SCIENCE

USING

Illath in Science
IJhat IJould the Lilorld

look like Illithout math?

Global
Launch

BY KATHY FURGANG
Benchmark
 Level woo

SCIENCE Lexile 9501

PRIME QUESTIONS
The Process of Science
How old are you?
Ilow do you know?
Overarching Understanding
Math is an essential tool that scientists When is your birthday?
use to make observations, analyze How do you know?
data, and communicate results.

Science Objective
How tall are you?
Identify the different ways in which How do you know?
we rely on mathematics to collect,
interpret, and communicate information
What time is it?

How do you know?

Hands-On Science Inquiry
• Pages 10, 37
We use math to measure, describe,
and understand the world around u
Metacognitive Strategies What are some other ways you use
Visualize
• Determine text importance
math every day?

Comprehension Strategy
• Identify sequence of events

Content Vocabulary
• Glossary, page 46

Word Study
• Using word Inaps

Language Forms and Functions Credits

Editor: Brctt Kelly
Creativc Director: Laurie Bcrgcr
• Active and passive voice Designer: Shelly Kiderman
Production: Loren E. Mack
Cannon Illustrator: Joel Carlson
Writing Connection l)jrector of Photography: Doug Schneidcr
Photo Editor: Dianc French
• Write an objective argunrnt, page 44 Scicncc Consultant: Michael Krutoy

Photo CrcditS
Graphic Features Focus Inside Front Cover, 43: OJcrctny Horner/Corbis; Table or Contents A, 31B: Poppcrfoto/GetlY
linages; Tablc or Contcnts B, 46B: Getty Images; Page 5D: NASA; Page 8E: OMax RossiJReuters/
Tables Corbis; Page 14: Dr. Donald FawcetUVisuals Unlimited, Inc.; Page 17C: O [racy Ferrero/AIamy•, Page
25: ODK Limitcd/Corbis; Page 27: O.Martin Harscy/Corbis; Page 28A: 3LH.WPhot01ibrary; Page
31 A: OConstruc1ion Photography/Corbis

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by I(athy Furgang
in Science
Ciiiftents
INTRODUCTION
Math and Science in Our World Today
How much do we rely on math and science every day?
CHAPTER 1

Measurement
How are quantities measured and described?

Cartoonist's Notebook 18

CHAPTER 2

Mathematical Relationships
How can relationships between numbers be described
and determined?

CHAPTER 3

Representing and Interpreting Data

How can data be organized and interpreted?

CONCLUSION

The World of Mathematics and

Science Grows ...... 42

How to Write an Objective Argument 44

Glossary. 46
Index.... ..... ..... ... 48
 HOI] is scientific

information obtained,

organized, displayed,

and analyzed?

100/0
 INTRODUCTION

Illantjådfråaqco
hink of what your life would Over the centuries, people slowly
be like without electricity. Now developed a system of mathematics.
imagine a world with no modern In time, they also gained the scientific
transportation like cars or jet planes. knowledge that we take for granted today.
What would it be like to not be able to They learned about the materials that
watch television or listen to music? What make up life. They learned how to design
if you weren't even able to keep track and build an engine. They learned how to
of time? It's easy to reach for your cell use chemicals to capture an image. They
phone, video game, or computer without learned how to make a radio signal travel
thinking about math and science. It's through the air and a plane fly through
easy to check a clock for the time the sky. Their lives became easier
and get on with your day. But with each scientific invention and
make no mistake—without discovery. One language made all of
math and science, none of these developments possible.
these marvels of technology
would exist.
 That language is mathematics. It allows movies. Science and math help capture
us to convey measurements, understand and create the image of the film. Physics
relationships in nature, and display and is involved in projecting a movie onto a
math and science
Interpret data. Together, large screen. Chemistry is even involved
have helped us cure deadly diseases and in making your popcorn taste just right!
build rockets carrying astronauts into We live in a world that allows us
space. Math and science have provided to enjoy the results of using math and
pilots with the tools to land airplanes science. We advance as a society because
Math and science have helped
safely. we understand math and science and are
people measure the wind speed and eager to learn what else they can teach
temperature of a hurricane in order to
us. Who knows what exciting discoveries
make predictions and save lives. math and science will bring us in the
Even our favorite kinds of future? Whatever they may be, it's clear
entertainment use the language of math that the language of math is definitely
and science. Think about going to the worth learning!

