SEPARATION

PROCESS

&
Introduction
What are separation processes?
- are operations used to transform a mixture of substances into two or more
compositionally-distinct products
products which differ from each other in terms of compositions

Separation processes developed by early civilizations include:

1) extraction of metals from ores, perfumes from flowers, dyes from plants,
and potash from the ashes of burnt plants
(2) evaporation of sea water to obtain salt
(3) refining of rock asphalt
(4) distillation of liquors

IMPORTANCE OF SEPARATION
Why does chemical engineering require the study of separation techniques?
• Because separations are crucial in chemical engineering

SOME CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SEPARATION METHODS

• Distillation
• Gas Absorption and Stripping
• Liquid-liquid Extraction (LLE)
• Adsorption and Ion Exchange Operations
• Leaching
• Membrane Separation

CONCEPT OF EQUILIBRIUM
“Streams leaving a stage are in equilibrium.”
• What do we mean by equilibrium?

Liquid molecules are continually vaporizing while vapor molecules are continually
condensing.
If two chemical species are present in a system, they will, in general, condense and
vaporize at different rates.

• When NOT at equilibrium...

the liquid and the vapor can be at different pressures and

temperatures can be present in different mole fractions.

• At equilibrium...

the temperatures, pressures, and fractions of the two phases cease to change
3 TYPES OF THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
1. Thermal Equilibrium : Tiquid vapor
- heat transfer stops and the temperatures of the two phases are equal

Chemical potential
c
. Mechanical Equilibrium :

Pliquid Prapor – energy that can

- forces between vapor and liquid are balanced be absorbed or
released due to a
(chemical potential i) (chemical potential i) change of the
.
3 Phase Equilibrium :
lig
=
vapor
particle number of a
- no change in composition given species
↑

Cis-ilation
recall : example :

Rault'sLa on
1. Calculate the equilibrium compositions of the
liquid and the vapor phases for the mixture of
methyl alcohol in water at a temperature of 50°C
Pi = Pio/i and under a pressure of 40 kPa. Assume that
both the liquid and the vapor behave ideally. At
mole fraction of 50°C, the vapor pressure of methyl alcohol is
i in in liquid 53.32 kPa and that of water is 12.33 kPa.
V

A A the volatile component

v
Pi >
Vapor pressure say
: =
methyl alcohol is more

B = water
Pi Partial Pressure
:
P 40kPa
%A given
=

Vap Pp"
·
Henry's Law =
53 32 Pa
.

for dilute and non-ideal solution 119 7 % A Po =

11 33
. kPa

·
Dalton's Law sol'n : = Pio i

PT PA XA + PB XB
P+ [
=

; PT =
PAXA + PB° (1 XA) -

substituting Rault's Pi PioXA

33kPa(XA) 33kPa(1-XA)
: =

40kPa =
53 .
+ 12 .

to get
use
XA 0 675
P+ EPioXi
=

=
Y .

value of Xi
X = 67 5 .
% <
methyl alcohol in a phase

* for binary systems :

XA + XB 1
6753
=

XB =
32 5 %
XB 1 -0
.

P+ PA PB
= .

= +

Pi PA XA
P+ =
PAXA + PBX B Y =

PT
=

PT

XA + XB = 1 =
53 .
33(0 675 .

40
P+ = PA XA + Po (1 XA) -

Ya =
0 .
8998

definition of dalton's law in chemistry :

Y =
89 90.

% <methyl alcohol in vapor

Pi P+ Yi
=
YAYB 09.90 3 Y = 10 02 .
%

Pi
Yi =

P+

Yi = PioXi > use to get

PT value of
Yi
 2. Determine the composition of the equilibrium vapor over a liquid mixture consisting of 10 mol % water,
50 mol % acetic acid and 40 mol% acetone at 80°C, assuming that the component obey Raoult’s Law. The
vapor pressures of the components at 80°C are: 47.33 kPa, 27.32 kPa, and 219.77 kPa for water, acetic
acid, and acetone respectively.

given
:
A =
10 mol % water Px" =
47 33kPa
.
XA = 0 1 .

B = 50 mo % acetic acid P" =

17. 32k9 XB = 05 .

C =
40 mol % acetone Pc" =
219 77 kPa
. Xc = 0 . 4

read : YA Y Y
, ,

sol'n : y, P
for PBOXB
solving P+: Y =

PT
Pr =
[P ;
=
27 . 32 (0 5) .

P+ =
EP i Xi
106 30/ .

P+ PAXA + PBXB + PcoXc

Y
=

=
0 1785
47 33(0 1) + 27 32 (0 5) + 2197(0 4)
.

= .
. . .
.

PT =
106 301kPA .

V
Yc =
1 -

(0 1105 + 0 0445)
PA XA
. .

YA
=
Yc =
0 827
.

PT

= 47 . 33(0 1) .

106 301
.

YA = 0 0445
.

Using Boiling Point Diagram or Txy Diagram

·
Tyx Diagram
shows how the equilibrium compositions of the components in a
liquid mixture vary with temperature at a fixed pressure

> temp at which

example
SUPERHEATED condensation
starts
3. A binary mixture of two moles benzene and 8
moles of toluene will boil at what temperature?
MIXTURE * to get the temp any need ay either
,

the molar fraction of benzene in the

SUBCOOLED V
liquid phase or the mol fraction of
benzene I n vapor phase

given
: N = 2 moles benzene
1B =
8 moles toluene
°
XA 102 = C
for mol fractions
sol'n : solving
Bakit yung nas a
NA NB
babang curve
XA
naka plot ? =

nx + MB
i XB =

NA + B
baba
yung curve sa
is the sat'd lig curve
g
T
.

or bubble point. I is the

temp at which
magstart = =

yung boiling process . 18

Yung hinahanap
XB
sa

prob is the bolling XA =

0 1 .
=
0 8
.

point.

