 20 times its top width

q At the bottom a cast-iron shoe is provided and at the top a steel plate
is fixed.
 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)
39
40 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

Steel Pile

q They are used as bearing piles.

q Because of small sectional area, steel piles are easy to drive.

q It is usual to fill the tube with mass concrete to form a concrete pile.

q Types of steel pile

Ø H-Pile
Ø Box pile
Ø Tube pile
41 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

The Advantage of Steel Pile

q These piles can easily withstand the stresses due to driving

q These piles can be easily lengthened by welding and can also be cut off
easily

q These piles can resist lateral force in a better way

q The bearing capacity of these piles is comparatively high

q These piles can take up impact stresses and can resist lateral force
42 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

The Disadvantage of Steel Pile

Ø The only disadvantage of steel pile is their corrosion
43 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

Pre-cast Concrete Pile

q These piles are manufactured in factory.

q They may be square, octagonal or round in shape.

q The precast concrete piles are generally used for a maximum design load
of about 80 tones.

q They may be reinforced to withstand handling stresses.

44 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

q The concrete in the pile should be controlled concrete and should

correspond to M200.
45 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

Pre-cast Concrete Pile

46 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

Cast-Insitu Concrete Pile

q In this type a bore is dug into the ground by inserting a casing.

q This bore is then filled with cement concrete after placing reinforcement.

q They may be either cased cast in-situ concrete pile or uncased cast in-situ
concrete pile depending upon weather the casing is kept in position or is
withdrawn afterwards
47 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

Cast-Insitu Concrete Pile

46 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

Cast-Insitu Concrete Pile

48 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

Under-Ream Pile Foundations

q The principle of this type of foundation is to anchor the structure at a

depth where ground movement due to change in moisture content or
consolidation of the poor strata is negligible.

q They are bored and cast-insitu concrete

piles having bulb like arrangement near the base.

49 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

Pier Foundations

q Consists of cylinderical column of large diameter to support and transfer

large super imposed loads to the firm strata.

q The difference between pile and pier foundation lies in the method of
construction. The major difference are:

Ø Pier foundation transfer only load through bearing.

Ø Pier foundation are shallower in depth than pile foundation.

50 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

Ø Pier foundation is preferred where the top strata consists of

dicomposed rocks.

Ø Pier foundation is preferred incase of stiff clay.

q Pier foundation may be :

ü Masonery concrete pier or

ü Drilled caisson

q When a good bearing stratum exists upto 5m below ground level,

brick, concrete, or masonery foundation may be used.
51 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

q Drilled caisson is a compressed member subjected to an axial load at the

top and reaction at the bottom.

q Drilled caissons are drilled in a mechanical means.

q Drilled caissons may be of three types:

Ø Concrete caisson with enlarged bottom

Ø Caisson of steel pipe with concrete filled in the pipe

Ø Caisson with concrete and steel core in steel pipe

52 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

There are various methods of

driving the piers:
q Open caisson method
q Compressed air (Caisson
method)
q Ordinary excavation method
q Use of sheeting and sheet pile Reading
53 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

Well Foundation
q They are box like structure, circular or rectangular which are sunk from
the surface of either land or water to desired depth.

q They are much larger in diameter than drilled and pier foundation.

q They are used for foundation works of:

Ø Bridge piers and abutment in rivers, lake, etc.

Ø Break water and other structure for shore protection

Ø Large water front structure such as pump house.

54 Types of Foundations (CoNT...)

q They are not used for building.

q The load is transferred through perimeter wall.

55 Excavation and Timbering

q Excavation can be done either: Ø Top soil Excavation

Ø Trench Excavation
Ø Manually or with
Ø Bulk Excavation
Ø Equipments Ø Pit Excavation

When the depth of trench is large, or when the sub – soil is loose , the

sides of the trench may cave in.

q Timbering or Shoring consist of providing timber planks or boards and

struts to give temporary support to the sides of the trench.
56 Cause of Foundations Failure

q Foundation may fail due to the following reasons:

Ø unequal settlement of soil

Ø unequal settlement of masonery

Ø sub-soil moisture movement

Ø laterial pressure on the wall

Ø laterial movement of sub-soil

Ø weathering of sub-soil due to trees and shrubs

Ø atmospheric actions
 Go to -5.2
Wall System