Each year,
advances in

math and science

influence design
and technology.
 measuremen HOI] are quantities measured and described?

n many ways, the languages of math

For centuries, units of measurement
and science are the same. Using have allowed people to measure and
measurements is one of the most calculate quantities. Quantitative data
tell about amounts. Numbers are used to
important ways a scientist can express
data. All experiments need to be repeated express quantitative data. For example,
toshow that the results can be duplicated. we use numbers when we talk about
Numbers and quantities are extremely temperature or length. Any description
important for this to happen. Imagine that doesn't use numbers is qualitative.

trying to explain the results of your

When we describe what
experiment to someone without something looks or feels like,

the language of math. Your we are using qualitative data.

communication would be both Scientists use both qualitative

difficult and inaccurate. and quantitative descriptions

in their studies.

The elegant Louvre Pyramid

in Paris, France, is made of
steel and glass. It was built

between 1985 and 1989.

The base is 35-42 meters
(116 feet) wide. The height of
the pyramid is 21.64 meters
(71 feet) tall.

35.42 m
 ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
• customary system p. 8
• dimensional analysis p. 13

• estimate p. 16

• exponent p. 14
• formula p. 12

• metric system p. 9
• scientific notation p. 14

A Built between 1870 and 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge in New York
is a remarkable achievement in engineering. As beautiful as it is

sturdy, the total length is 6,827 feet (2,081 meters). The height of
each tower is 268 feet (81.7 meters) above high water.

The magnificent Temple of

Quetzalcoatl in Chichen Itza,
Mexico, was built between
550 and 900 C.E. This
massive stone structure is 24
meters (78.7 feet) in height,
not including the 6-meter
(19-7-foot) temple on top.
CHAPTER 1

The Customary System

A system of measurements was After a while, people realized that
established centuries ago to help people measurements could not be accurate
understand one another when they talked if they were not standardized. Because
about things such as length. An inch is people's thumbs can be many different
roughly the width of a thumb, and a foot widths, the length of an inch was
is named after that part of the body. A never exactly the same. Therefore, the
cubit was the term used to describe the standard system of measurements was
length of a forearm. In the Roman Empire, introduced. Once the length of an inch
a mile described about a thousand paces. was standardized, a foot could be defined
People used these approximations to as 12 inches, a yard as 3 feet, and so on.
explain the distances between villages, the Measurements became more accurate once
length of objects, and the measurements for the customary system was established.
building things. To describe weight, people Still, different cultures and countries
compared things with the weight of wheat. used different standardized units. And
For volume, they compared things with the converting feet to inches, or pounds to
volume of baskets, sacks, or pottery jars. ounces, involved a variety of coefficients.

BODY PARTS AND ANCIENT MEASUREMENT

Cubit Hand
Ancient = from the elbow to the Ancient = 5 digits Foot
end of the fingertips Today = 4 inches (horses Ancient = 111/42 inches
Today = 18 inches are measured in hands) Today — 12 inches

Yard Mile
Ancient = distance from a man's nose Ancient = 1,000 paces
to theend of his outstretched arm Today = 5,280 feet
Today = 36 inches

8
 MEASUREMENT

SI Base Unit Metric Customary

Quantity
millimeter (mm) inch (in)

centimeter (cm) foot (ft)

length meter (m)

meter (m) yard (yd)

kilometer (km) mile (mi)

gram (g) n/a

mass kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg) n/a

ounce (oz)
weight n/a
newton (N) pound (lb)

milliliter (mL) fluid ounce (fl oz)

volume n/a
titer (L) gallon (gal)

kelvin (K) Celsius (oc) Fahrenheit (OF)

temperature

time second (s) second (s) second (s)

The IT18tric System

To avoid these problems, a new system front of the unit. For example, a meter is

of measurement was developed in the a base metric unit of length. The prefix
late 1700s. After France adopted the milli- means "one-thousandth." So a

units in the 1800s, the metric system millimeter is one-thousandth of a meter.

was soon accepted by other nations. The prefix centi- means "one-hundredth."
The metric system is a standardized A centimeter is one-hundredth of a meter.
system of measurements based on On the other hand, the prefix kilo- means
multiples of 10. Using the number ten "one thousand." Therefore, a kilometer is

makes it unnecessary todo conversions one thousand meters.

like dividing by 16 to convert ounces As scientific advancement continued,
to pounds or by 12 to convert inches the metric system underwent some fine-
to feet. More importantly, it based its tuning.Soon new standards for length
measurements on fixed standards. For and mass were established. Finally in
example, the standard unit of length 1960, the General Conference on Weights
was taken from a portion of Earth's and Measures adopted a revised system
circumference and was called the metere that used seven base units: the meter for

The units for volume and mass were length, the kilogram for mass, the second

derived from this length. This made the for time, the kelvin for temperature,

basic units related to one another. Larger and three others that were essential for
and smaller multiples of these units chemists and physicists to share their
could be obtained simply by moving the research. In English, this system is

decimal point to either the right or to called the International System of Units,
the left. You can tell if a measurement is abbreviated Sl.

large or small by looking at the prefix in

CHAPTER 1

HANDS-ON SCIENCE

measuring Volume Ulith Rccuracg wi

on
cl

MATERIALS PROCEDURE O.

