Bi valued va let A boa Square mabrix ia Maren (EF). A Stalarr AEF tg Said to be enn gen value of A € jure i 9 mon: dre lun ver X sue tab AX: AR. Tn tak Cre X Io colleot oun eden veeker Urrrer pending. to tne 2igen value A makeix tigen value probleme is tp clebermine Me Cneicers OF Rat. AX AX amd tae lorverpoerting eigen vestry. Ei value Prot append in mang veal Uf prototews . THiS tonceft Cam he demowtirrated im terma of Limcar operrter _ Defw : let Vbeavis [PF and TiVaV be a Uimenr eperaker . A Stalaw AEF is caid to be am O'gem Valine YT if tere if a Wo - gerd Veet WEV £4. TlY)t AV. Tn that cme V io OUed om ei gem veekar Correnpondimy to tae eigen Value %. Eg: * Gwnidew tre MUMMmAHIX On, . Then 0 is tne eigen valine» Similarly. tne Reno Linear sberntor han muy © om mw ekgen valuc. 0 Gwrider the idutily mabix Idan Then Lis ee oty igen value » Similar tue identi hy eboroter has onlig Toy wm Sige value - eo lab T! IREXT > Rix be dtefrred by Tay tare ee HORNY) HHL He MAAN! So a won-towltemnt Pelynowial Can't be aw Rigen veekor fr iS operaber. Now note that Tao) =O=0.a0. So 0 iS aw zigen value fr Which omg won- kero towst, boty, will be a wrretponding eigen vertor , © Lab We towrioly dae matrix Az [Om] im Moxy (2). Mile Honk ARTO ITM, Pye OO bio et tay a)” Sif AX= AX fr cme AER, we have (~~). [2% ). Simeae (% We have bole mx zo an SL axe/ mye Ae ond KLEHDY.TWs give a= Moab >) Dra n\ . Tris wot boseibte for mg reat valtin af A, So then matrix A hay no (Z) vent & agen value - However if We cownder A te be Gremplen mative , frm tno eqratiow A™S-\, We See tna Pov ole pare Rave ti. Nerte tab poy rtp papel ety bolle tiss tht poy ky. fatpek (eT. Lr oltiy” [-tJ Lid The Above clicervabiows tan ke Yewrithen as follows » The Unemr operate, T:IR* > pt given by Tum e)= (7) Wad wo etyenvalues. Bub jure L.0. T: Cs ¢* even by TOM sr) = (Karta) Rws tye tigen valnet i. + Let THRiKD 4 RIXT be he map T(too) = x foe) - Th mrp napin has no Geen values. Def (eigen spawe) Le A be am Citen Valuse Of A matrix Ain Unen CR). Cwridey thre Set Jf xe PY: Axs ax Y . TWs set ic acknnliy 0 Subapace of FO. Tid Cet is Called Ht Cigen Spree of D« We olumote it by ECAIA)- Bra bO.T:iV 4V and am een value Rot T ene com anal ating tne igen Haw of D to be tue Set fuev: Te > du} We dunrote ih by ECT»A) .TwS iS wetting Lk Ker CT-AT) - Rude: Note that fr om Scaler AEF. tre Cet E(AIK) (or ECT) is always non-empty. ay o veehr iS ture Note tral a if an eAgen value of A Cert) iff His Set ho a nom-dous veebr. Finding agen valued tet AS Muanl(F) and AEF. We know AAS aw ergen Valne > E(aray efry. S [ecrt a AT) = 3 #foy. & Tee yews Of . @-AT) X= O Way a Me -Bn@ Bly . & [(-AL) is wot imvertble > dit (A-AT)=0 ©) det (AT-A)=0.Depo: Lek AS MuxnlF) The polynomial deb (xT-A) as CHMad tre chovracter ict'c Poly nomnat of A. This is wo ee W potynswial unt cor: Fo (in fret tre leading Loelfeciemk § ig Lp). The qnabew dit (21-4) = is Called fw Characteristic @anahon fA. Sotulour of tic Poly nomiol en. in F owe te igen value PA in F. Ele A= [0 2). Te ah ey. is d(C “2 )=0 Ha. [rs] “” ( =t x) POLSS TH a aes Boe Fa han mo eigen value Bub if We wwrider tre bx field to be Ror €, than we have ETL os ergem volun . otk A= aby. Tb'g ch poly is ut (> TN! ) 2 2 m=2-4 Lr 2 of -2 -2% =F Sate Se 4 = Ce) (GU) = (1) 2? So the eigen values of A oe 1,2,2. Re: Let AEManlF). Un: potig of AT = ctr poly of A Se AAT hove Hine Sowme eigen valush. Also itu. PEM Of A how allits doo in Fo thin CI braduek of tigen values = = wht dorm = C1 kep A. Se debA= = PAE eigen Valusy | Finding, eryen voles of a LO. mo favs, Tt if natewrak to ack if we tan depime Chorocterittic boty. a Uncar sp. own f-dv-S. oon tnaredoy. find its etgen Valuoh. Ler V be avis/ret dim n. Let TiV4 V bem L.d, ler B be ame bos of Vi brwrtoler tae mnie [Tp - The Oh: poly of tne matrix PT] a iS CUed tre ch: boty sf T- Q. Ss tris well kefined 2 What hrppenr if we Slo amvinor bewis. 2 De me Hoa Comma Polynomial? A. Yer. Lot B’ be boris of V. Waite [TI y= A and [Tye We know A> BTAP fir come Vi mnbix P. Novo watte AT- Al = XT PTR-PTAP = PTCRAT- ADB . So We have. Dek CHT- A) = ARP HT- A) P) = AEP ACHAT A) chat P= det (RTA).Algetorade- aenddei pied by oma Ceomet'c. dowdy puid ty lee AEMuxn (FE) omcl A be am etgen value sf A- aba. mult. of A We mean tne numer of Her Ais ov Bro tt the Ch: poly ot A. Whurtar by qeem mitt - of A WL Mam tre dim. et ECA,A) over F. We Com amalogowsly olefine Wnreser toncebts fer Lintar eb. ar weil. Bylek As Tot]: Note tre ch: fety is G-1)™ So tne alg. mule of tak tigen vole 1 is 2. New Cowridiar’ Hus Cob xER| AX ¢ au PID aye =) (U)cpr: [4t%)\. 74 = % 2 (ogee (2) faye} So ECA) is of dim 1. So tre Geom. mull. of Cigen vows tis 1. a let AtTdon, Aged Ons pag is Cx-1)™ So alg. mult of Lis2- Also EU) is Whole of R°. So geom- mutk- of 1 igahe 2. Ts tere amy relation between trem 2 Yow, We aloe have You. mal. < ale. mut. PR: Let A EMnxn CF) Detime TiPM SFY by TXDtAX Note frat due marbix of T wire t due Std. Sol. bovis is A. Now sufypose Ais an Mtge Value of A. tet m Rwole tue Geom. muck FA te. dim ECAA)am. tat [xy xmy bow bowie of E(A,A) . We wo extend it fo a bois Bot V. Note tat ARI =AXi for Weiem. So [Te is of tne form [Ala mem ~man-m \. Nate thar tre ch: poly of Suvi {CO nncim xe Damen ] oabriX is (%- A) week (20E- 5) Fine ch. poy Of A = ch: poy of T = Clr poty of (Ty = Creal dee (xT-¥). {>is So akg. mut: sf A iS at lat w. Ck: DP alg. mull of A= 1, tren we wr) hwe geom. mult = 1. tT tre Whew alk. mult: is eqvel to gern. mull. is of Special interest and We Chall Ace next. Note that dun vf alg. mutt ef eigen values of A Cverp, T) < size of A (Texp dim v)Dingomlisable mab ix | Diagonalisoele Unter sper nbsy The sim purt matrix to deal wAke mtenma et caladtaling- Aherminnnt , trate , eigen values » Soluing Sytteun of Unanr ear te. 