Topic:3

Linear Transformations
(Linear Maps)

Gyalpozhing College of Information Technology

Prepared by Chiranjeevi Adhikari
Contents
1 Linear Transformation 2
1.1 Kernel and Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Composition /Product of linear maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Matrix Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Rotation Matrix in R2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
LINEAR ALGEBRA CSM 201

1 Linear Transformation
Two frequently used synonyms for the word function are mapping and transformation.
In Linear Algebra, the domain and range are vector spaces and the word transformation is
preferred.
A transformation T is a rule of correspondence between two vector spaces, a domain V
and a range W, that assigns to each element in V exactly one element( but not necessarily
a different one) in W. Such a transformation is denoted by T : V → W
Definition 1 (Linear Transformation) Let V and W be a vector spaces and a transformation
T : V → W (That is, for each vector v ∈ V, T (v) denotes exactly one vector of W.) is linear
if for any scalars α and any two vectors , u and v in V, the following equality holds:
1. T (u + v) = T (u) + T (v)
2. T (αu) = αT (u)
Example:

The transformation T : R2 → R2 defined by T [a, b] = [a, −b] for all real numbers a and b
is linear.

This transformation maps 2-tuples into 2-tuples by changing the sign of the second component.
Here, T [4, 2] = [4, −2], T [−1, −4] = [−1, 4],and T [−1, 0] = [1, 0].

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LINEAR ALGEBRA CSM 201

In general, setting u = [a, b] and v = [c, d], we have T (u) = [a, −b], T (v) = [c, −d], and

T (u + v) = T ([a, b] + [c, d])

= T ([a + c], [b + d])
= [a + c, −(b + d)]
= [a − b], [c, −d]
= T (u) + T (v)

For any scalar α, we have

T (αu) = T (α[a, b])

=T(αa, αb)
=[αa, −αb]
=α[a, −b]
=αT (u)

Hence , T is linear.

Question:

Determine whether the transformation T is linear if P3 → P2 is defined by

T (a3 t3 + a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 ) = 3a3 t2 + 2a2 t + a1

1.1 Kernel and Image

Definition 2 (Kernel) Let T : U → V be a linear mapping.The kernel of T, written as
kerT,is the set of elements in U that maps into the zero vector 0 in V .i.e

KerT = {u ∈ U, T (u) = 0}

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LINEAR ALGEBRA CSM 201

Definition 3 (Image) The image of T ,written as Im T ,is the set of image points in V.i.e,

ImT = {v ∈ V, ∃u ∈ U for which T (u) = v}

Theorem 1 Let T : U → V be a linear mapping.Then the kernel of T is a subspace of U

and the image of T is a subspace of V.

Example:

Let T : R3 → R3 be the projection of a vector v in xy-plane. i.e,T(x,y,z)=(x,y,0). Find

ker(T) and Im(T).

(Ans:ImT={(a, b, c)|c = 0(xy − plane)} and KerT {(a, b, c)|a = 0, b = 0(z − axis)}

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LINEAR ALGEBRA CSM 201

Question
 
 v2 
Let T : R2 → R2 defined by T (v) =  −3v1 
 
2v1 + 2v2
 

1. Find ker(T)
" #
v
2. If A = 1 is the subspace of R2 ,then find the image T (A).
0

1.2 Composition /Product of linear maps

Definition 4 Consider two mapping T : U → V and S : V → W .The composition of T
and S , denoted by S ◦ T ,is a mapping S ◦ T : U → W defined by S ◦ T (a) = S (T (a))

Note: In composition of linear map ,first we apply T to a ∈ U, and then we apply S to

T (a) ∈ V to get S (T (a)) ∈ W

Examples:

Find S ◦ T for T : R3 → R2 , defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + x2 , x2 + x3 ) and S : R2 → R,

defined by S (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 − x2 )

(Ans:S ◦ T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x1 − x3 )

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LINEAR ALGEBRA CSM 201

a + b
 
" # 0 
a b
Question Show S ◦ T for T : M2×2 → R4 , defined by S =   and S : R4 → P3
c d c + d 
0
.a
 
 b 
defined T   = b + dx2 + (b + d)x3
 c 
d

Theorem 2 Let U,V,W be vector space .Let T : U → V and S : V → W be linear map or

transformation . Then the composite map S ◦ T is also a linear map.

1.3 Matrix Transformation

Definition 5 Let T : Rn → Rm , for each x in Rn ,T (x) is computed as Ax,where A is an
m × n matrix.

Observation:

1. The domain of T is Rn where A has n columns

2. The co domain of T is Rm when each column of A has m entires

3. The range of T is the set of all linear combinations of the columns of A, because
each image T (x) is of the form Ax

Note: We can write the linear transformation T in matrix transformation Ax

Example ( David clay textbook,pg-74)

1. Find the matrix transformation for T : R2 → R3 defined by T [x1 , x2 ] = [x1 −

3x2 , 3x1 + 5x2 , −x1 + 7x2 ]
 
 1 −3 " x #
(Ans:  3 5  1 )
 x2
−1 7


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LINEAR ALGEBRA CSM 201

 
" #  3 
2
2. Let u = and b =  2  ,then
 
−1
−5
 

(a) Find T(u),the image of u under the transformation T.

(b) Find x in R2 whose image under T is b.

1.4 Rotation Matrix in R2

" #
cosθ −sinθ
Definition 6 For A = and for any position vector v ∈ R2 , the product Ax is
sinθ cosθ
the vector resulting when x is rotated counter clockwise around the origin by angel θ

Proof:

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LINEAR ALGEBRA CSM 201

cosϕ = Xo
r
,X0 = rcosϕ

sinϕ = Yo
r
, Y0 = rsinϕ

X1 = rcos(ϕ + θ)
’

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LINEAR ALGEBRA CSM 201

Y1 = rsin(ϕ + θ)

Since , X1 = rcos(ϕ + θ)
’
X1 = r(cosϕcosθ − sinϕsinθ)

= rcosϕcosθ − rsinϕsinθ

= X0 cosθ − Yo sinθ (since , ,X0 = rcosϕ and Y0 = rsinϕ )

And Y1 = rsin(ϕ + θ)

Y1 = r(sinϕcosθ + cosϕsinθ)

= rsinϕcosθ + rcosϕsinθ

= Y0 cosθ + X0 sinθ (since , ,X0 = rcosϕ and Y0 = rsinϕ )

Now X1 = X0 cosθ − Y0 sinθ

Y1 = X0 sinθ + Y0 cosθ

" # " #" #

X1 cosθ −sinθ X0
=
Y1 sinθ cosθ Y0

Question
" #
2
Take the point and rotate counter-clockwise by 90o or π2 .
1