If pressure is not given use I atm

,
 ,

4. A 50% by weight benzene-toluene mixture is fed to a column at

180 °F at 1 atm. Determine the condition of the feed.

*
as weight fraction
given is

mul fraction ,
Xan °
180 F = 81 22
.

n=
mw

100 % weight
assuming
50
subcooled N =
A
78 > mw of benzene

& 100-50
NB =

92 > mw oftoluene
V

50/78
XA =

50 8 + 100-5
As : SUBCOOLED LIQUID XA =
0 5412
.

5. What is the percentage change in the boiling point of a 20 mol% benzene – toluene solution
when the pressure is increased from 1 atm to 2 atm?

Patm 102
boiling pointa =

& Latm =
128°
gre
128-102
% Change =
x 100
102

25 49 %
.

weic

What happens if we increase the operating pressure of a

distilling column ?

It makes separation difficult.

Relative olatility Ratio of Vapor Pressure ofComponents
·

Higher volatility higher degree of separability

PX
,

-
If [
*
= 1
, separation is NOT possible
LAB =

Po impor tant
a
no

Ppf
1. relative volatility of most ideal
binary

Di= i
solution

. When relative
1
is
greatly

miscibility of
affected by temp.
two components
Pi =
P+ Y : Is close to 1 00 ,
.
the components can be
Xi extractive distillation.
v separated by
PT YA
XA
P+ YB
V XB

& AB YAXB YA(1 -

X B)

YBXA (1 YA) XA
-

e
6. A liquid mixture of ethyl alcohol and water is in equilibrium with a vapor containing ethyl
alcohol and water at a total pressure of 760 mmHg. A sample of the vapor indicates that it
contains 3.3 mol of ethyl alcohol for every 1.7 mol of water. If the liquid has a mol fraction of
0.52 ethyl, what is the relative volatility for the mixture?

P YA XB
760mmHg sol'n :
:
given
=

LAB =

Ma =
3 3 mu YB XA
NB
.

B 1 7 mol XA XB 1
=As YB =
=
+ =
i +B
.

XA = 0 52 . . 51 +
0 YB = 1
YB
=
0 34
Xb = 0 48
. 33 + 1 7
.
.
.

YA =
0 66
V
.

0 66. (0 48).

0 34.
(0 52) .

&
AB = 1 79
.

What is Distillation ?
It is the physical separation of components in a miscible mixture by
simultaneous evaporation and condensation

It involves the separation of two or more volatile components from a

liquid solution by the application of heat.
 Distillation Column Operation
the product which leaves
· Distilla-e : the top of the column

usually passed through a

the liquid and/or gas feed B heat exchanger and
into the distillation column Distillation liquefied
t lig form

Fed
> in
7 Column
.

high in A

·
the product which leaves
> Bottoms
through the bottom of the
e
-
Separation is achieved by controlling the column
B column

temperature and pressure profiles to take advantage of · rich in B

differences in the relative volatility of the mixture
components and therefore tendency to change phase.

TypesBatchof Distillation
1. or Differential
- refers to the use of distillation in batches
- involves batch vaporization of the liquid in a distilling still until a certain amount
of feed is converted to the distillate
- In a batch distillation, the boiling point of the
> Distillate ,
I distillate product compared to the residue is lower.

eed F ,
<
-
3 magvaporize yung
feed and cangat
distilate
F tas magcocondence
-

3F
~
Residue W
, hindi tintanggal yung bottoms
Aw
Bw

Ray eigh Egn .

E
=
XF
CAB
WXw
B
In A =
LAB In
w
derivation of Rayleigh Egn .

CAB =
YAXB A

PHyneshe evaporateto heat

=
-

> residue W ,

A dA
B -
dB
V

I (A
dA

I
B -
&B

A + &B -

dA) + (B -
bB)
LAB -

/-A B)
CAB
= AB-Be
dA A
dB > B

< AB =
dA(B dB) -

bB (A -

(A)
A B
LAB =
.

GB A

& AB
A B
= .

dB

&
AB) B =
(*
Af

I B. In I
- I
& AB In =

CAB In = In
w

e
1. An equimolal mixture of benzene and toluene is subjected to a simple batch
distillation at atmospheric pressure. For the purpose of this problem, assume α =
2.55. If the distillation is discontinued when the mols of distillate amount to 60% of
the mols charged, calculate the following:
a. Concentration of the distillate in % benzene
b. Concentration of the liquid left in the still in % toluene
c. The amount of benzene in the distillate, expressed as percentage of the amount
of benzene in the charge.

D = 0 GOF.

7
= 0 GO (100)
.

D = 60moles
F : assuming) 100 moles :
LAB 2 55
given
=
.

since equimolar :
&
A D =
0 6F
.

Af =
50 moles Bo
BF = 50 moles
W = 100 mol-60mo = 40 moles

Aw
By
 sol'n
LAB 25 F
:
given
= :

% Ap = X 100 %

read A benzene for Ap

solving
: =

assuming
B toluene
In
=

C AB In =

a. % Ap W W

b % Bw
now In
.

2 55 =

% AD
.

c .

for BW
solving
% Bw =

Bw x 10
W =
Bw + Aw
for Bw
solving 40 = Bw + Aw
W =
Bw + Aw Bw = 40 Aw -

40 V
Bw = -
11 7)
.

Bw 28 29
/n0 An
=
50
V
In
.

2 55
.
=

28.29
Aw
% Bw = x 100
Aw = 11 71
.

b)
.
% Bw =
70 73 . %

solving for Ap
% AD = X 100
AF Ap + Aw =

50 =
Ap + 11 71 .

282 100 V
Ap = 38 29
.

29
c ) % Ap
.
=
76 58 %
. % Ap =

30. X 10

9) % A =
63 82.
%
continuation of 1
If the distillation is to be discontinued when 60% of the original
benzene is in the distillate, calculate the following:
a. Concentration of the distillate in % benzene
b. Concentration of the liquid left in the still in % toluene
c. The mols of distillate, expressed as percentage of the mole of the charge
reald:
9 ) %.