1S an Lingeral matrix. However, not every poset bu wantin ave Mapernnl . We lost. for hue wt vert tre. Der : We Saye om naw matrix AE Maan (F) & dingonnli Cao over F if ATS qi low to ow Aargoral mabrix in Maven) aie. rere OxiSts an imverG be matrix P CMyxn(F) St. PO "AP is a dagonal matrix. Eg ae( Sb Je Mana GR) i& woh dingeabisable over R, Suppere it Were , them BTA P weld be dintennl mab im Mox2 CR). New a veat diangornrt mabix will howe Wal eye Values . Put PTAP omd A howe re come Un. poly. So tnan A is tam hawiney Merl eigen Values , WW iS mot wna. * Azfl VY € Mana CR) hay Veal eigen Vales LiL. Tet tule COT] warin ic wot diagon aLisodo le. Why 2 Nake trak i Kis Aingonalicalers trem A wth te Simin Fo Td ana - Now if Pe (2 #) nag inv matrix, Hum P's so (48). bed ate 1 [daatde-be AY \ . So SE ih IS Tony, We hae ad-ee ot mee-edent | oti gto ced zo. Pub Hun P Coit lee invertible . Reena tat we fa in Hus Cue Geom pak ofS elge wlk $2 z(' 2), Hew Ais wwilr to (2). cuss fe Pe (0% (3 ee] PTR R= 3). Here of wwrse we have te @yem valucr 1,2 ond for bate Hf Neen dre alk. mull = geom: mull . Bo Bite a more syctemalic ung fo ditermine diagovalisalitihy? Lz'S 90 throyte tre L-0- ronte.Defr : let T:v4V be at-d., We Sang tank T is Aiagonabtrtee Tif tere ig a bowis of V unwitting of erqen veeters of T. Let's uwfert tus ltiwihion Whin Vis oa fidv.S. Te Vine boris owsitting Of tigen veetes Por fuss Uy Seg Tui Ais Ca. On nit wt be distinc) then [T]p= (1. \. $0 Ca, is a dingonal mabrix . So if V is Faw. the can Theta with oer following dafe Def: Let Vibe a fide vis. and TiVAV bea LO. We Soy tank Tis Aiapornlicayre if dae matrix of T wiret- Some erat. bevrit HV is a dingownl wabrix, Punk Note tant if ithe, is Aiagored for same oval. bovis Bs thm Clemonts of B. are ackarally eigen veelos . o For AGMyen (IF) , the thokemink A is diagonalicable is 2uiv. to Saying tre LO. TEM FM Refit by Tla)A-X 1s dingonnalicable. Now we ark ourtelver Whak Cam We Cay. odoort Alg-mulk ond, qfom mule, im tha, Cone of Aingeniall cole ity? « Stee Vis f-dvS ond TiVAV iS a dingenallcabla L.0. lek Befuy,--.Umy be o@ bovis s.t- [Tp is a Aiagonal mobrix (3 aawiv. B laws ts. of igen vectors‘) « Lel~ Arse Ay_ be Aistinel agen Valwih ands Among Viz- Un Spe Ay OB them one &- Veetry mM, aut tom ave. S.veetrs of Ay . Than Wort. o Suthre le ordering, won al Tis [™. Ay Hh So on poly at TS (RAE Caer | tay dy Hoty | Me. Note that have we have chy. Hime o.! form mule ef ALD Ai a alg. mle PAL. Bub im gemral, geow- matt & alg mutt. Go we brevet Yah Ter: lef V be o fides omd TivaV be % diagonal calle Lo T wo have aba. amnlk 1S Come An Ane Germ mute. Gr owt Cagenvoninn tT.St is natwral to ort. about ane Umverse , The converve iS ales tne provided all tue Solubouk of He Choractert tie Bawabiow are in tue bore freld . We med Some elementory obtervations + * Two nen de igen veeters Uvrerponding to too ol there igen Values