BONGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTEMENT OF ECONOMICS

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

AND PRODUCTIVITY IN CASE OF KAFFA ZONE GIMBO WOREDA

A Research Pproposal Pprepared in Ppartial Ffulfillment Tthe Requirements Ffor Tthe

Aaward of BA Degree in Economics
NAME ID
Prepared by 1.BIABL BIADGIE ......................0416
2.SEMAGN SETARGEW ................1213

Adviser:KALEAB ENYEW.(MSc.)

JANUARY, 2024
Bonga, Ethiopia
 Abstract
The study seeks to examine the role technology in agricultural production and productivity in the
case of Kaffa zone Gimbo wereda Ethiopia. The study will be employed both quantitative and
qualitative approach to assess how the level of technology affect the agricultural production and
productivity of farmers or households in Kaffa zone Gimbo woreda.The general objective of the
study will be intended is to asses on the role of technology in agricultural production and
productivity .To achieve this objective the study will be employed both primary and secondary source of
data. primary source of data will be obtained primary field survey and secondary source will be collected
from published and unpublished materials which includes books, journals, and scientific research works
and office records.The data will be analyzed descriptive method of data analysis.

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ACRONYMS

DAP……………..Di-ammonium Phosphate

EEA……………..Ethiopian Economic Association

FAO……………..Food and Agricultural Organization
GDP……………..Gross Domestic product
ICT………………Information communication technology
MFP……………..Multi factor Productivity
OECD………… .Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
SLM…………….Small Land Management
SNNPR………….Southern Nations ,Nationalities ,and Peoples’Region(SNNPR)
TFP……………..Total factor Productivity

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 Table Content
Pages
Abstract........................................................................................................................i
Acronyms....................................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................3
1.1. Background of the study...................................................................................3
1.2. Statement of the problem.................................................................................4
1.3. Basic Research Questions..................................................................................7
1.4. Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………………………………….8
1.4.1. General objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………………..8
1.4.2. Specific objectives......................................................................................................8
1.5. Significance of the study....................................................................................8
1.6. Scope of the study.............................................................................................8
1.7. Organization of the study..................................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO.
2. LITRATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................................10
2.1. Theoretical literature......................................................................................10
2.1.1. Level of agricultural productivity...................................................................11
2.1.1.1.SUbsistence level……………………………………………………………………………………11
2.1.1.2.Mixed farming………………………………………………………………………………………..11
2.1.1.3.commercial farming……………………………………………………………………………….11
2.1.2.Agricultural practice and productivity in ethiopia..............................................11
2.2 Empirical review litrature......................................................................................13

2.2.1. International studies................................................................................................14

2.2.2. Developed countries……………………………………………………………………………………………..14
2.2.3 Developing countries………………………………………………………………………………14
CHAPTER THREE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
METHODOLOGY OF STUDY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
3.1 Description of the study .................................................................................16
3.2 Type and source of data..................................................................................16

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 3.2.1.Type of data………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16
3.2.2.source of data……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16
3.3 Sampling and Sampling Technique…………………………………………………………………17
3.4 Method of data analysis………………………………………………………………………………….18
CHAPTER FOUR work Plan and budget break down ………………………………………………….19
4.1. Work plan…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
4.2. Budget break down…………………………………………………………………………………………………….19
Reference……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………20
APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26

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 CHAPTER ONE
Introduction

1.1. Background of the Study

Agriculture is the world most important industry which has many contributions in the economy.
It provides food, supplies raw materials for human basic need and industrial inputs of world
economy in Africa than does any other economy (Radetzki M. a., 2020)

Agriculture is an important economic sector in Africa that constitutes the backbone of most
African economies, providing 60 percent of all employment; accounts for about 40 percent of the
continent's foreign exchange earnings; and in most countries, it is still the largest contributor to
Gross Domestic Product (GDP); and the dominant provider of industrial raw materials
(Tambunan, 2019). Even though agriculture is one of the important and dominant sectors in
Africa, its growth is still low. And subsistence production is dominant in Africa, partly on
account of limited use of improved technologies in production (Santpoort, 2020)
Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy. The sector accounts 46.2 percent of Gross
Domestic product, 83.9percent of export, and 85 percent of total employment (Шекк, 2023). The
agricultural sector is dominated by small scale subsistence farming characterized by traditional
farming practices. It provides a significant employment to most of labor force. Farming mainly
depends on human and animal labor and farmers have few backward tools that cannot increase
production. However, nearly all the specific and scientific improvements in agriculture had
occurred in the industrialized nations. (Fuglie, 2018)

