EEE '’~CO Ol MUU 2022 ME F218 Transport phenomena in Manufacturing ey Experiment No. 2 Reynolds experiment: Dye visualization of laminar, transitional and turbulent flows Objective: The objective of this laboratory experiment is to demonstrate the differences between laminar, turbulent, and transitional fluid flow, and the Reynolds's numbers at which each occurs i Accessories: Reynolds apparatus, water source, dye, measuring cylinder, stop watch, thermometer. ‘Theory: | Professor Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912) experiment is used to investigate the characteristic of the flow of the liquid in the pipe which is also used to determine the Reynolds Number for each state of the flow. The design of the apparatus allowed studying the characteristic of the flow of the fluid in the pipe, the behavior of the flow and also to calculate the range for the laminar and turbulent flow where the calculation is used to prove the Reynolds number is dimensionless by using the Reynolds Number formula, Laminar and turbulent flow Professor Osborne Reynolds first realized that there was a critical velocity at which the law relating loss of pressure energy and velocity in pipe flow changed. He first demonstrated this with his famous Color Band (on the dye-line) experiment. This consisted of injecting a line jet of dye into the flow of water visible through a transparent pipe. At low velocities the dye-line was unbroken, but as the velocity of the flow through the pipe was increased, the dye-line broke up i and eddies were seen to form. From this and further experiments, he came to the conclusion that there are two distinct types of flow: i \ 1. Streamline or Laminar Flow (Latin lamina = layer of thin sheet)- The fluid moves in layers } without irregular fluctuation in velocity. Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds Numbers. (The flow of oil in bearing is Laminar). 2. Turbulent flow- This results in the fluid particles moving in irregular patterns carrying an ‘exchange of momentum from one portion of the fluid to anotherchamber with dye: procedure: 1 ile tank with WALT ‘and the dye~ 2. Note the water temperature: = whole pipe cross 5, Start the water HOW and maintain a small HOW rate, enough t0 fill the ole piP section injection. The injection rate should be just env gh to 4, Once the flow stabilizeS, start the dye i give a clear visible streak of dye: ak. The dye should flow In & straight line patter of the dye st ents and observe the at] and equal increm 5, Observe the lye streak 6. Increase the water in sm 7. Repeat step (6) until some undulations commences in the streak. Note the corresponding volumetric flow rate of Ws Reynolds number. Appearance of the fhe intermediate or transition ater, which is the critical flow. undulations signifies of t the flow rate ofthe liquid furthe liquid getti This point shows the conversion is found a complete + until one point there ection) ing colored through the eros 8, Keep increasin dispersion of the dye (indicated by the comes out of the injection needle . toa fully just as it turbulent regime.—— = 3 3¢°¢0» CCC SS ——D E . inne EXPRR-— oa ne FAB TION enon ‘ana 9 Note the cartes} i g yolumettie flow ral onservation: eanperature of quid = °C ition flow = m/s ‘Volumetric pipe diameter = Volumetric flow rate corresponding '© fully transi .d density at the ae correspond sete fio = m2 18 PD 10 fully 1 at the observed temperature = Ascosity fow € sure = Kg Liquid spserved tempera gms Calculation: + Volumetric flow rate Qevisintls) Where:- Q= volumetric flow rate y= volume (an") s=time (6) + Yeloxty V-QIA (mis) + For flow in pi pipe or tube, the Reynolds number pvDu _YDu in ae Results and Inference Precautions: 1. Clore Jose the dye valve before closing th ing te water flow 2, Open the v pen the valves gradually for measur2 EXPERIMENT NO: MEL-10 id's experiment. 1M] on the basis of Reyno oBsECTIVE To study different types of flow OBSERVATION: ‘Kinematic viscosity of water at ambient temperature (v) = 1.01% 10* m/s Diameter of glass tube (@ =0.014m ‘Area of glass tube (@) = — 14M] ‘Observed flow tyPe OBSERVATION TABLE:- ar/Transition/TurP ulent) (Lamin: sL.No. | Ve(a) = \ (2a [ese CALCULATION: [2M] sae ‘ sow rate (Q) ~ Volume of water collected in eylinder (Vs * 104) /time taken (0 m’ /sec Average velocity of fluid flow (7) = m/sec Reynold’s Number (R.)= RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: pM] ! ' (1M) PRECAUTIONS:- Write down the precautions N.B. You have to sho 1 all sample calculation otherwi rwise deduction of 2 MarksEXPERIMENT NO. 2 VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLI’S THEOREM BIECTIVE: 1o verify Bernoulli's Equation THEORY: the Euler's Equation of Motion: « equation is obtained by integratin lapletelede + Ivdvcona. city, and elevation, and The Bernoulli theorem is an approximate relation between pressure, velo is valid in regions of steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible. The equation is obtained when the Euler's equation is integrated along the streamline for a constant density (incompressible) fluid. The constant of integration (called the Bernoulli’s constant) varies from one streamline to another but remains constant along a streamline in steady, frictionless, incompressible flow. Despite its simplicity, ithas been proven to be a very powerful tool for fluid ergy (velocity head), the mechanics. Beroulli’s equation states that “the sum of the kinetic pressure energy (static head) and Potential energy (elevation head) per unit weight of the fluid at irrotational, and frictionless and the fluid any point remains constant” provided the flow is steady, used is incompressible. This is however, on the assumption that energy is neither added to nor taken away by some external agency. The key approximation in the derivation of Bernoulli's cquation is that viscous effects are negligibly small compared to inertial, gravitational, and pressure effects. We can write the theorem as {L Pressuire head (pipg) + Velocity head (v2/2g) + Elevation (Z) = a constant Where P= the pressure (Nim2) p= density of the fluid (ke/m3) V = velocity of flow (m/s) > acceleration due to gravity (m/s") Z,= elevation from datum line (m)arene weight) 7 (Assumptions for Bernoulli's equatio ii) flow is steady iv) Flow isiotational _) for solving a wide variety of fluid flow problems such as i) Fluid is ideal i.e. no viscosity iii) Fluid is incompressible The Bernoulli's equation forms the basis jectory: flow under a gate and over a weir, flow metering by jets issuing from an orifice, jet t 1, low around submerged objects, flows associated with pumps and turbines et obstruction mete! EQUIPMENT USED A supply tank of water, a tapered inclined pipe fitted with no. of piezometert tank, Seale, Stopwatch. UP: cE’ EXPERIMENTAL The equipment is designed as a self-sufficient unit it has a sump tank, measuring tank and a pump The apparatus consists of a supply tank, which s for water circulation as shown in figure! n gradually connected to flow channel. The channel gradually contracts for a length and then like venture with a no. of piezometric points at enlarges for the remaining length. That channel is vihich piezomettic tubes are attached to give piezometric heads at different elevation of water level in tank, EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION The Bernoulli test a ‘ noulli test apparatus consists of a tapered duct (venturi). a series of manometers tapPS’ into the venturi i to measure the pressure head, and a hypodermic probe that can be traversed alone the center of ‘of the test section to measure the total head. The test section is a circular duct of vary ine diameter shown in figure.Piezometer Tube: Distance from reference point and venturi diameter at that point | Tube No. 1 a 3 6 i 8 9 4 | 5 ee 0 39) 78 11,7 | 156 | 195 | 27. SEL |- 58 (em) | Diameter (em) | PROCEDURE: 1. Note down the cross-sectional area of duct at all piezometrie points. Open the supply valve and adjust the flow such that water level in the inlet tank remains stable: 3. Measure the piezometric head for each piezomettie point. 4. Coliect the discharge in a collecting tank for a known time and compute flow rate (Q). Repeat the steps (2 to 4) for various discharges, 6. Plot and observe the variation of total energy (y-axis) across the piezometric points (x- axis)ie 1. Measurement of Discharge(Q) ‘Area of measuring tank (Ac): Length 38.8 (cm) x Breadth 25(em) = 970 cm? Z em? Rise of water Rio. th ased for | “Tevet (h) in Time of Volume | pj dischares | cgectig tank clietont | Vn ee can) (sec) =(Acxh) | (em*/sec) =Vit 353 rier 3880 388 | 10 | 2910 201 2 | 10 | 3395 339.5 \ 10 2910 for each variation of discharge Computational of Total Head(m)Velocity head VP Qe 100) Cem) | Total head (em) Discharge (Q) for Trial 2: Piezometric Tube |~ number Gross sectional area A (cm?) | Piezometric head | (iy +2) (em) i Velocity (cm/sec) | yA. Discharge (Q) for trial 3: — | Piecometrie Tube |, ras 1 9 numbei _ "Cross sectional | | ered | ale | (ply +2) (em) Velocity (em/sec) | =Q/A ~ Velocity head / (2g x100) (cm) | - Piezomettric head 4) Discharge (Q) for T Piezometric Tube “number Cross sectional (ply #2) (em) _ k | bs -zometric head | | Velocity (cm/sec) | v°/ 2x x100) (em) | | Total heeculatingaes Son .