AD sol'n :

b) % Bw
In
Y
CAB In = % Bw =
x 10
c
.
) / D
In solving for w

: F 100 mol
2 55
.

In5 =

w W =
Aw + Bw
given
=

Af =
50 mol
solving for Aw =
10 + 34 91.

BF =
50 mo AF =
Aw + AD v W =
54 91
.

A 0 60 (AF) 50 Aw + 30
d
= =
.

% Bw =
x100
=
0 60.
(50) V Aw = 20 ,

A
50
30 moles 50
%
=

1 55 In
.

Bw
= In
b) % Bw =
63 58 .

BW =
34 91 .
 % Ap =
X 100
%
solving
F =
for D
W + D
D= No one
100 =
54 91 . + D

D =
45 09 .
c) % D = 45 09
.
%
solving for AD
Af =
Ap + Aw
50 =
Ap + 20

j Ap =
30

% Ap = X100

=3eq X100

9 ) %A
.
= 66 53.
%

2 ) Lambanog (Coconut Vodka) comes from the fermented sap of the coconut tree. This
.

is then distilled to make the drink more potent. It is a clear, colorless spirit, with a
neutral taste, potent kick, and a finish with a hint of sweetness. A batch differential
distillation is made upon a 25 kg mixture of ethanol-water containing 7% weight
alcohol. How many kg of distillate must be collected so that it will have an ethanol
content of 30% weight? Assume that the relative volatility of the mixture to be equal to
12.
D = ?
>
Ap =
30 % D

F =

25kg B = 70 % D
2 12
Af weight
=
=
7% 7

7% (15 W
Af =
1 75 kg
. < Aw =
1 75 -0 3D
. .

Bw =
23 15
.
-
0 7)
.

BF = 25 -
1 75
.

23 25kg
=
.

&
AB In =
In
In a
23.
25
1 In =

Aw

23 25
In
D
.

12 In =

23 25-D
·

I D =
5
.

02kg
SN 1 .

A batch differential made of ethanol-water 7% weight

is
upon a 25kg mixture containing
alcohol . How kg distillate must be collected so that it will have an ethanol content
many
of 30 % weight ? Assume that the relative volatility of the mixture is equal to 12
.
2
. Flash or Equilibrium Distillation

Sa heater-mapressurize yung
feed and will be heated
value pressure relief value on
throtting value

dahil sa pressure drop ,

may phase separation

Vapor
DEMISTER
- alagyang para
walang masamang la sa vapor

L
V

"flash" kasi vaporization is extremely rapid

equilibrium distillation due to the intimate contact sa vapor and lig phase
.

The system in the flash distillation we

is

Vapor, V derivation of operation equ:

*
from the equ FXF Ix Vy
Y +
,
=

substitute
1 =
F -

XF
7
(F XF =
(F v)x
-

+
Vy] E
(F v(x
49 l
XF =

+ =
,
>

OMB :
F =
V + L
XF =

E V +

MUCB : FXF =
Ix +
Vy
XF = x
+ -

OPERATION EQN :
XF =

= =1 - x +

(1 f(x
-
X+ where : f =
y = +
f t XF =

(1 -

f x +
fy
(fy (1 f(x + X F ] /f
-(1-f)
SLOPE =
= -
-

- f(x
*
-

y =

f
+
 VLE
diagram
·

ginagamit pag walang given na

volatility as
long as
binary yung mixture
E
·

Types of Feed Material

1. Non-Azeotropic
- mixtures that consist of one
component that is more volatile
than the other in the entire
concentration range
-

mas madali -separate

-
Ex : Benzene-Toluene

2
. Azeotropic
- mixtures that consist of one
component is more volatile than
the other only at a particular
concentration range (as shown
in the figure)
mas mahirap magseparate kasi equilibrium
-

in na

EXAMPLE :

1. A mixture of 60 mol% A and 40 mol% B is subjected to flash distillation at a

separator pressure of 1 atm. The relative volatility of A with respect to B is constant
3. What fraction of the feed must be vaporized to have the composition of the vapor
leaving the separator be 75 mol% A
XF
(1 f)
-

solin : +
y =
F f 0 4

↑
=
.

(1 f(x
+
> V
-
-

0 15 =

YA
.

100 mol
assuming F
= =
0 75
.

p =
latm YB =
0 25 Ya (X B)
XF 0 6 & AB =
.

= .
-

CAB = 3 YB (XA)
0 75(1 X +) -

3
.

7 L 0 25 (XA)
.

X
V XA =
05 .

(-1 f)0 5
+
-
-

0 75
.

. =

f
 2. An equimolal mixture of benzene and toluene is subjected to flash distillation at a
separator pressure of 1 atm. If 40% of the charge is vaporized, at what temperature
will the vapor and liquid separate?

:
given
p =
latm

y
=
0 . 4

reg'd : T =
?

3. A liquid mixture of n-pentane and n-hexane containing 40 mole % n- pentane is

fed continuously to a flash separator operating at 250°F (121.11 °C) and 80 psia.
Determine

a. The quantity of vapor and liquid obtained from separator per mol of feed.
b. The composition of both vapor and liquid leaving the separator.

Use the Antoine’s equation below:

ln P = A – B/(C+T); where T is in K and P is in mmHg For pentane: A = 15.8333, B =
2477.07, C = -39.94 and For hexane: A = 15.8366, B = 2697.55, C = -48.78.
This is for private use only. No part of this presentation may be reproduced or
shared without the permi
V T =
121 . 110C
Y
394 16k
=
.

p =
80psia p
740mmHg
XF = 0 4
=
00psia x
121 110 14. 7 ps 19
.

T = .

4136 05
mmHg
=
.