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The prevalence of poverty in Ethiopia is associated with slow growth and low productivity of
subsistence agriculture. Low productivity in turn, is associated among others with very low
technological progress (Efferson, 2024)

Like in many developing countries, poverty, food insecurity and poor nutrition are country’s
endemic social and economic problems. Inspite of tremendous efforts, Ethiopia is still among
developing countries with annual average per capital income of us$516 (Molokwane, 2020)
Furthermore, around 29.2 percent of country’s population is below poverty line based on
conventional measure of poverty (us$1.25 per person per day) (Arhin, 2023)

However, agriculture is predominantly characterized by the traditional mode of farming with

very little change in farming practice over the past decades; it requires the availability and
efficient utilization of factors of production. Among the major factors behind the poor
performance of Ethiopia agriculture are inadequate and highly erratic rainfall, imperfect market
of inputs like fertilizer, improved seeds and pesticides. Attempts including various packages that
range from introduction of selected seeds, various irrigation schemes via water harvesting to
wide spread use of fertilizer has been attempted to improve the performance of agricultural
sector (Raj, 2024)

In Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNP) of Ethiopia, agriculture is

similarly critical to the livelihood of many rural households (Gebremikael, 2024)Around 90% of
the population in SNNP engages in smallholder farming, where the majority face persistent
challenges, such as high vulnerability to climate change, limited access to improved varieties,
and the paucity of agricultural extension services (Gebremikael A. T., 2024) . The case of kaffa
zone within the SNNP is no different. Agriculture forms the primary source of livelihood, despite
limited access to and implementation of modern technologie (Mulugeta, 2024).

This study, therefore, aims to assess the role of technology in agricultural production and
productivity in Kaff zone gimbo Wereda, focusing on the adoption and constraints experienced
during the implementation of these technologies. Furthermore, the study seeks to contribute
to an evidence-based understanding of appropriate technological innovations that could foster
sustainable agricultural development within the region.

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1.2. Statement of the Problem
The world has continuously experienced a growing demand for food due to the increasing
population and urbanization (Lee, 2024) Consequently, the need for efficient agricultural
production has become a priority to ensure food security globally. The application of innovative
technologies in farming practices has played a pivotal role in increasing agricultural production
and meeting the ever-increasing human demands (Parwez, 2024)

Agriculture plays a fundamental role in human societies, providing food, raw materials, and
contributing significantly to the economy. Technological advancements have been instrumental
in increasing agricultural production and productivity across the world. However, despite the
widely recognized potential of technology to revolutionize agricultural practices, there exists a
considerable disparity in the adoption and impact of these technologies in different regions,
particularly in developing countries (Sadowski, 2024)

In the context of Africa, agriculture remains a crucial sector for economic growth, employment,
and food security. However, African countries have generally registered lower agricultural
productivity as compared to other regions, mainly due to their reliance on traditional farming
methods and minimal adoption of advanced agricultural technologies (Tsambou, 2024) This lag
in the implementation of innovative technologies has limited the potential for increased yields
and has contributed to food shortages in many countries.

In Africa, agriculture is the backbone of most economies, employing about 65% of the labor
force and accounting for about 32% of the continent's GDP (Portes, 2024) With its vast land
resources and favorable agro-ecological conditions, Africa has the potential to be a significant
player in the global food market. Nonetheless, agricultural productivity remains low, mainly due
to the slow adoption of modern technologies, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to
resources and knowledge (Gemeda, 2024)

This problem statement is rooted in the observation that Africa, as a continent, has shown
varied progress and performance in agricultural output, much of which can be attributed to the
adoption or lack of adoption of technological innovations in agriculture (Fan L, 2024)

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Ethiopia, being one of the African countries characterized by a predominantly agricultural
economy, heavily depends on agriculture for its economic growth and food security. The
agricultural sector contributes about 37% of the country's GDP and employs over 70% of the
population (Wiafe, 2024). Despite being a predominantly agrarian country, Ethiopia faces
significant challenges in terms of adequate agricultural production and productivity, partly due
to low rates of agricultural technology adoption (Elwan, 2024).In Ethiopian agriculture, the
adoption of innovative agricultural technologies has shown a positive impact on agricultural
productivity and the overall economy (Degefu, 2024). Technological interventions in the form of
improved seeds, irrigation systems, fertilizers, and pest management practices are vital in
enhancing crop yield, disease resistance, and tolerance to harsh climatic conditions (PP., 2024).