(m) / STUDY OF VISCOSITY COEFFICIENT. The experiment is to determine the viseosity coefficient of a liquid by means of an Oswald's viscometer. which is a simple viscometer based on Poiscuille’s law. V ACCESSORIES: ‘Oswald viscometer, 10 ml graduated pipette tall beaker, 0-100° C thermometer, stopwatcl ‘motor with arm, Bunsen bummer or heater and stand stirring y_ Theory: rine methods frequently used forthe determination of the viscosity coefficient (dynamic viscosity) of liquids are those based on the rate of flow ofthe liquid having eoefTicient of viscoaly 0 (Ns! Mm) through a capillary tube of length L.(m) of uniform radius r (m) under a pressure difference of AP (Newion/ m:) is given by the expression for a particular yemperature Ve prB Ney rtt 7 PKA ee “ wl ee eatateeesnen tia a ria] t ss {his relationship is valid only ifthe flow isnot turbulent and is slow enough forthe kinetic en to be negligible. ‘Phe essential measurement is the timing of the pa fiquid under a fixed mean hysrostatic head oft fora given viscometer having K as constant of viscometer can be weitten a Pen he natp wee ty Ps J Yee pecrenn n Wa 2 I £, Pr n= AAP: ; age through the « iguid. Ifthe density of apillary of a fixed volume of iquid is p (ka! ™). where 9 and n,are the viscosity coefficients ofthe liquid and water respectively. p and pare the erties of liguid and water, respectively. t and tare the time taken for liquid and water Yo flow tetween the markings of the viscometer. Knowing the value of viscosity of one liquid, one can aerate the viscosity of other liquid. The constant of viscometer ean be fourd foreach w!sghune! from its known dimension or by calibration with liquid whose viscosity coefTicien known, Haass coefficient and density of water can also be obtained from Perry's Chemical Engingers handbook PROCEDURE: 1. Thoroughly clean the viscometer with warm chromic acid, rinse well several times with Tetted water and drain wel, Iniroduce into the viscometer, by means ofthe pipes 4 known St vated water sufticieat for in one meniscus to be in the lower part of bull while the other meniscus to be in the upper bulb. a4 Clamp the viscometer vertically inthe lage beaker filed with water almost 10 its brim so that mark ‘a’ is below the surface,emperature ofthe bath as close as to 25°C as possible by oeeai cen rthe thermostat continuously. Allow 15 min for ihenral qo Grid an ated te in” id woe ht Mega Or eats sli marks A and B. Repeat the experiment twit Rae rinse twice an en liquid as was usec | equilibrium and determine 3. Keep thet ice. d dty by blowing air through the instrument .d for the first measurement with e viscometer, the time required for flow 4, Drain the water from th Iriroduce the same volume of the giv water. Allow sufficient time for thera through the capillary tube at 25° C as before 5, Repeat the experiment on the given liquid at approximately 5° C interval up and including 60°C. /s temperature Curve. 6. Plot the viscosity coefficient v OBSERVATION: ‘Temperature iene Density of water (Ps) va glem™ -.mPa.s Viscosity of water (11) aoe Note: Density and Viscosity of water take from graph as pet temperature. Fable 1: Finding density of unknown liquid s ’ Mass of empty | Mass of heaker eaker (gm) — | and liquid (gm)can sap the 1 fragile instrument. A slight torque viscometer: Make sure that te viscomele’ * vertical. fiter the liquid before use 1° prevent solid from clogging the capillary- Raise the level of | forcing ai itlary end. IF the level is raised by pase lve capillary end, liquid often gets into rul 1g contaminating aon [.w0f6] Aysuep—e- [Ss equu] Aysoosn 1WeUAp—e— {oJ amwedwes Luro/6] Arsuea [sequi] Aysoosia sueuxaOBJECTIVE: 7 To measure Flow by venturimeter and to calculate coefficient of discharge for venturimeter. DESCRIPTION FOR VENTURIMETER: ‘The apparatus consists of a venturimeter fitted in a pipeline. The pipeline is taken out from a common inlet. Pressure tapings are taken out from the inlet and the throat ofthe venturimeter and are connected to pressure gauge. A rotameter is provided to measure the actual discharge. Venturimeter length between flange to flange = L = 180 mm. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: 2. Fill the sump tank by sufficient water. Now connect the cable to power supply box and press the RED button to ON position Close the outlet valve slowly and let water be flown into both venturi and orifice. Take the readings for venturimeter, ensuring the outlet valve of orifice meter is in n “ON” position. Also open the “OFF” position and the valve of venturimeter single ball valve connected with venturimeter (Means P1 and P2) Now connect the pipes from manifold to pressure gauge. Open the small ball valve here which is open in step no. 4. Give some back pressure with the help of closing the outlet valve of venturimeter slowly. (Means the ball valve P1 is opened and P2 is closed then note down the reading on pressure gauge. Then the ball valve p2 is opened and PI is closed Note down the reading on pressure gauge.) Ensure, during a particular observation the valve position regulating the flow should be maintained constant. Note down the water discharge through venturimeter using rotameter.9, Change the discharge through venturimeter by operating bypass valve and repeat the above procedure to obtained another set of readings. OBSERVATIONS: 1. d=diameter at venturimeter inlet = 28.0 mm 2. d= diameter throat = 14.0 mm .81 m/sec™ 3. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = OSERVATION TABLE: S.No} Py P, | H=@-P,) x10 | Actual Discharge (kg/em’) | (kg/em’) | (m of water) | (Rotameter Reading) | Actual Qa (LPH) Discharge (m*/Sec) Qe Theoretical Discharge (m’/sec) | q= WaCALCULATION 1. Actual discharge (Q.): mils 2, Area at inlet 3. Area of throat = ay= "2, sense (8G, |. Theoretical Discharge (Q): Qs spate Where H = (P)-P3) x10 m of water Coefficient of Discharge (C,): = _Actual Discharge C1" Theoretical Discharge” Q, Cd=.... Note: Draw graph for H'? (m) Vs Qua (m/s) CONCLUSION: Coefficient of discharge (C,) for Venturimeter =EXPERIMENT NO. 6 V OBJECTIVE: To measure Flow by orificemeter and to calculate coefficient of discharge for orificemeter. DESCRIPTION FOR ORIFICEMETER: The apparatus consists of a orificemeter fitted in a pipeline. The pipeline is taken out from a common inlet. ‘At the downstream end of the pipeline a control valve is provided to regulate the flow through orifice meter. Pressure tapings are taken out from the inlet and outlet of the orificemeter and are to be connected to pressure gauge. A rotameter is provided to measure the actual discharge. Length between orifice flange to flange = L = 126 mm. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Fill the sump tank by sufficient water. Now connect the cable to power supply box and press the RED button to ON position Close the outlet valve slowly and let water be flown into both venturi and orifice, Take the readings for orificemeter, ensuring the outlet valve of venturimeter is in “OFF” ter is in “ON” position. Also open the single ball valve position and the valve of orifi connected with orificemeter (Means P3 and P4). Now connect the pipes from manifold to pressure gauge. Open the small ball valve here which is open in step no. 4 Give some back pressure with the help of closing the outlet valve of orificemeter slowly. (Means the ball valve P3 is Opened and P4 is closed then note down the reading on pressure gauge, Then the ball valve p4 is opened and P3 is closed Note down the reading on pressure gauge.)EXPERIMENT NO. 7 OBJECTIVE: To determine the coefficient of discharge using differ ffferent notch INTR DUCTION: A nose = * culating the 10" should be suring 0 pala ecvation the valve pion rousing he 4. re, ri Pa ovine come ah oifeeeer =i rotamete alve Note down ificemetet bY ° ‘ oy Change te SST through of above procedu aained norer st readings ose RVATIONS 018m rl oe iimm ' t oom | Diameter oF net “ timm : a 7 T ooers Area of piPe > : 0.00061 gas of orice a 2 | pairer | | caaeto | asi wis SERVATION TABLE oe gar tet raz pacer | doen | corm” (iotamet | ae eee | ee wo quar pischarg | 1 Discharge ecaSec) | (avisec) | : | | | ——_F | 3 T | | |CALCULATION: 1. Actual discharge (Q. 2. Area at inlet= a= =.. em06, 3. Area of throat = 8)= ...ssesceeseeeeeeee- AEG 4. Theoretical Discharge (Q): Oe Where H = (P\-P,) x10 m of water 5. Coefficient of Discharge (C,): Ce ca © CONCLUSION: © Coefficient of discharge (C,) for orificemeter = 4 Note: Draw graph for Q (LPH) Vs H (Pressure head)EXPERIMENT NO. 7 OBJECTIVE: To determine the coefficient