' 5 graduated cylinders ranging in size

(10 mL, 25 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, 250 mL)
1, Fill the beaker with water.

25-mL beaker
•
2, Transfer 5 mL of water from the
beaker to a 250-mL graduated
TIME
cylinder.
45 minutes
Then pour the 5 mL of water a
3. in
a
the 250-mL graduated cylinder
into a 10-mL graduated cylinder.
a

4 Carefully read and record the

amount of water seen in the 10-
mL graduated cylinder.

5, Repeat steps three more

times with the remaining
5 graduated cylinders.

6. Compare the four final

measurements recorded
in step 4.

20 ANALYSIS
30
1, Describe how you would measure
15 mL of water needed for an
20 experiment.

2, What general statement (rule)

10 might you make about the
4
laboratory equipment used in an
2 experiment?
 MEASUREMENT

A milliliter is equal to one-thousandth of

Length a Graduated cylinders are tools used
liter.
Length tells how long something is. You to measure the volume of liquids. This
will find centimeter and millimeter marks type of cylinder has measurement marks
on a metric ruler or a meter stick. The
running along its side.
closest metric unit to a mile is a kilometer,

which is approximately six-tenths (6/10 or

Mass
0.6) of a mile.
Mass is the quantity of matter that
an object has. A kilogram is the base,
Temperature or standard unit of mass, in the metric
In the metric system, temperature is
system. A balance is used to measure
measured in degrees Celsius. The base
mass. A paper clip is roughly a I-gram
SI unit for temperaturedegrees kelvin,
is
unit. What do you think might have a
although scientists around the world
mass of I kilogram, or 1,000 grams?
also use degrees Celsius. On the Celsius
thermometer, water freezes at 00 and boils
V We can use a triple beam balance
at 1000.
to measure mass.

Volume
Volume is the amount of space
something takes up. A liter is the usual
unit of volume in the metric system.

EVERYDAY SCIENCE

Mass vs. Weight

People often confuse the measurements
of mass and weight. Mass is the amount
of matter in an object. Weight is the
measure of gravity's pull on that object.
A balance tells the mass of an object,
and a scale tells the weight of an object.
To tell the difference, remember that your
mass is always the same wherever you
go. You have the same amount of matter
in you. But you go to the moon, your
if

weight be different because the pull

will
of gravity on the moon is different from

the pull of gravity on Earth.

11
CHAPTER 1

A derived unit is one that is found by Volume can be a derived unit. We

using more than one measurement. If can use different formulas ,to find the
you travel 2 kilometers, your speed is not volume of a three-dimensional shape.
determined until you know how long it For example, to find the volume of a
took you to travel the 2 kilometers. Speed rectangular prism, you can multiply its
is determined by dividing the distance length by its width and its height (v = x I

traveled by the time elapsed. That is why w x h). Density is also a derived unit. It is

we talk about speed in terms of kilometers found by dividing mass by volume. The
per hour. A formula is a mathematical rule formula used to find density is:
or relationship that is expressed in symbols.
This formula used
is to calculate speed:

Density :
mass m
volume

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

distance
Accuracy vs. Precision
time What is the difference between measurements
that are accurate and ones that are precise?
These may sound very similar based on the
V The bike rider's speed can be found dictionary definitions, but they are different

by dividing the distance traveled by in science. In science, measurements must

the time it took to travel be both accurate and precise in order for
that distance. results and measurements to be repeated.
When a measurement is accurate, it is correct.
But does it mean that it is precise? A precise
measurement is one that can be repeatedly
determined with the same accuracy each time.
You must repeat measurements many times to
see if they are precise. You may find that the
average of your measurements is accurate,
but each individual measurement is off by a
small amount. Repeating measurements to
be sure they are both precise and accurate is

an important part of science.

12
 MEASUREMENT

Checkpoint
ELEVÅTION
Talk Jt Over
The United States is one of the only
1000 ft
countlies in the world that uses the
custonlary system of measurement.
Europe, Asia, and the rest of the world

use the metric system exclusively.

Do you think the United States should
305 m
convert to the metric system? Why or

why not?