Many rural families in Ethiopia suffer from chronic food security and are extremely vulnerable
to periodic drought. The methods and techniques of agricultural production and distribution are
traditional and results in low productivity (Abdallah, 2024). The various productivity constraints
to the poor performance of Ethiopian agriculture include among others, the problem of
diminishing farm size, lack of tenure security and subsistence farming. The varying process
imprudent uses of natural resources, inadequate and erratic rainfall, poor infrastructure,
irrigation, soil degradation, lack of financial services and ultimately imperfect agricultural
market for improved seeds, chemicals and fertilizer are serious structural constraints with the
resolution of the problem (Gelata, 2024)

Although farming methods in Ethiopia are still traditional. Farms in many areas do have an
option of using new, higher yielding crop varieties and some modern inputs, primarily chemical
fertilizer. Rates of such innovations vary widely from one part of country to another allowing us
to compare sites at different stages with the adoption and diffusion process. An understanding of
agricultural productivity growth and role played by education is particularly important to the
country like Ethiopia where food security is extremely low. Agriculture in Ethiopia is
increasingly characterized by new policy actors and relationship that influence the way in which
information and knowledge are accessed and used by small holder’s farmer, too little is known
about how these opportunities can effectively be leveraged to promote process of rural
innovation (Masato, 2024) Agriculture has many contributions to the economy, like product
contribution, market contribution and factor contribution. But, in Ethiopia those contributions are
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less. Farmers do not go far from hand to mouth. Small scale farmers produce manly for
subsistence. They are to some extent unable to fulfill their family basic needs. The farmers are
not elastic to change price and technology. They are mostly found to be conservation in their
nature.

The Ethiopian farmers continued to practice essentially the farming methods with very little
improvements for so long and highly depend upon seasonal rainfall (Dalle, 2024)

At the regional level, one of the reasons for the persisting food insecurity in SNNPR is low level
and inappropriate use of improved farm inputs which act as a principal barrier to increase farm
productivity. Growth in agricultural production in the past was achieved through horizontal
expansion. Today, there is little scope for horizontal expansion because of high population
density in the region. According (He W, 2024) , with the rapidly expanding Population, the
average cultivated area per household declines over the years in Ethiopia. The average cultivated
area per household declined to less than one hectare in the late 1990’s.So Future increase in
agricultural production could be achieved by intensifying agricultural improved technologies.

In South western Ethiopia, agriculture is the main source of income and livelihood for most of
its population. The Kaffa Zone Gimbo Wereda, located in the south western Ethiopia, also relies
primarily on agriculture for its sustenance. However, like other rural areas in Ethiopia, Kaffa
Zone Gimbo Wereda faces challenges in improving agricultural production and productivity due
to the lack of modern farming technologies.

Despite the evident benefits of adopting modern agricultural technologies, several challenges
persist that hinder their widespread use within the Kaffa Zone Gimbo Wereda community.
These challenges include inadequate infrastructure, low financial capacity of farmers,
insufficient extension services, lack of awareness, and cultural beliefs (Bhat, 2024) . Additionally
the changing and unpredictable climatic patterns only exacerbate the difficulties farmers face in
adopting new technologies (Tesfaye, 2023)

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Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of technology in agricultural production and
productivity in Kaffa Zone Gimbo Wereda. Specifically, the study will examine the current status
of technology adoption in Kaffa Zone Gimbo Wereda's agricultural sector, identify the factors
hindering technology adoption, and analyze the potential impact of innovative technologies on
improving production and productivity. The willingness of people to use technology is varies
from place to place and also the same for Kaffa Zone Gimbo woredas farmer. Few of them are
use technology properly and improving their living condition but majority of farmer are not use
technology properly and the remain are not use totally. So, the researcher want realize this gap
and the researcher will give direction by comparing technology user and not user in order to
motivate majority of farmer to use modern agricultural input then improve their living condition
and also they contribute high contribution to our national GDP.