↳
In Px° =
A -

, T
Po
reg'd :
a) V and L
In Px" = 15 8333 -
2477 07 .

& AB -
b ) Y and X -39 94 + 394 16
.

.
. .

Po
PA" =
6920
. 52 mmHg
6920 52 .

=
2697 55
3067 07
.

In PB" =
15 8366
.
- .

-
48 78 + 394 16
LAB
. .

=
2 16
.

In P =
3067 07 .

mmHg
sol'ni
(1 f(x
E
-

y
=

- +

where : f =
=

-
1 -

* X XF
y =

J
t
J
F F

LAB =
YA(1 XA) -

(1 YA) X A
-

Kaso Wala ring X and y

USING DALTON'S LAW

°
P+ =
Px° XA + P3 XB
4196 05.
=
6920 . 52(XA) + 3067 .
07(1 XA)
-

XA =
0 277
J .

YA (1 -
0 .
22)
1 26
.
=

(1 YA)-

0 277
.

YA =
0 464 .

F = /mol
v

(1 7 (0 21
-
. 0 4
.

0 464
.
=
t
V V

V =
0 658 mol
.

OMB : F =
V + L
1 =
0 .
658 + L
1 =
0 342 mol
.
 .
3 Steam Distillation
condenser

↑
↑ DESIRENICT component B = Volatile
Solute (insoluble in water

fataas
component 0 =
Non-volatile inverts impurities
Yung ummu
> component B
> (steam condensed
water)
into

component S
goal is maseparate yung component B sa O
through steam distillation process.

o & Ide-drain Steam distilation process

:

Open Carrier
~

or
-

steam S steam volatile solute

yung open steam
Steam Kukunin nya
yung hangyayari is ,
yung mga
(Steam na papasok sa
tank) somaguavaporize B
along wh S. Pupunta sa taas B at S then
na
yung
iocondense and insoluble water for
magiging lig. icocollect
saka B is in ex yung
Jacket .
,

essential So ang container that oil

oil ,
di nahahalo sa
tubig mangyayari
sa is
yung
closedSteam
component B
Yung steam nacondence into
Steam na nasa jacket, aangat sa taas . human na

ginagamit para magheat

water , yu baba (yunyung S
.
ng mixture
. yungas a

Behind
Principle stem
distilation

note : for Ps and Po

B Rault's Law for Miscible Sol'n :

PT
of partial pressures
B j
= C < Total Pressure =
Sum

Steam > S

=
PA +
B
>

Rault's law for Immiscible Solin :

> moles of Steam

o vapor pressure of steam

Ns P, o

PT p, of vapor
>
= > Total pressure = Sum pressures
=

NB Pyt vapor pressure of B

PA Po
<

= +

moles of B

For vapor pressure of steam sa steam distillation :

p =
P+ -

po > value is nasa Perry

especi
1. Nitrobenzene is to be open- steam distilled at 125.8°C at a vacuum of 25 inHg. How many pounds
of steam will be theoretically required to collect 2,000 pounds of pure nitrobenzene?
carrier steam

°
-

=
125 8. C

P 25 in H
=
vac

Pabs = Patm- Prac

=
latm-25 ing
=
29 92 .
Hg-25 in hg
in

4
92inHg
=

V .

P+= 4 92 . in
Hg
of pure nitrobenzene
M =
2000/b mass

Reg'd :
Ms (mass of steam
+ Pure nitrobenzene

Ms Pst
↑B C

Co C C -

Table 2-10 :
Vapor Pressure of Org Comp. .

nitrobenzene & P 60mmHg

°
=
125 8 C
.
=

29 92 Hg
P 60mmHgX
in
2 362 Hg
.

= =
in

760Mg
.

V P+ = 4 92. in Hg
Ps = 4 92
.
-

2 36. in
Hg
Ps =
2 558.

in Hg
M
1 =

V MW
Ms
MWs Co
MBMW Co
Ms
181b/ibmol 2 558
.
inHg
=

2000lb 2 362
. in
Hg
231b mo

Ms =
316 97(b .

amt. of open steam

2. Glycerin is steam distilled at 182°C and under a 26 inHg vacuum. A test shows
that one lb of steam is consumed per lb of glycerin distilled. What percent excess
steam is actually used than theoretical? Vapor pressure of glycerin at 182 °C is
21 mmHg.
* Vacuum -
yung pressure na ginagamit para maensure no
yung steam ,
hind magcocondence
given
: sa look ng column and para makuha agad yung volatile component.
°
T =
182 C
Pf =
26in Hg vac read :
% excess S
Pabs =
Patm-Prac
29 92 Hg-26 inHg col :

Xs)-ss s x %
=

+
in
00
.

3 92 nHg
=
. ,

Ms =
'Ib
MB =
Ibglycerin
P =

21mmg X's) =
suplied-theoretical S
29 92 Hg
open steam
in
steam
↑
2
.

X Omg
V MISMO

PB" =
0 827 in
.
Hg
>
-
solving for theoretical Steam

Is Po o
=

Ms P;
MWs

MBMWB PBO

Pj PT= -

PBO
3 92-0 827
Hg
=
. .

~ Pj =
3 093
.

inHg
Ms
10 mol 3 093 in hg
.

11b genos 0 077

. in Hg

Ms =
0 73/b
.
> theoretical
steam

= 1b -

0 73lb
.

1s) =
0 27lb
.

8 bo
% X's) =
36 99 .
%
3. If naphthalene were to be steam distilled at 200 °C and 1 atm, how many moles of steam
would be needed per mole of naphthalene? Assume the vapor pressure of naphthalene at
200°C to be equal to 475 mmHg.
°
200 C
=

given
: =

rea'd : As
P+ =
Jatm
:

P 475 mmHg Ms
sol'n :
Ps
=

NB
o

475mg x atm G
Pj P+ Po
30
= -

=
0 652 at m
(1-0 625) at
.