OG ET. Leb TH HAM» THT Ara anol ArH Ad» Spse GUj+c,vp=0- Applying T we geb GAMI4AV2=O- Sine DF Ar -WLOG Wb A, #0. So we hve C412 ~ by Bev. Meee woe gue ep¥p =e, Meu,» Since Ae get anal Up#0 Ais is ely — powibte a Q ad. Heme eo auto. TWS Com be extended fvttacr. Tw Leb TiVaAV be a b-0. And Aye--+ An We Sone ihn igen valued of T. lek Bi S ELTA) be L-T. Swlsets « UB, ig a LE. Suloset ot V- HE ler Vr. Ym 9 3; ound Suppose GY) t-++CnVnr= 0. We Uno tae veetors. ‘peborping. to tae Samra Cigein Space, Onn, veite ib as Wyte t+Wyto Where wie ECTI9j) . We Sus frat Sac Wi=0 . then since, each Bi wer T. we will get He oct. ot Yow ervetbonding U5 ‘es ot 0. So Geo (2Zjem. Lemwn : Lab -.4 Cy EF Omd Mises An be dishnek inF. Thea ture is a wrrigue poy P(x)e FP x] of dagree QM) Se. PCA=t tw rien. We prove tre tomma tater. Abba lemma for (ge rea) = fe kia amd gee Potyneniale f1,-.. m S£- 75 C%) = 5 . Now th Tes av, ten T= Tty) 2 TlAav)= “Atts) = wv. Simi lang for many belymomrinl PORE FLX, PCT) Iv) = Plat). Recall, we bad Wt --+Wy=o- Abby 2; (1) ow nit. So we have 2(T) Wy ++ + RC) Oq= RD Eye 0 2) % Can) Wy sot Pw) Wa =) a5 £0 or (a) =85. enw dee pf is lombite,.Pot Wmmoa + Ler V be tue She of potynominle of degree euni mF LX]. Note dim VEN, Defime TIVE" by TCP) = CPU), --» PlAw)) » Note that Tig Uimemr. Alto Tis Wedive a a won-two poyet deg om-1 Cm rare oui eer Reon. So her TEP oy. Sine dimv= nzdimF™ We get T iL Sumective. So we have P(x) EF(*] cue trot PCA HG Covi dumivg Aue preimage of CQ ,--1 On). Unicity follnas frme injeckivity of T- Tr: Lek Vow a fidiveS. of dimm amd TiVaV bea bv. Leb Arse-s Am lanstera distinc yen Values St. dim V= him E(TA) t-- + dim ECT An) Ute. Geom. mule = ode. mw fer alk a d Them Tis Riagonalicabvie - Rule Note that sw Of ale. mult. of eigen valuek oF T £ dimV. $e tne aloove Umditien implicr alg.amntt = qeom: mut fon wey gen Nalne Ws qtow-mualt. & ale. mulk. in general . Also if we know trak all Har Solve of Ch: 24. ewe in tre barc> Heth then Sum: of aly. mule of eigen values fT =dimv. Seif geo: mulh = alg. mwWUb for oh eigen voluta of T we ger dir VE chim ECA) + 0 + chim ECT, Im) - La Let Bi denote tue boric of E(TIA1). We Know a= 0B weT. Canty Hit 1 Ow digeink wie . So Bis w maxima LD See os [BL= mV. Se Bic bert of V. Camry & eit of igen verte. So Tis dazonsblicnvle - Ger: leh AE Mran(F) be st. A Vos w distnel tigen values. Then A is Lagonalisable. Abb ink uf! rv) ig Aiapnalicrble . — Le 37 Fundamental trroven of algetor ar - Any von towrtank pely. in CUXT hw allikk vests nC.c Hence if AEMuxn(e) iS a mabrix vheve fy every eigen Valine, aly. mulb. = geom: malt. We haves Ait dingonralica bie: “t i 3m ‘ = ‘gern value ig” dingonalitabte over C. ° Lat AF (22 V\ + Thaw On poy. is a3. GS e.voluek are \e oo J 010,0 Te. O'S Ow Ervalms with ay. mulk3. ay zy(X EFY LE . Se olin EAS) = 2. So Geom winlk 1 2, 1 ° 1to ort ° ° D2 oe Cy. poty Of ene ot tre matrix is