1.3. Research Question

 What is the extent to technology adoption?

 What is the cause of subsistence nature of agriculture production?

 What is the relationship of education in relation to technology adoption?

1.4. Objective of the Study

1.4.1. General Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study is to investigate the role of technology in agricultural
production and productivity in case of kaffa Zone Gimbo woreda

1.4.2. Specific Objectives the Study

The following are the specific objectives of this study.
 To assess the extent of technology adoption.
 To examine causes of subsistence nature of agriculture production.
 To identify the relationship or level of education in relation to technology adoption.

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1.5. Significance of the Study
The rationale behind conducting will to assess extent of modern agricultural innovations and its
goal in productivity; it is expected to have the following significance;
It will act as an informational input to farmer as adoption of technology leads to agricultural
production and productivity increased as witnessed from parts of the world where technology
will has been adopted.
A country can change from periodical shortages to net export if diffusion and dissemination of
new technological innovation takes place. This is possible if only the mass is enlightened.
The study will helpful for everyone who wants to know about the nature of agricultural
production and productivity and the role of technology in Kaffa Zone Gimbo woreda.

1.6. Scope of the Study

The study will be intended to conduct on kaffa zone around 449 km (Gutema, 2023) from Addis
Ababa to identifying the role of technology related to agricultural production and productivity
and acquiring commercialization by taking some model kebele from woreda. The core idea of
the study will be to identify the role of technology on agricultural production and productivity
and identify the constraints and finding the solution related to the use of technology. It covers the
period from 2012 up to 2022 G.C.

1.7. Organization of the Study

The research study will be composed of five chapters. Chapter one gives the introduction to the
study which contains, background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study,
significance of the study, scope of the study, and organization of the study by itself. Chapter two
gives the theoretical and empirical review of literature related to agriculture productivity.
Chapter three of the study contains research design and methodology. Chapter four contains
result and discussion. The last chapter about conclusion and recommendation

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 CHAPTER TWO
Literature review

This section will presents the theoretical and empirical literatures about improved farm inputs
use and Productivity in agriculture. The theoretical literature will deals with concepts and
theories about the role of technology and agricultural productivity. The empirical literature
provides evidence from past studies related to the topic that we are going to study.

2.1 Theoretical review literature

Agricultural productivity is measured as the ratio of agricultural outputs to agricultural inputs.
Its measures are subdivided into partial, multifactor and total. Partial factor productivity is the
amount of output per unit of a particular input. It only considers a single input in the ratio. For
example, it uses yields of crops to determine the productivity of field crops. Literature indicates
that it is easy to compute as it requires limited data, but it can be hard to identify factors that

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cause productivity of field crops to change. Both (MFP) and (TFP) are defined as the ratio of
total agricultural output to a subset of agricultural inputs. They utilize more than a single factor.
Their measures reflect the joint effects of many factors including new technologies, economies
of scale, managerial skill, and changes in the organization of production to agricultural
production. TFP is preferred to MFP due to that fact that it captures the full extent of input use
and output production. But due to the fact that it has proved to be a difficult method to use
(Hernández Rodríguez, 2023) MFP is thus used as an approximation of TFP.

Although the definitions of both these methodologies reflect the use of output and input quantity,
in reality using general total amounts is not an option. This is mainly because it is hard to
aggregate different quantities of different measurements (mass vs. volume). And even if the
output and inputs can be aggregated with the hope of deflating them, this will lead to a situation
where relative price ratios to that of the base year are distorted.
As a result the use of indices inhence methodologies are highly encouraged and preferred. There
are various types of indices. This includes the Laspeyres, Tornqvist-Theil, Paasche, Malmquist
and Fisher indexing methods. Laspeyres indexing method is a weighted base index and cannot be
used in productivity analysis as it distorts the relative price ratios.