= .
m

Y
Ps =
0 375 at m
.

As 0 375 atm
.

I mol 0 625 at m
.

1s =
0 6 moles
.

A totally immiscible liquid system composed of water and an organic liquid boils at 90°C
when the barometer reads 734 mmHg. The distillate contains 73% by weight of the
organic liquid. What is the molecular weight of the organic liquid?
°
90 C
given T
: =

P, =
734mmHg
Mj =
73 %

PT =
760mmHg
reg'd MWB
:

sol'n : Ms o

MWs p,
=

M
MWB Po

73918g/mol
0

Po
.

0 27g MWB Po
.

Ps" =
PT -

Po
734mg 70mmHg
= -
Po
V P =

26 mmHg
0 7318 .

=
734mmHg
0 .
27/MWB 26
mmHg
MW =
107 .

95g/mol
P CONTINU DISTINATION

- it is a method of separating the components in a

mixture using continuous process
↳
tuloy-tuloy lang naglalabas ng feed
at nagwiwithdrawing product

-also known as continuous distillation without reflux

*
almost same concept wh batch distillation.
Distillate ,
D
may papasok na feed column
Ap
·
a

·
unit in yung feed
Y
BD
·

may maguaporize na pagnacondense , yu na

yung distillate
·
so baba , may B
Distillation
FEED , * difference
column lang is :

F Batch-bottoms ay
-

Ja naiwan sa column as a residue

3F
simple Continuous -
winwithdraw continuously yung dalawang product
and naglalagay rin
ng feed continuously
Bottoms ,
B

As
relative volatility, <AB EXAMPLE

Car
i 1.It is planned to feed continuously 100 mol per hour of a
solution containing 80 mol of A and 20 mol of B to an
externally fired kettle by which there is good agitation due
An BB to boiling. The residue and vapor will be withdrawn
continuously, the vapor condensed, cooled and sent to

e
LAB
storage. There is no return of residue or condensate to
kettle, hence, this will be continuous simple distillation. It
is planned to regulate the heat supply that D grams of
distillate per hour will contain 72 mol of the more volatile
component A which is five times more volatile than B.
ABB Calculate the following: ↳ AB

B =

BDAB a. mols of distillate per hundred moles of feed C

b. mole fraction of A in the distillate ADD

BOTTOMS
c. mole fraction of A in the residue AB
3

84 86 mol

D
=
.

7 =
72 mol
mol
F =
100 molh = 12 86 .

F
= 80 mo
20 mol
LA
BF =

>B
= 15 14mo
the
.

=
Omol
BB =
7 . 14 mol

reg'd a):

b) . D

C ) AB/B
.
sol'n :

Af =
Ap + AB a . D = ?

80 mol =
72 mol + AB D =
Bp + Ap
Ap =
Omol =
12 86 + 72
.

D =
84 86 mol
.

CAB = B b .

) mole frac of A in the distillate

72 moles (BB) Ap 71
5 = =

/B 8moles p 04. 86

BF By + BB
# 0 848
=

=
.

BD = 20 -

BB

5 =
120 e
=
c .
) mole frac of A in bottoms

=
g
BD = 12 86 . 15 . 14

BF =
Bp + BB = 0 . 51

20 =
12 . 86 + BB

B =
7 14 mols
.

.
5
Fractional station
O
also known as rectification or multi-stage distillation
O
a type of distillation which involves the separation of miscible liquids
O
The process involves repeated distillations and
condensations and the mixture is usually separated
into component parts.
* huge cylindrical vertical column is used called distillation column or
fractionation towers. These towers use reflux to ensure that the components
separated from each other
completely.
USES OF FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
·

purification of water
·

separation of ethanol and water

·

production of acetone
* hindi pwede na close BP kasi when
oil refineries yung
and chemical plants mainly purification for and the mixture heated at the BP of the more
·

is

volatile component , there will also be

separation of many organic compounds sufficient vapors of the less volatile comp.

·
that forms acc to Rault's Law Kaya
separation of liquified air
.
·

both components will distill together .

·

production of high-purity silicon from chlorosilanes Pag ganon, separation is ineffective

FRACTIONA
-
- L
6-
best used when BP of two ligs. · best used when the BP of
two /19. components
are significantly diff from . each other, or more are

or to separate ligs from non-volatile solid close to each other

components
is condensed
·
carried out using FRACTIONATION
·
vapor once

·
non-volatile impurities remain in paulit-wit na vaporization and
the flask or tank condensation
FRACTIONATING COLUMN
contains diff types of contacting devices
·
·

PRIMARY PURPOSE to increase cooling surface

:
are for the vapors and to provide obstractions
to the
rising vapor and descending liquid (para walang masamang lia .
sa vapor
·
In the column , the vapor will condense then revaporate then recondence which
again is

essentially a
way of distilling the mixture
·

in each vaporization -
condensation cycle, makes an EQUILIBRIUM STAGE/THEORETICAL STAGE

which is equivalent to one

simple distillation
Fractional distilation is a series of simple distillation

2 TYPES OF FRACTIONATION COLUMNS :

> Tray Column
·
also called plate column

plates provides better contact between the /19. and vapor

·

·
most comon plates/trays : Bubble cap trays
Value trays
Sieve trays

a. Plate columns can handle wide range of gas and liquid flow rates.
b. Plate efficiency can be predicted more accurately.
c. Plate column operation is considerably smooth.
d. Cooling arrangement can be provided in plate column.
e. Plate column provide stage wise contact.
f. When the liquid cause fouling or deposition of solids, even though the tray is
blocked, it is easier to clean it and manholes can be provided over the plate.
(Fouling occurs is when unwanted material accumulates on the surfaces of the column)

-
Packed Column
·

Types : Random Packings

Structured Packings

ex
:
Raschig rings, Pall rings, Berl saddle ceramic rings, Intalox saddle ceramicrings,
metal hypac and super Intalox ceramic rings