ri x . So evalues of AvAr, Ay ere 0,111.50 aly. mulk of O's L amd May Geom, mull. of O is L. Now alg. mulh of 12. We will Colendate Geom. mutt of 1. EQw!) efve FAR abe 5M Bt) VU Ty me riG}e CES Hes} So dim E(A,1) = 2, He. Geom mul f 1182. SoA, 18 Liagon alice vie. > Saye abe [oo EU!) fer Aes KY S(™ Veg: wg) 2 VUE) 3] L % Lo * ° So dim ECA, 1) =2 p12. gem. mulh of 142 SoA, is Aiagon aliSabre. = Sines axe SH : *, ct afuersonneraye (Bert (i) (2) LAE eal % Lo uy) | (Ke So dim E(Ayt) = 1 zie. Jeom mUlk VA SoA, IS wot dingrnali sable. Procece of ingonaLicotion : Let AE Mmn(F) be % Bingemali sable mahix. So tueve erigts om imvertbhte wabrix Pst: PTAP is ae Bingen mabix. We explain how to find tne malrix P . We knsd that there exists o bonis ef FY lowritting of tigen vec sta. So We write down Atha eigen Hpace® er Choose a bowil rut Of thew (writen ay tolwmmt, ). Thee are exactly n mamy Column Veoboe, now: Lar P tow tre matrix made sf trece column vectors .Write P= Cais) On). Now AP= (AG ++» Am) = C&S.» And) Were, Ct+1 Gn ave, eigen veckers fw n/ imvertbbte - Hence we have PTAP=D, Rak. As the cherie Of bovris is mot wriqua.. noice of Pis mh wnrique . Eq Fr Ai ahove , We See fant 0) form o bovis of EArt) ate (3) Lo] Yo Nw ECA) = fer: (“)= (® ~ 5th 3\ cof! Sas] CoS (e (ey “ forms. a boric for E(Ar0). Se a derived we pory, For Ay above , We Sea frat oO) form a bowris of E(A,,1) i) Lo] vo] Noo ECAy0)= 57% >yep3:/.% \_(\| 5/2 \eesl bof? x ° ° st forws a lees for E(AisD). So a derived P= (483): \o on) Avotr apportion of Chews cher "ee pty. We have Seen tok we bom find tt Claen Volusd of & mix fran Thy Un: poly. New we Ste anetrer impor tent mppuction Fr tid we need tne Coyley- Homilten theorem | ley - Howailton tem? Let AE Mnan( FE) Omar fox) = a9tQxe~a en im FU%] be The th. boug . Them FA) = Mp Lt Qh tot LAY = Onn. Ty is often soil tant tne Ch pety of A omniilater A - Now Guppote A iS am imverh'bw matrix «Then we See tod AX2Q Wy erty tue trivial colw, So O Gumet be one aAgun value. So Un pety of A We a non-2r0 tewrtowt term , eye D vill ve Om root bad Aw Poy. So wring Hae Curytiy - Howmilton tm we write Ap_Ts -ayA-- - 2AM. Muuably beth vides by agtat to get Atz-HT-- - gat.Thuy wring tne th: poty. af om invartivie mabrix , we Com calerlule doe imvevce & A, 1 woing Waner powers of A. by. “At [: 27. Ca pety af A iS (xo) cans) = =x 44+. PFT go AT-4At+3L 20. Hence AT= § (4T-A). Az [2 ; “371. ww. cn Hy ag A CR BD Car sy OLB) (Wee +9) Ler -. ol Bah 21-45 Hence AP+A™2IA- YST=0. Ge AT ER (A+ A-T). Chudate AM and get Al. tASf! 3 ST. cu. pow af A is P+ 5x Gow +100. Hences 25 -% | Abe SAM GOA+IODT =O. Se A= A (COT- GA-AP). Minimot, polynomial » At Hm ture are Pstynsmialy Which ave of Smaller Leaver, arch anmbilabr A. Tre lath dagrer manic polyno aL hot oumihilater A is called tue wininnnt polynonin’ Of A. Sue a potymawial exigts omd ic unigne (require broot). gi be Aa (LOL. Om boty