2.1.1.Levels of Agricultural productivity

Levels of agricultural productivity are subsistence level, mixed farming level and commercial
farming level
2.1.1.1. Subsistence level: most outputs produced for family consumption, land and labor are the
main factors of production. While capital investment is minimum, it is threatened by the failure
of the rains, and the potential appropriation of the land by the money lender. Labor is under
employed most of the year, but highly occupied for planting, and harvesting. Farmers are often
resistant to technological innovation due to the limited access to credit insurance and
information; here is a lot of uncertainty and risk involved in subsistence farming. (González-
Mon, 2024)
2.1.1.2. Mixed Farming: - this is the second stage or level of farming and transition from
subsistence to mixed type of farming and it transit to commercial farming. A successful
transition from subsistence to diversified farming depends on availability of credit, fertilizers,

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crop information and marketing facilities. Farmers need to feel secure that his family will benefit
from the change in order to guarantee successful transition. (Myers, 2024)
2.1.1.3. Commercial Farming: - this is specialized and modern farming activity that used to
produce the demand of the market and is helped by highly technological and modernized tools.
Transition to specialize; modern commercial farming can achieve highest level of agricultural
transformation. This type of farming usually emerges when other sectors of the economy such as
the industrial sector have already developed. It usually involves capital incentive and labor
saving techniques of production (Katla-Milewska, 2024)

2.1.2 Agricultural Practice and Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia

Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, contributing to nearly 40% of the GDP,
more than 80% of employment, and over 70% of export earnings (Levy, 2024)However, the
agricultural sector in Ethiopia faces various challenges such as low productivity, environmental
degradation, limited access to resources, and a rapidly growing population. This literature review
examines the existing studies on agricultural practices and agricultural productivity in Ethiopia to
understand the critical factors affecting productivity and potential solutions to improve
agricultural outcomes. Land and Agricultural Practices A significant determinant of agricultural
productivity in Ethiopia is land management practices.

According to (Sadowski A. M.-Z., 2024), the country's land resources faced degradation due to
high population pressure, deforestation, and poor agricultural practices. Most agriculture in
Ethiopia is rainfed, and farmers rely on traditional practices (Phiri, 2023). (Misra, 2024),
(Ahimbisibwe, 2024) found that agricultural production is underutilized and traditional farming
systems inhibit productivity growth. Several studies (YIRGA, 2023)concluded that the adoption
of sustainable land management practices, such as using improved seed varieties, soil
conservation techniques, and irrigation, would significantly enhance agricultural
productivity.Climate change and environmental factors are critical challenges for Ethiopian
agriculture. Farmers are highly dependent on rainfed agriculture, which makes them vulnerable
to climate variability ((Degefu, 2023). Studies by. (Araya, 2023) highlighted the relationship
between climate change, environmental factors, and agricultural productivity, concluding that
these challenges adversely affect crop yields and the resilience of the agricultural system. These
studies also emphasized the need to implement adaptation strategies such as water management,
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drought-tolerant crops, and agroforestry to improve rainfall utilization and so increase
agricultural productivity.

Socio-Economic Factors and Access to Resources Several socio-economic factors impact

agricultural productivity, such as access to extension services, finance, and markets. (Tahir,
2024) found that access to agricultural extension services – providing information, training, and
tools – improved the adoption of agricultural innovations and contributed to increased
productivity. Similarly, (ASHENAFI, 2023)reported that access to credit and finances has a
positive impact on Ethiopia's agricultural productivity. Access to markets is essential; for
instance, (RAHEL, 2022) found that farmers benefiting from strong market linkages could
increase their incomes and agricultural productivity.Policy Interventions and Technological
Innovations Policy interventions and technological innovations play a crucial role in enhancing
agricultural productivity. (Wendimu, 2023) pointed out that Ethiopia's government has
implemented several policies, such as Agricultural Extension Policy, the Ethiopian Commodity
Exchange, and the Agricultural Transformation Agency, to facilitate agricultural improvements.
(EMAN, 2023) found that providing farmers with digital agricultural services, such as agronomic
advice, market information, and financial access through ICT technologies, significantly
improved agricultural productivity. Conclusion This literature review shows that agricultural
practices, climate change, socio-economic factors, and policy interventions all play significant
roles in determining agricultural productivity in Ethiopia.