IMPORTANT NOTES

V
reflux drum

Vapor reflux
N

Ilia)
natags concentrationone
L · Distillate
Feed > ()
Reflux V

Pla + e
A
<
V * magkakaroon ng contact
Vapor 119. between the reflux
< and the vapor therefor
BOOMS
magkakaroon ng mass

N transfer .

reboller
 maguavaporize (v)
feed feed ,
may papasok na and so
·

lahat
ng vaporized, lalabas sa taas and icocondense so
magkakaroon product sa
·

ng
sa reflux drum
·

sa reflux drum ,
hindi
totally icocollect yung product .
Part
nung product y babalik sa column (reflux
yung manwan sa reflux drum ay yung product or overhead product (distillate
sababa naman
, yung liquid unitin using a reboiler and may babalik rn sa column and product
yung
·

na lumalabas dito is
yung bottoms

bakit gumagamit ng reflux ?

·
kasi yung purity
nung product from the previous distillation processes (batch simple ) ,
...

ay limited lang

IMPORTANT NOTES

• In distillation, the coolest liquid stream returned to the column to a cool plate or
stage is called reflux.
• In a distillation column, the highest pressure is at the bottom.
• A heat transfer equipment that converts vapor to liquid is a called a condenser.
*TYPES of CONDENSER:
- Total condenser (lahat ng vapor nacocondense) ,

- Partial condenser
• A reboiler provides heat to the bottom of a distilling column.
• The temperature in distilling column from bottom to top decreases

asi nasa baba yung liquid matatas temp doon and andun
na javaporize ,
so
yung yung
reboiler en mataas ang reboiler Ja taas andun condenser where in
pressure sa .
,
yung
therefore yung
yung may highest pressure.
mababa pressure baba
yung sa

EXAM P LE S :
1. A distillation column separates 10,000 kg/hr of a benzene-toluene
mixture as shown in the figure. In the figure x , x and x represent FDW
the weight fraction of benzene in the feed, distillate and residue respectively. What is the reflux
ratio?
V = 8000 kg/hr so I'n :

OMB : F
~
=
D + B
L
V
D 10 000 =
D + B >ean 1 .

< 7
0 95
Feed X F = Xp
(more volatile
=
05
.
.

balance)
Y
comp MVCB : FXF
DXD + BXB
=
10000 k9 Ihr
10000 (0 5) D(0 95) + B(0 05)
.
=
. .
<equ 2
-
↑
xw = 0 05
cal tech : D 5000 k9/n V = L + D
using
.
=

B
=
5000 kg/n 8000 =
L + 5000

= 1 =
3000 kg/h
rea'd : R

3000 kGn
R =

E =

5000kg/n
R= 0 6 .

Godnungnagvapr see
 MINIMUM REFLUX RATIO
- is the lowest value of reflux at which separation can be achieved even with
an infinite number of plates.
Sobrang tlangnung baa illate

-
Kunin
Mahihirapang yung mga Vapor
solute volatile compound reflux ratio : R reflux ratio, malit yung reflux
pepsinading
or more na =

ilalim Kasi konfi N min.

nasa
lang yung Ilia)
,
reflux.
ratio Kasi LD meaning magkakaroon ng infinite
.
no
Pag lang yung reflux Kont , lang
konti ,
V
() yung
in
yung naukuha nung vapor na Pla + e
of
solute en
may XB na need i-attain . A
stages N=

To attainyung dadamhan yung yung rati

note reflux
q.
:
Iniwasan min
solute na nakukuha ng vapor per stage , ang
Kailangan marami rin
yung stages. Vapor
<

·
2 ways to determine the no
. of stages N

>
McCabe -

Thiele method
> Ponchon -
Savarit

McCabe -
Thiele method
 sat'd 9 subcooled lig feed
Partially
=

flashed lig feed

.

I
1
slope =

f sat'd vapor
q
-
=

f = 1 -
9
-1 -
(1 -
9) feed condition
slope
superheated
=
J
1- 9

=
-
(1 -

1-9
1 + 9)
·
-
9
1-9

9
slope
~
=

q -
1

I
energy na need to vaporize the feed to vapor

q
=
FC 3,F Tb TF-
1.
.
2
TF
Tb
<

=
Tb
TF
;

;
9
9
= 1
; slope (t
slope (c)
q = + ;

&

intersection of curve and

q line

>
ROL

actual R =
Rmin 1 2
. .
5

goal is : Malaman no.

of stages a
rectifying section and no of stages in the

section to get the of the stages

enriching no .
s
 Theoretical feed plate :

4th from
og
the

note :
No .
of theoretical plates = N-1

EXAMPLE :
2. One hundred kgmol/hr of 40 mol% benzene-toluene mixture is fractionated in a plate
column at 1 atm. The overhead product must contain 95 mol% benzene and the bottoms
must contain 95 mol% toluene. The feed is saturated liquid. If the reflux ratio is to be twice
the minimum, determine the kgmol per hour of the overhead vapor?

F =
100kg mol/hr .

given
:

XF =
0 40
.

Pinch Point
P+ =
latm
Xp =
0 95 .
↑
↓
0. 95 toluene =
0 05.
benzene
XB =
0 05 * reference is the more

-
.

Feed : sat'd liq

volatile component
q-line
R =
1 Rmin
. -
g-int
?
regid :
V =

so I'ni
= + D

OMB : F =
D + B
100 =
D + B

MUCB : FXF =
Dxp +
BXB
100 (0 40)
.
=
D(0 95) + B(0 05)
.
.
 = 30.89kgmohe
R =
L
2Rmin =

mul
38 . 89kg
nr

use graph for Rin

y
-
in +.
=

2 mix + ↑

0 95
.

0 38.
=

Rmin + 1

RMIn =
15
.