of A is 20". Bat mote dnt (So of} min: poy of Ais *O-t) aw AG-2)2 [re 1\foe '\ fe © 8 \ ant ang i eee 2 Af (2 So) Pearemik does nok avmililake “A. 7 fut: Minkennl be & Ch. O makriK ane Ane & Ress. Lok Att TO) | Aapin ch poly of Ais ACI) So choice of. win: bevy ore KOEN) Omh RCK-1)™. Here AUT) = [11D \ (2 12 \ go. So min. poly, = Ch: poly. = XOK-1)™. ore ){eee (oeeJle an Sheeial wabricer om AAA of nriv 24) Valued We will Fret Stucly Some imwpertemt Clu Of real Sqnare web iter . aber we will Sindy Hae lowpex omaleguas.et AE Maan (IR). We sax Ais symmetric if tvoms bose, ae is Come an Ave. ATEA. We Soy A is Skearsymmatric if ATS-A. We Sarg Ais ortnogomar if ARTs AAtTa Ce-ATZ AT. Raiteg: + Ang anakvia AE MurenC IR) Com be written wy a Cum of Sym, owd Acaro-sym. mokrin. Waite A= Ax AT ase . Nete that ArAT, An LSAT awe Syms Ant Ske W- tym . Tepe. 1 Bingorat Onbin of fuad- Sym: water are alongs Oo. Determinant st am ovfroqont matrix is 1. Pay Fndamented runs of bg, we Knew Hark omg usmblre nore, trekein bak tigen values tn € - So im Wlod follows , We WAT treat O eiven mokrix over C amd telk, Aoowk ifs cigenvaluar tere. Tr : Eigen values F Sym. mabicer ove alongs teal nd e.valuer ot Heed - Sym: Webvices ore. purely immerginary or 0. E-valuey OF OT HD Gena protien have alocolute value 1. Apis tee eign vol wer Com bein C od eigen Veekos Com We in S We will qive tre Pf. ater: WMrogenal trowmfer malin and related br - AK). So XVAX ic Puvely imaginary COO. Heanw Dis purely, imagine oO. let A be walter y, and AX EAY fr Sone X #0, SOAF= AE. fo RFAY = BR, So KFAYAX = AMTAY «So KTR EIA HT. Saw YX FO, We have LAU*=S1 ce 1AlzI Now analayowitoy- We Com defing Witrry tamnfermatinn. Defer: Let AE MngnC€) be a wwitary al ix. The rant formation, T: €%4 €* Given ty TH) =A% iS Called a wi tery fra forwakon Tan. Let AE Mag nl€) be 1 wal bry ANTIK Then He Uni bey toms: fretion T: C4 €* given We TK)=AX preserve thw Sta, inner PAE on C™. PE: Amalegewr Pf an in te crac of artnogornal tromefermntion . Ge: Uwibwry, tome preterver ane marin (wir: Crmplx dot pat). Tus ee Aube ov waber ye mabrinx. Tes wes and blu ave Ortronsrmal veekrs in C” Cov. Sd ip), THE Converse iS aloo tre. PE: Amalegews Pf on in the cree of ortrogonl tomefrrmotionKey facts aloowt tase mevbricen : 2 Lat AE MuxniR) be oo Sywmebric wate ire. Then A is Lingonalicable over IR. Msvecven, tare if an ortronormal boris of IQ" (W.Tt- Sed ib) wmode of gen veeters of A. Hence we Can finol Pan orthogonal wakrix 8-4- PTAPEPTAP) is diagmoad . Rnd. : Tris 1S more trom apnalisalsiling evs Grom: Sehmmidk- process may wof dake %,. Ea OO Mg) = yh Ay Qlhy Fea) = FE Dae BID Note thal & QnedlrAHC frm tn bt Written Alu... %m) = RTA Where AEMuxn(iR) amd X= (3): Tw fk we Gm come Abe be Symmmebr iO at Ba: Write, QO4y A) = 42+ BI = OH ~(S Di) reer ald write, Qom%te) = OH my ey) serite OOa.