2.2.EmpiricalReviewLiterature
A number of empirical studies have examined the productivity impacts of different land
Management practices, especially in Ethiopia and in developing countries in general. Most of
these studies, however, have tended to have a bias towards soil conservation pas a productivity
enhancing technology. (Fenta, 2024)also support the importance of land management practices
and specifically soil conservation measures in enhancing land productivity. (Majaha, 2023)
found that contour ridges have a positive impact on land productivity in Zimbabwe. The results
by (Woldemariam, 2022) also supported a positive and statistically significant association
between wheat yield and short- and long-term soil conservation measures in Lesotho.
Furthermore, some studies broadly generalize technologies without being specific about their
types.Policy recommendations resulting from such studies end up being characterized by little
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variation across different agro ecologies. Further, the estimated productivity impacts of the
analyzed technologies will be biased if crucial factors, such as heterogeneity of environments,
are not controlled for. In this paper, we take into consideration the variations in the agricultural
ential of different areas when determining technology performance measured in terms of land
productivity. This makes it possible to craft well-informed policy recommendations that are not
based on generalizations. The importance of our analysis to the adoption literature is to highlight
the dangers of making blanket analyses and across-the-board policy recommendations that
disregard the heterogeneity of environments. As (Angerer, 2023) argued, such indiscriminate
policy recommendations potentially have negative impacts on poor people’s livelihoods.

2.2.1. International studies

There exists quite good literature on the trends of agricultural productivity, factors affecting
agricultural productivity and ways to improve agricultural productivity in both developed and
developing countries. However, there is dearth of work on the level of agricultural productivity
at regional and enterprise level in these countries. Studies on enterprise level productivity
specifically are mostly limited to Asian and Central Asian countries. Literature reviewed showed
that agricultural productivity increases more in developed countries compared to less developed
countries. This is due to high investment in research and development, labor, land and capital
and improvement in the use of inputs such as fertilizer, machinery increases and others use of
inputs such as fertilizer, machinery increases and others

2.2.2 Developed Countries

According to (McFadden, 2023) the application of precision agriculture technologies, such as GPS-based
guidance systems, yield monitoring, and variable-rate technologies, has positively impacted crop
production patterns and profitability in developed countries. Digitization and Big Data The digitization of
agriculture has emerged as another significant trend, with the gathering and analysis of large amounts of
data enabling farmers to make more informed decisions about crop management, pest control, and
resource use. (Hua J, 2023) argue that big data analytics can directly boost agricultural productivity by
closing yield gaps, reducing the use of fertilizers, and improving irrigation management.

Biotechnology Advancements in biotechnology have reshaped agricultural practices by allowing for the
development of genetically modified (GM) crops, which exhibit improved resistance to pests, diseases,
and environmental stressors. (Lassoued, 2024) provide examples of the significant economic and

14
productivity benefits of GM crops, particularly in terms of increased yields and reduced pesticide use.
Challenges and future directions Despite promising evidence on the role of technology in driving
agricultural productivity, researchers also highlight potential challenges and areas for
improvement.Adoption gaps While many developed countries have widely adopted agricultural
technologies, gaps remain between early and late adopters. (Huo, 2024) emphasize the need to focus on
technology transfer and extension services to ensure that all farmers can benefit from modern
advancements. (Adeola, 2024) argue that research and development should increasingly target
technologies that maintain or enhance environmental quality while boosting agricultural productivity.
2.2.3.DevelopingCountries
This paper provides an empirical review of the literature on the role of technology in agricultural
production and productivity in developing countries. We surveyed peer-reviewed articles and other
reports published during the last two decades to identify the main trends in this area of research. Major
Findings Technological progress is essential for promoting agricultural growth and improving
productivity, which in turn contributes to food security, increased incomes, and poverty reduction in
developing countries (Wyckhuys, 2020)

The Green Revolution, which began in the 1950s, has had a profound impact on agricultural productivity
and food security for millions of people, primarily through the adoption of improved seeds and crop
management practices (Reddy, 2024) Improved seed varieties are associated with high yield potential,
resistance to diseases and pests, tolerance to abiotic stresses, and improved nutritional quality (Karki,
2024). Use of irrigation technologies: Access to irrigation water is crucial for crop growth in areas prone
to drought and water scarcity (Thapa, 2024). The adoption of various irrigation technologies, such as
small-scale, sustainable low-cost drip irrigation systems, has contributed significantly to increased
agricultural production and productivity in developing countries (Fortunato).

