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Living cumulative network meta-analysis to reduce waste in research: A paradigmatic shift for
systematic reviews. Provide recommendations for policy-making and practice if sufficient, existence
of high-quality evidence, future directions for research to strengthen the body of evidence. Five
comparisons (10%) involved placebo, two (4%) were between invasive interventions, and four (8%)
involved lifestyle modifications. Set up a scheme upon which will guide you on how to write a
systematic review and decide on what articles to select and reject for your meta-analysis. In fact,
students consider limited feedback an impediment to homework completion, and recognize teacher's
feedback as a homework completion facilitator ( Bang, 2011 ). We welcome others who have been
through the process, to add useful hints and tips, and up-to-date resources particularly relevant to
researchers and students at UJ. Monitoring boundaries of statistical significance were constructed
and the evidence against the null hypothesis was considered to be strong when the monitoring
boundaries were crossed. The above guidelines will also help you know how to do a meta-analysis
research on neurofeedback. This is an important finding with implications for clinical research,
especially in the context of the debate about research waste. 20 36 37 38 As per the inclusion criteria,
the findings of this study apply to treatment comparisons for which a considerable amount of data
have accumulated over at least 10 years. The model with the fewest information criteria, Akaike
information criteria (AIC) and Bayesian information criteria (BIC), is the model that best fits the
data. The level of overall agreement among the research assistants was estimated with Fleiss's Kappa
( Fleiss, 1981 ). This process involves reviewing the titles, abstracts, and full-text articles of the
retrieved studies. Available from: ? Yang B, Shi J, Chen X, Ma B, Sun H. In other words,
undertaking a meta-analysis is not one way to overcome the challenges present in executing and
designing preliminary studies. Then, approaches to monitor the accumulated evidence can be
informal (eg, inspecting the estimated treatment effects and their precision without formally
specifying a stopping criterion) or formal (eg, by defining a loss function or a boundary as a basis for
monitoring). 14 15 1. Chalmers TC, Lau J. Meta-analytic stimulus for changes in clinical trials. Our
data indicate that there were no statistically significant differences among these three types of
homework follow-up (intra-group comparisons) at posttest performance (see Table 4 ). This fact
should be considered when analyzing conclusions. Thirteen comparisons (27%) were not examined
directly in any RCT; seven (14%) were based on direct evidence only. For example, you can use a
scheme which includes if the article is irrelevant for the study question, if it doesn’t have the relevant
population or the proper exposure, or lacks an appropriate comparison group if it does not discuss an
outcome of interest to the research, etc. However, when there is substantial unaccounted
heterogeneity in the outcome of interest across studies, it may be relevant to continue investigating
whether such heterogeneity may be further explained by differences in characteristics of the studies
(methodological diversity) or study populations (clinical diversity). The direct evidence from
cumulative pairwise meta-analysis remains within the boundaries, whereas the mixed evidence (direct
and indirect) from network meta-analysis crosses the monitoring boundaries in 2008 (after the
inclusion of 131 RCTs in the entire network), indicating strong evidence against the null hypothesis
for the superiority of olanzapine ( fig 1 ). Ability of a meta-analysis to prevent redundant research:
systematic review of studies on pain from propofol injection. Providing a comprehensive overview
of existing knowledge on a specific topic. 2. Identifying research gaps and areas for future
investigation. 3. Informing evidence-based decision-making and policy development. 4. Enhancing
the credibility and rigor of research by following a systematic approach. 5. Facilitating the
dissemination of research findings to a wider audience. 6. Contributing to the advancement of
knowledge in the field. Network meta-analysis rests on the assumption of consistency between direct
and indirect evidence. Kanters S, Ford N, Druyts E, Thorlund K, Mills EJ, Bansback N. You can
work with a librarian to assist you to design comprehensive search strategies across various
databases. In situations where there is a limitation in the number of resources, each reviewer should
be assigned a different paper from the one they extracted. Conclusions Continuously updated
systematic reviews to inform guidelines and clinical decision making may provide strong evidence
against the null hypothesis more frequently and earlier if both direct and indirect accumulating
evidence is considered within the framework of a living network meta-analysis. Thus, we believe that
teachers, directly, and students, indirectly, would benefit from teacher training on effective
homework follow-up practices with a focus on, for example, how to manage the extensive curriculum
and time, and learning about different homework follow-up practices, mainly feedback. Checking
consistency in mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis.
If the result was positive, it would not be necessary to include any covariate in the model, and an
ANOVA model would be fitted. Furthermore, it would be beneficial to conduct this study in other
countries in order to explore whether the follow-up practices identified by EFL Portuguese teachers
match those found in other teaching and learning cultures. The above guidelines will also help you
know how to do a meta-analysis research on neurofeedback. We mimicked the situation of a
prospectively planned living network or pairwise meta-analysis and asked clinical experts to choose
the treatment comparisons that were of topical interest during the period the evidence accumulated.
For example, there are several variables that were not considered in the current research (e.g., number
of students per class, number of different grade levels teachers are teaching or number of different
classes teachers teach, different level of students' expertise in class, type of content domain; but also
career related issues such as frozen salaries, reduced retirement costs), which may help explain our
results. At the minimum, you need to highlight what the theory is about and the hypotheses. This
collaborative relationship leads to the development of intelligent systems capable of handling
complex tasks and improving their performance over time. For each study, critically appraise the
information and decide if the study meets the internal validity criteria. For the second type of
homework assignments (3 and 6; i.e., translation from English into Portuguese and vice versa, and
writing of a short text in English), the EFL teachers made comments on the text in terms of contents
and style, and gave a numerical grade. Fig 1 Efficacy of olanzapine versus haloperidol in treatment of
acute schizophrenia, as estimated from living pairwise meta-analysis and living network meta-
analysis. However, only 26 teachers completed the study (see Section Participants). Bibliographic
study showed improving statistical methodology of network meta-analyses published between 1999
and 2015. The quality assessment criteria included study design, sample size, blinding, allocation
concealment, and statistical analysis. Even if a study has been rejected on two clauses, the first
which rejects it is the main clause of rejection. A GRADE Working Group approach for rating the
quality of treatment effect estimates from network meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 2013;661:105-12.