-- Am) e TAX Were A ic Symmetric. Ag memboned above , We Com finol or Hrogenal matrix Pst. PTAP ED is dinyerol write A= PDPTE RIDR where R=PT. So GOq. tm) = XR DRE. Write REEY. Then OOY,-. 2%) = Y DY.Bo if Yo (Yt) oma De (4) y tren Grrr Mn) = ye ye aan tee ayy \ye] Wig if Med the Prici pol axes frum or Comovial form fF Q. Note th dis--sely We agen Valuer of A. Ege Let QO Xr) = Fhe BOMRLANE AH, Werte tee Cancwicnt form of & Amd the Corresponding Chane of Corina. Toke A=[It -'5]- 60 mH- poy Cx-1%) og =x dor 464, [ss Wl. so tigen valuir of Awe 2,32. Hence dre Camomrital form of Q i 2y)4 32y.> and we need fo exbress 4,4 im term of 2, %M2- EArt) = 8 a) ept: Pants =20 Ga +1T = bo (RY) Gem om Dritonormnl boric of E (As?) . New 7 E(A32) 2 SA) gt: ta-Se 2324 U, {A}: neal o =\Gat\to2 326 \ ) & ( ve forme an ortino\rornal bong of E (A132) . \ pe + Heme for PF ( o™ ar we have PTAPS en) we) v 4 @-veebr & ek Lived Ling « Seem Met: go we have (N)= pT 7 PMPRL yeer(ys a (ae shee BOAG) = Type Gey Art Fah. Ais Sela to (23)- EtA.4)= Fore she = F(a raepy, (W Ac G4} oe Gay =x lex s49 on. beri , Bue f(a) Beans Tf) Cea )ymem ore. = (Ti A). We ave Tape (4 Oo). Go ky Kore) $0 Oras) = FrghaCoumy tFagts keys Wy, Where oe Oe bor a + The Conebts of quadvabic forma ore Orlendect to Hermition (and Sku Hermitian) frome 27 AK Unwre A ic Herw (erp: Seed -Here). Suv a form tekes, alwouyS Teak (revp. purity imaginary or 0) values.Defy: Aagnadynbe frm QCr,-. 200) is said bo be e beitive definite fF QC r-+ 1%) >O fr amy Cyr. My) FO. + Poitive Semi debnite if Q Ci- + 1M) PO for amy Qype Ay) FO. o Wegakivedibinite $f Q Cri + 12a) CO fir amy yrs Mn) FO. ive Sewn debimite tf QOr%yr-+ 2%) <0 fr Ogre %y) FO. © indebiucte if A(tr-- 2 Ma) fakes boty Megahive, cmd anon -mag. Value, Te we write Qerr- me) = TAL fr A Cymmabric , trem we sag A iS powitive difimite (werp: powitive Semi Aefimite, negahve difimite negnbve Semi dfiwite or indefimite) if @ is poitive Aibimite (ver: pawitive Semi AHiwite, negahve dibiwite , negrbrve Semi dihiwite ey inctefimite) . troy fo cheek. : Write QOGr+ 2%) = UTA fr A Symmetric . Then & is povitive dtbinite i an only if cigar Valuer Gree pte ; 8 is poitive Semi definite if if eigen volusn of A ore 20; B is naptive definite if ome only Paige values OF A oe wegative 8 is waptive Semi definite iP ome’ only if eigen volush oF A are £0; 8 is indefinite if omel only DA ton beth povitive and Senkive Qvale. Egle Qe va) = Brqhs 4M +7. Then QEXTAR Mure Kal 2). Ce poly of A = Qa7x-1)—4 = WoGe 1. Se tae eigen LETT votues op A ore 4ENTee 2 2t4E. Heme tre frm amd A iS indefinite. . ott OCH) = TAN+ 2X) + BaP. Taam A= XTAX rare Az(S1)\- Ch poly *F A= (x-6)Cx-3) = 1 = Fath. The eigen Cus values of A owe @aleq-se 24 4 AE. Heme tur Fore md A ig povitive detimite = bet Ooraa) =~ Fart 2rqW_ BaP. Then A= XTAXK Wreve Az (-5 1 \ - Ch: poty A = (x46) Cxe3) -1 = Ith. The eigen Ur-3 values of A owe ~2 # C4786 =-4 4 AB. Hema tae fume omd A ig wyphive Babimite >