V
L
2 (1 5) =

km/hr
.

30 09 .

L = 116 67 . kgmo/hr

↑ =
(116 67 + . 30 .
89) kgmol/hr
V =
155 56 .

kgmol/hr

A benzene-toluene feed with (40 mol% benzene and 60 mol% toluene) to a distillation
column is at a temperature of 20°C. The molar heat capacity of the feed is 159.2 kJ/kgmol-
K. Molar latent heats of vaporization of benzene and toluene are 30,813 and 33,325 kJ/
kmol, respectively. The bubble point of the mixture is 95°C. Estimate the slope of the q-line.

XF = 0 4 so I'n :
given
: .

TF =
2002
slope
CP , F
=
159 .

2)/kgmolk = 1
Xv =
308130 . 4) + 333250 6 .

=
31320 .
2/kmol Cp + Tb -

Tf) + Xv
Tb =
95 C
°
q = 1 +
XV
read :
slope ofa-line
It
=
159 .

2/kgmolk (95 -
20) + 32320 2
.

32320 2
.
//mol

9 =
1 369
.

1 369
slope
.

1 369 + 1
.

slope =
3 709
.
4. A binary feed mixture containing equimolar quantities of components S and T is to be
distilled in a fractionating tower at atmospheric pressure. The distillate contains 96 mol % S.
The q-line (feed line) intersects the equilibrium line at x’ = 0.46 and y'= 0.66, where x' and y'
are mole fractions. Assuming that the McCabe-Thiele method is applicable and the relative
volatility is constant,
a. estimate the minimum reflux ratio, and
b. determine the condition of the feed.

given
:
XF = 05 X' =
0 46
66)
Pinch
. .

point
Xp = 0 96
.
y =
0 .

&

rea'd :
Rmin
>
-
Condition of feed -line

sol'n :
RMIN Xp -
y
Rmint ! XD -
X
Rmin 0 96-0 66
. .

Rmin + I 0 96-0 46
. .

Rmin = 1 5
.

condition of feed: MIXTURE

Flash

Feed
Vapor
Y -
g
s
B
7
XF Steam > S

4 9.
,
7
OMB : F= V+ L > L = F -
U

Pj = P+ -

Po
MVCB : FXF =
Vy + LX
P,
o -
OPEQN : Us

11- A
- x =
+
Y =
NB Po
SLOPE : -
(1 7)X
-

y =

PARTIAL
f miscible -

PT =
Px +
PB

immiscible >
-
vapor prissue

PT = Pf + P3
 Minimum Reflux < D
undesired kasi magkakaroon ng infinite of stages plate
*
no . or

Total Reflux no overhead product, D na nawiwithdraw a column

min no .
of stages for separation
R is infinite Kasi R =
/D ; D
= 0 .: R = 0

Fenske Egn : by Merell Fenske

to calculate min . no .
of stages note: If Rmin ; N = <

Rtotal ;
N =
Min

I Xp(1
I
- X B)

109 XB(1 xD)

Nin
-

log( < AB)

example :

: <A 1 75
given
=
.

XF =
05 .

X =
09
.

XB =
0 1 .

sol'n : -
solving for in Reflux ratio

Rmin =
XD -

y
Rmin + 1 XD-X'
~
solving for X'and Y

*
note : X'and Y are coordinates of the pinch point

:
assuming equilibrium curve is

x' y
based

L
,
on the graph,
X ' = XF =
05
.

Y'(l x) -

LAB =

x'(1 y) -

XF = 0 5
.
y (1 -
0 .
5)
>
vertical Kasi 1 75 =

5 (1 -y)
.

sat'd 119 0 .

v Y' =
0 636
.

RMIN 0 9-0 636

. .

Rmin + 1
0 9-0 5
. .

Rmin =
1 94
.
 solving for Need l
-

Nin =

log LAB

I
09 (1-0
1)
.
.

log 0 1 .
(1-0 9) .

log 1 75
.

Nin 7 85
stages
=
.

given CAB 1 35
: =
.

XD =
0 98 .

XB =
0 045.

solin : Xp(1 -

X B)
log XB(1-Xp)
Nmin =

log <AB

0 98 (1-0 045) .

109
.

0 045
. (1-0 90) .

log 2 35
.

Nmin = 8 13.
stages

If 8 13 stages -
trays : .

trays = 7 13
.
 Gas Absorption
solut solvent
V -solute
WEAR LIQUOR Le Lean Gas Vz - nert
pure solvent or solvent wh
L , , ,
small ant of solute Y2

Y/2
>
· solute concentration
-
will flow downward due
section VI a lean gas
to gravitational pull
-
will absorb solute from
2 Y2 I
moles solute
the moles gas mixture
reach gas
solute concentration gas
- - -
moles solute absorber
moles liq mixture
NOTE :
* If pure , X2 = 0
119 . Phase = X

gas phase =
y
solute section 1
solute-containing gas
7 ↓ rich solute
strong liquor
* in
L, 1
solvent ,
Rich gas Va -
it enters the column sa baba
I
<
through the use of fans/blowers
Y Y A
L

moles solute
moles solute
119 mixture XI Ye inert

V
~

=
inert solute concentration
:
mole solute
a rich gas mole gas mixture
v '=
V, (1 -

y, )
=
Vz(l ye) -

(1 y)
>
Innert :
-

' =
pure solvent
i' =
(e(1 xz) - =
L, (1 -
x 1)
note : mol RATIO CAPS (X Y) ,

Li Le Vi Ve's in moles mol frac X,

, , ,
y
Y2 mole frac
E! Y
XI >
,

X1 , ,
ye -
mole ratio

OMB : V. -
Ve = L, Le

SOLUTE B : V, (y ) Vz(y2) L , (x ) Le(x2)

-
= -
, ,

* If weak liquor is
pure solvent, 2 = 0

In terms of V' and L' :

viv . 1 -

y, ) =
Ve(l ye) -

,
VI
v
, Ve
=,
=
;
(1 -

ye
1' =
(e(1 x2) - = L , 1 xi)
-

L' L'
V (21 -
xz) ; (1 =

(1 xi)
-

Vi(y ) , v'(ya) =
L'(XI) L'(Xz)
(1 y1) -

(1 ye)-
(1 X 1) -

(1-x 2)
 in terms of molratio (Xi ,
Xe , Y Ye .