Mechanization of farm operations has been shown to improve agricultural production and productivity in
developing countries, helping to reduce the pdrudgery associated with traditional labor-intensive practices
(Haider, 2024). However, small farmers face constraints in adopting mechanization due to the lack of
access to credit and high costs associated with the technology (Lu, 2024). Use of (ICTs): ICTs such as
mobile phones and the internet play a crucial role in providing timely access to information on
agricultural markets, weather forecasts, and farming techniques in developing countries (Chowdhury,
2024). Innovations like e-extension services and market information systems have enabled farmers to
make more informed decisions, ultimately enhancing agricultural productivity (Asule PA, 2023)

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 CHAPTER THREE

Methodology of Study

3.1 Description of Study Area

The study area was located in Kafa zone in the south-western Ethiopia. Geographical location of
Kafa was between North 6° 24 ꞌ – 8° 13 ꞌ latitude and East 35°48 ꞌ – 36° 78 ꞌ longitudes, at elevation
that ranges from 500 to 3,350 meter above sea level (MOLA, 2023). Kafa was gifted with suitable and
very attractive environment, which is conducive for settlement. The favorable environmental
conditions created an opportunity for the presence of intact natural resources mainly natural forest
including forest coffee that are backbone of Kafficho people. Moreover, the environment of Kafa has
various natural resources like waterfalls, spa and springs (MOLA Y. A., 2023). In Kafa zone, this study
was specifically conducted in the Gimbo district. Its geographical location are 7° 24' north latitude
and 36° 13' 60 east longitude., which is located 18 km far from regional city of Bonga and 442km far
from Addis Ababa. The district consists of 31 Rural and 5 urban Kebeles and has a total population
of 117,588 of which 58,559 are men and 50,059 are women (GDOARD, 2018). The district has total
area coverage of 88,129 hectares. From this, 1064 hectare is arable land, 28,240 hectare is covered

16
by forest, 30,531 hectare is covered by perennial crops, and 10,177 hectare is covered by annual
crops, grazing land covers 855 hectares, wetlands cover 7257 hectares and plantation forest
(private) covers 1,259 hectares. Agriculture is the main source of income for majority of rural
households. Maize, pepper, coffee, finger millet, sorghum, rice, tea, and common bean are major
crops cultivated in the district (GDOARD, 2018). Ethiopian coriander (aframoum corrorima), a key
ingredient in the distinctive Ethiopian berbere (Capsicum) spice blend, is one of the regional spices
in Kafa. This spice blend also contains wild long pepper (Piper longum), which is stronger than
black pepper but has a sweeter, earthier flavor. Outside of Southeast Asia and Northern Africa, the
long pepper is not well known now despite formerly being highly coveted in Roman times. Similar
to an Indian masala, the berbere spice blend also contains toasted red chillies, ginger, garlic, rue,
cardamom, onions, cloves, cinnamon, ajawan, basil, and salt. Kafa Coffee Biosphere Reserve (MOLA
Y. a., 2023)

3.2. TYPE AND SOURCE OF DATA

3.2.1.Data type
In order to achieve the stated objective the researcher will be used both qualitative and
quantitative.

3.2.2.Source of Data
In order to achieve the stated objective the researcher will be used different data source. The
study will be employed both primary and secondary source of data. The primary source of data
from from primary field survey which will be focused data on the role of technology and
agricultural characteristics of the study area, and other related information that will have been
essential to research purpose will collected from resident of Kaff Zone Gimbo woreda and
official of the woreda rural and agricultural development office by distributing questionnaire and
asking interviews.Secondary data source will be collected from published and unpublished
materials, which includes books, journals, scientific research works and office records.