9. Higgins JP, Green S, Scholten RJ. It is essential that you also create a scheme that will assist you in
deciding on the different articles that you will choose and reject when performing your meta-
analysis. This means that all study findings for a set of outcomes and interventions are identified,
classified and discussed in systematic reviews. We advise using your inclusion or exclusion criteria to
screen the full-text of your studies. WOWGrade.net highly recommends two independent reviewers
to screen all studies and to resolve areas of disagreement by consensus. A surveillance system to
assess the need for updating systematic reviews. In our view, the optimal use of living systematic
reviews will be to highlight gaps and certainties in a body of evidence and provide research funders
and regulators with the best evidence to decide whether new primary research is warranted and, if so,
for which treatment comparisons. He has received research support from Mochida and Mitsubishi-
Tanabe; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
Funding: ACT is funded by a tier 2 Canada research chair in knowledge synthesis. Among those
differences is that a systematic review tries to collect all existing empirical research by using clearly
defined and systematic methods to obtain answers to a specific question. Cochrane Handbook for
Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Events occur when monitoring boundaries are crossed for
comparison of interest. As shown in Table 5, significant differences were found between adjusted
treatments' means for both subsets (homework follow-up types 1 and 2 vs. Thus, we believe that
teachers, directly, and students, indirectly, would benefit from teacher training on effective
homework follow-up practices with a focus on, for example, how to manage the extensive curriculum
and time, and learning about different homework follow-up practices, mainly feedback. Haas DM,
Caldwell DM, Kirkpatrick P, McIntosh JJ, Welton NJ. As one teacher in the focus group claimed:
“Unfortunately, I don't have time to collect and grade homework, because I have too many students
and the content that I have to cover each term is vast.
Most networks addressed research questions in the specialties of cardiology, endocrinology,
psychiatry, and rheumatology ( table 1 ). Sequential methods for random-effects meta-analysis.
Inconsistency between direct and indirect comparisons of competing interventions: meta-
epidemiological study. The information obtained in this analysis allowed to consider regression
slopes for each level of the homework follow-up type variable, and to evaluate its nullity and, to a
certain extent, its parallelism. He has received research support from Mochida and Mitsubishi-
Tanabe; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
You will be required to undertake and identify the following. It may also help understand the
reasons why teachers use specific types of homework feedback, and explore the constraints daily
faced in class when giving homework feedback. A framework for using guidelines and systematic
reviews to identify evidence gaps and research priorities. Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol:
acute phase results of the North American double-blind olanzapine trial. Identifying gaps, confirm
that you are not plagiarizing or duplicating the works of previous reviews. Grades in the Portuguese
compulsory educational system (first to ninth grade) range from 1 to 5, where 1 and 2 is fail, 3 pass,
4 good, and 5 excellent. Test if your meta-analysis omits studies which should have been included.
BMJ 2014;348:g5219. 11. Elliott JH, Turner T, Clavisi O, Thomas J, Higgins JPT, Mavergames C, et
al. Thus, we provisionally adopted the ANCOVA model that used equal slopes to describe the
influence of the covariates on homework follow-up type. Monitoring boundaries of statistical
significance were constructed and the evidence against the null hypothesis was considered to be
strong when the monitoring boundaries were crossed. At the end of the day, it’s the students
responsibility to do their own research and work. If a study is based on a large sample size with
reported positive findings of an experiment, such a study possesses a higher chance of getting
published and being identified through searches as compared to a study which is small and has
reported negative findings or equivocal. GS and ME produced the final version of the submitted
article, and all coauthors approved it. These subsets encompassed, on the one hand, the first two
levels of the homework follow-up type variable (types 1 and 2), and on the other hand, the three last
levels of the variable. For example, you can use a scheme which includes if the article is irrelevant
for the study question, if it doesn’t have the relevant population or the proper exposure, or lacks an
appropriate comparison group if it does not discuss an outcome of interest to the research, etc.
Among those differences is that a systematic review tries to collect all existing empirical research by
using clearly defined and systematic methods to obtain answers to a specific question. EFL teachers
termed all the homework follow-up practices used in class as feedback, despite the fact that some of
these practices did not deliver useful information to improve the quality of students' homework and
promote progress. In other words, undertaking a meta-analysis is not one way to overcome the
challenges present in executing and designing preliminary studies. Comparator bias: why
comparisons must address genuine uncertainties. An encouraging assessment of methods to inform
priorities for updating systematic reviews. On the same note, it is essential to remember that there is
some form of subjectivity when it comes to deciding the number of studies that must be present
before pooling is applicable. PLoS Med 2014;18:112:e1001603. 12. Whitehead A. A prospectively
planned cumulative meta-analysis applied to a series of concurrent clinical trials. These results stress
how important teachers' feedback may be not only because of its positive effect on homework, but
also because it provides students with information on how to improve their work ( Cardelle and
Corno, 1981 ). In fact, after checking the error rate for comparison family using the FDR procedure,
two homogeneous subsets of treatment means were identified. The systematic reviews help
summarize the available literature using different parameters, followed by logical synthesis and a
critical appraisal from different primary studies.