* mol solute
mol
rationolinert (or pure solvents

=
X, (y)
Vi (1 y )
- -

1 Ye
X =
: ye =

1 , y ,) (1 y2)
-

X =
(1(x)) : xz =
V

Vi(y ) ,
Vi(ya) =
L'(XI) L'(Xz)
(1 y1) -

(1 ye) -
(1 XI)
-

(1 -
X 2)

v'Yi-V'Ye =
L'X . - LX2

vi(yi Ye) - =
L'(Xi X c) -

EXAMPLE :

rich gas

Weak liquor ,
I'
lean gas V
read :
- Vi
,
% volume
Y
= 0 2
.

where :
CO2
0 vol = % mol =
L, X
,

strong liquor, < rich

gas U = 1000 kymoles/n
0 5

↑
y1 = .

2 Y

solin : V'(y , -

Ye) =
L'(Xe Ye) -

20 (assume pure solvent)

v(( ys) ( ) - =

(1) -

u =
yu
 - vi = v, (1 yi)
-

mo
= 1000
(1-0 5) .

v= 500 kg mol
N

+
L' = (, (1 xi) -

5
500kgmol/n -

00 02
-
1, (1-xi) x

5
500kgmol/n -

00 02
- LiX

kg mol
L . X1 =
489 796 .

If read should be in kg/hr :

- mol 44kg MW of CO2

796kg
>

489 .
X
H kgmol
-

=
21 551 . kg/nr
 N

solvent : water
weak liquor , Le = 90kg
mul/hr lean gas ,
V2
solute acetone
X1 =
Y2 :

Le =
V Ve =
0 90 . Inert :
dry air

Xt =

0
Y2
T = 27 C

p = 1 a+ m
*
y = 1 53X
.

strong Liquor ,
L,
<
rich gas, V, =
30 kgmol/n
Xi -
read y =
0 01
v
.

11 = 0 99
.

X ,
Y,
sol'n : note : concentration hinahanap use MB egn
.
pag ,

v'(y Ye) ,
- = l'(X , x2)
-

>
-
solving for V

v ' = v, (1 y1) -

v
=
=
30 kamol/nr (1-0 01)
.

V 29 7 kgmol/nr
.

~
solving for L
l =
L, (1 xi) -
=
(z(1 xz) -

=
90kgmol/hr (1-0)
= 90kgmol/hr

~
solving for Y1
YI
Y, =

1 YI
-

=
0 01.

1-0 01 .

Y1 = 0 .
010)

>
-

solving for 42

Ye =

; Ye Y ,
=
(1- recovery
ye
= 0 1010
.
(1-0 90)
.

V Ye = 1 010/ X
.
10-3

kgmol/n (0 0101 -
1 010/X10-3) =
90kgmol/n (Xi)
29 7
.
.

X1 = 3 x10 - 3

x
* =

3x103
#X =

a )
. N ,
=
0 003
.

b)
.

N=
log)Y:- Yex
log /Y,-Y *

Y1 =
0 01
.
 >
-
solving for ye

Ye =
1 ya
Ye
1 0101x10-3 =

1 42
.

3
Ye 1 01
-

= .
X 10

-solving for I,*

*
:
2 53 X
given y
=
.

y ,* = 2 53 X ,
.

=
2 53(0
.
. 003)

y ,*
3
7 59
-

= . X 10

solving for Get

-

Ye
*
= 2 53
.
(0)

Y ,* = 0
V

N =
log (0.01-259xo
log001-1-No one

N =
5 14.

stages

N
 L' V1 =

7
solute Water
Xe rea'd :

in
=
O V
=
a ,

12 - solvent : Acetone
P = 1a+ m
X2 Y' = 2 534
.
-
Inert :
Air

% recovery= 95 %
LI L'actual =
1 1 L'min
V
.

F =

b rea'd
Y Y, 0 01
- . =
.

XI =

soln : a ) Ye
.

D)
.
XI

Ye Y (1- % recovery)
=

Ye 9)
=
(1- % recovery)
1 -

Ye 1 YI
-

Ye l'actual 1 2 L'min
.0
=

(1-0 95)
.

v'(y . yz) 1'(X, Xz)

.

1 42 02 =
-
-
-

Ye =
1 019 X
.
10-3 v( , g - ) imm) ,=

,
-
o

N =
109), -
log (Y,-e

-
y, =
MXI
y ,* = 2 53X, .

assume a min

-
solving for Xi

y, = 2 53
.
X1
0 02 .
= 2 .
53X 1
X, =
7 905
.
x 10-3 (pero di pato gagamitn)

L'actual =
1 2 L min
.

v' (Y , Yz) - =
L'min (X ,
-
X2)

v(y *2) - =
Limin - -

0)
>
-

solving for V

v = V, ( + y)
=
1000 (1-0 02) .

V ' = 980
 ↓
(axio(
019X10-3
( ,00 02-1-1 019x 103
1
900
.

I'm
=

L'min = 2386 929.

L'act = 1 . 2(2386 929) .

L'actual =
2864 315
.

v (Y, -

Yz) =
L'actual (X X2),
-

900( 1
1-1
.

01910)
019X10-3
.
2064315) =

Do X1 =
6 596 .
X10-
V
>
-
solving for *

y ,* = 2 53X1 .

=
2 53 (6 596
.
. X10-)
y, 0 0147
=
.

* 0
Y =

N =
9 25 stages
.