of discharge using different notched specimens. INTRODUCTION: ‘A notch is a device used for measuring the rate of flow ofa liquid through a small channel or a tank. In hydraulics engineering, notches are commonly used to regulate flow in rivers and other open channels. The relation between water level up stream of the notch and the discharge over it is generally known as © that the discharge at any time may be found by observing the upstream - ea Notches usually have sharp edges so that the water springs clear of the plate as it passes through the notch. It is provided in the side walls of a tank, near top edge. These have small dimensions. Notches are used for emptying tank or for discharge measurement. The discharge equation depends upon the shape and thickness of wall. + Applications: (a) For finding the discharge of flowing water. (b) Velocity of flowing water can be determined. + Advantages: (a) Easy to calculate discharge. (b) Can be used in wide channels too. «Disadvantages: (a) Ventilation for notch is necessary. (b) Less accurate results are obtained, while measuring discharge. «Apparatus Requi (a) Approach channel with bafile plate fitted with notch,(b) A surface level gauge to measure head over notch (©) A measuring tank to measure flow rate. (@) A constant steady supply of water with using pump. DESCRIPTION: © This is a conventional, compact, set-up in hydraulics laboratory. It consists of main tank along with necessary piping. © The apparatus consists of a channel (notch duct) of size 1600 x 250 x 200 mm. ‘The supply to the channel is taken from bottom/side at one end of the channel. At the other end, required notch plate is fitted. Upstream from the face of notch, a well is provided © A Rotameter through a control a control valve delivers water to the set-up. Rotameter is mounted on a frame for flow measurement. + To measure the depth, a depth gauge is provided which can be adjusted with the fitting . for adjustment provided at top of channel * After measuring the water discharge at specific time intervals, water in this tank can be released into drain tank by opening the valve provided. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: 1. Fill the sump tank by sufficient water. 2. Place the required notch at the slot provided inside channel 3. Sct the digital depth gauge pointer to touch the notch channel, Set it to zero by pressing the zero button on digital depth gauge 4. Now set the pointer to up position, The values will be in -ve. 5. Now press the switch button to ON position given on the control panel. 6. Open the inlet valve so that the water will flow into the channel. 7. When the water level comes up to the sill of the notch, stop the inflow and note the sill level reading.& Again start inflow into the channel. The water level in the channel will slowly rise. After some time, when inflow into the channel is equal to the outflow, the water level in the channel will remain steady. Note down this level of water, the difference between the readings will give head over the notch. 9. Allow the water to flow over the notch for a suitable time and measure the discharge by Rotameter in LPH. 10. Note down the reading by varying head over different notched specimen. CALCULATIONS: 1. FOR RECTANGULAR NOTCH: A) Theoretical Discharge (Q): a=" ....m/See, for a rectangular notch, Where, H=R-S inmm R = Hook gauge reading in mm $= sill level reading in mm B) Actual discharge (Q,): Q= pezeeas AK) SEC. ©) Coefficient of discharge (C,): G= 2. FOR TRIANGULAR NOTCH: A) Theoretical Discharge (Q): Qe crorsnes ...am'/See, for a rectangular notch. Where, © = Angle of triangular notch. H=R-Sinmm,ol R= Hook gauge reading in mm. ill Level reading in mm. B) Actual discharge (Q,): a= C) Coefficient of discharge (C. am’/Sec. Qs 3. FOR TRAPEZOIDAL NOTCH: A) Theoretical Discharge (Q): Q= +*......m3/s, for trapezoidal notch Where, © = Angle of triangular notch. H=R-S inmm R= Hook gauge reading in mm. S = sill level reading in mm. B) Actual discharge (Q. Q=.. m’/Sec, C) Coefficient of discharge (C,): C= OBSERVATION: S.No. Description Symbol Value Unit1 Sill level reading Ss ay.4¢ mm 2 | Width of rectangular w mm notch 3. | Width of trapezoidal w mm notch 4 | Angle of triangular notch ° - 5 Acceleration due to g m'/Sec gravity OBSERVATION TABLE: S.No. | Hook gauge reading | H= | Theoretical Actual Discharge | Coefficient of R RS Discharge (Qa) Discharge (@ a! ; - meter mete | m/sec LPH | mise G r 1 |y Yo 2 3 4