3.3. Sampling techniques And Sample size determination

Kaff Zone Gimbo woreda has many rural kebeles and Since the woreda has many kebeles so,It
is difficult to touch or will connected all the kebeles because ,the populations are heterogeneous

17
from them the researcher will be selected 4 kebeles from total of the kebeles by using strata
sample namely shomba kichin, keja, kicho,and wushwus. The researcher will be classified the
kebeles by technology user and by size of income. Therefore,if the total sample size selected will
100 from32595 of the total population of four kebeles. Allocation of samples in each kebele will
be determined by yemane Taro(1967) formula sample size the following

The formula of yemane Taro:n=N/1+N(e^2)

When :n=sample size
N=total population of four kebeles e =error term, e =10%=0.1
N=32595
n=32595/1+32595(0.01)
n =32595/326.95 =99.69=100
The researcher will be used this sample size because of budget and time constriants and selected
the respondants from four kebeles by stratified sampling formula as follows

n i = ( Ni / N ) * n N = total target population size, and

Ni = population size for i, Keble

n = total sample size

So by using the above stratified sampling formula the proportional number of respondent in each
Keble are calculated as follows.

1. From shoba kichib¿ ( 32595

4172
)∗100=13
From keja¿ (
32595 )
9528
2. ∗100=29

From kicho¿ (
32595 )
8261
3. ∗100=25

From wushwush¿ (
32595 )
10634
4. ∗100=33

18
3.4.METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
Descriptive technique or method will be used to analyze data collected from the field of study or
respondents. Information will be simplified in the form of tables, percentage and average in order
to collected data from the model farmers who use technology in Kaff Zone Gimbo woreda.The
method of data analysis will be descriptive method of data analysis for the collected data from
both primary and secondary data sources are first edited, classified and organized heterogeneous
classes in to substrata based on their common characteristics. Percentage is the dominant tool for
this study, since it is an ideal instrument to measure and analyze the respondent, opinion and
assumptions against each statement.

CHAPTER FOUR
WORK PLAN AND BUDGET BREAK DOWN

Table 4.1.work plan

NO Material No of unit Unit of cost Total cost
requirement requirement

19
  Paper 150 2 300
 Pen 3 30 90
 Flash 1 350 350
memory(4Gb)
 Telephone cell 5 10 50
5. Typing and printing 50 3 150

6. Miscellaneous 350
expense
7. Total cost 209 385 1260

Table 2. Budget break down

NO Parts of research Month Time of work
1 Chapter one Mar5-Mar26 3weeks
2 Chapter two Mar25-Mar29 4 days

3 Chapter three Mar29 –Apr10 Around 2 weeks

4 Chapter four May5-Jun15 Six weeks
5 Chapter five Jun16-Jully20 Four weeks

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APPEDEX
ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

Research questionnaire to be filled by Kaff zone Gimbo woreda farmers and agricultural office

♠Dear sir/madam

This questioner is designed to assess the role of technology in agricultural production in Kaffa zone
Gimbo woreda. The objective of the study is purely academic and hence the questionnaire is
prepared to secure relevant data which is believed to come up with valuable recommendation for
problems observed/if any. Therefore, your valuable support in responding to the questions raised is
of paramount importance to the success of the study. Thus, you are kindly requested to fill the
questionnaire carefully and return at your earliest as convenient. Information provided will be
treated confidential.

♠NOTE

1. There is no need to write your name.

24
2. Please indicate your response by putting “x” mark where necessary for close ended question and
explanation for open ended questionnaire.

♦Section 1

Back ground information of the respondents

1. Sex A) Male B) Female

2. Age A) Below 20 B) 21- 30

C) 31-40 D) 41-50 E) Above50

3. Marital status A) Marred B) Single C) Divorced D) Widowed

4. Education background A) Illiterate B) 1-4 C) 5-8

D) 9-12 E) Above 12

♦ Section two;

1) Questionnaire to be filled by farmers, it is related to land usage and cultivation.

I. How much hectares of productive land do you have?

II. DO you produce enough? Yes no
Explain your answer above?
III. How many time do you cultivate you land within a year?
A, 1 B, 2 C, 3 D, 4
IV. How many times do you cultivate the land for one production time?
A, 1 B, 2 C, 3 D, Above 3

Which type of method do you apply for cultivation?

25
 A, family labor B, animal labor C, tractor

2) Questionnaire related to agricultural usage of technology in production.

I. Are you aware of new technology? Yes, No,

II. Do you use improved seed, pesticides, fertilizer and irrigation? A)

A) Yes B) No,

III. If your response is no, explain why

IV. Do you get improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizer regular on time and sufficiently?
A) Yes B) No
If your response is no explain, why?

26
27