UnitConversions
When you convert one unit to another, Similarly, if 3 feet equal 1 yard, then you
you are using a mathematical concept can use division to find out how many
called dimensional analysis. This is the yards are in 108 feet.

practice of expressing units that show You can even convert customary units
the same relations between them. When to metric units or metric units to SI units.
you convert yards to inches, for example, If you read a science experiment involving
you are not changing the length you are milliliters, you may want to find out how
talking about. You are simply changing many ounces are involved. There are
the unit used to measure them. You can 29.5735296875 mL in one ounce. This
use dimensional analysis in most types of kind of conversion is cumbersome to
measurement, such as time, volume, mass, calculate, many conversion tables are
but
and length. available to make the transferring easier.
Dimensional analysis works in both the It is often helpful to round that number to

customary and the metric systems. You 30 for easier calculations.

can convert 500 milliliters to 1/2 liter, or 5 Most scientific rulers show metric units
deciliters. If you know that there are 60 on one side and customary units on the
seconds in I minute and 60 minutes in 1 other side. If you examine one of these
hour,you can use multiplication to find rulers, you can see that there are 2.54
out how many seconds are in 24 hours. centimeters in one inch.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 25 25 25 25

8 9 10 12
2 3 4 5 6 7

A Some rulers allow you to convert a customary

unit to a metric unit without calculations. 13
CHAPTER 1

58
The distance from Earth to Mars is

58 million kilometers. In scientific

notation, that's 5.8 x 107.

Illriting numbers in

Scientific notation
Have you ever come across numbers Scientific notation is used frequently
that are too big or too small to write to express numbers in science. It is

out conveniently in number form? convenient to indicate the size of a human

For example, 4 trillion looks like this: cell, the age of a fossil, or the distance
4,000,000,000,000. A more convenient between Earth and a faraway planet.
way to write such a large number is to
Scientific notation may look difficult to
use scientific notation. This is a way read, but it follows a pattern. The chart on
of writing numbers in a decimal form
the opposite page shows how to represent
by using exponents. An exponent is the numbers as decimals and how each
power to which a number or expression number is shown in scientific notation.
should be raised. So 4 trillion in scientific
notation is 4 x 1012. It means 4 x 10 to the
12th power. Scientific notation works with
decimals, too. If a number is too small to
be expressed in numbers, such as one ten-
thousandth, it might be easier to write the
Proton
number in scientific notation, or 1 x 10-4

O Neutron
Electron

A The mass of an electron is

0.000000000000000000000000000000910938 kg.
That is 9.10938 x 10-31 kg in scientific notation.
14
 MEASUREMENT

SCIENCE AND Number in Words Decimal

Scientific
Notation

Scientific Notation one-thousandth 0.001 1 x 10-3

A unit of measurement often used
one-hundredth 0.01 1 x 10-2
when describing atoms is a nanometer.
One nanometer (nm) is one billionth
one-tenth 0.1 1 X 10-1
ofa meter. How many meters is 15
nanometers? Use scientific notation one 1 x 100
for your answer.
ten 10 1 x 101

one hundred 100 1 x 102

one thousand 1,000 1 x 103

V Scientists can date rocks and fossils back
to the time they were formed. The oldest
rock on the Earth's surface is more than
3,800,000,000 years old. That's 3.8 billion,
or 3.8 x 109 years old.

15
CHAPTER 1

Estimation
When talking about very large or very
small numbers, not always necessmy
it is

to give exact numbers. Sometimes an

estimate is good enough. An estimate
is not exact, but it is close to the actual

answer. For example, the speed of

light is 299,792.458 kilometers/second
(186,411.358 miles/second). You might
round that number to about 300,000
kilometers (185,000 miles) per second.
If you are doing a rough calculation,
an estimate may be accurate enough.
However, if you are doing an exact
calculation, using an estimate would
make your answer incorrect. You would
have to use the exact measurement of
299,792.458 kilometers (186,411.358
miles) per second.

When doing an experiment, you might

estimate the results of your testing to
make communication easier and clearer.
But the measurements you record and the
calculations you make must be based on
exact measurements.

Can you estimate the number

of coins in this jar?

16
 MEASUREMENT

Summingl]p
, g ago, people established units and systems to
measure length, mass, volume, temperature, and time
in a co nsistent way.

• The cusi.omary system (inches, pounds, gallons, etc.)

standardized system of units used in the United
is the
Statesv

• The metric system is based on multiples of ten. These

standardized units (meters, liters, grams) are used in most countries around the world.

, We can express measurements in different units in the same system or convert back and forth

between systems of measurement.

Scientistsuse a universal system of measurement to share their research called the

International System of Units (SD. The meter (length), the kilogram (mass), the second (time),
and the kelvin (temperature) are among the seven universal or Sl units.

Derived quantities, such as speed and density, are calculated using formulas.

Mea!iuvements can be expressed in shortened forms. They can also be expressed as estimates or
exact numbers, depending on how they will be used.

Putting It RII Together

Choose from the research activities below. Work independently, in pairs,

or in small groups. Then share your findings with the class.

Work with a partner Research distances

Throughout history,
people have used to make a diagram of between planets and
your classroom. Show the sun in kilometers.
a variety of units of
measurement. In a measurements, such as Create a poster that

group, research early the length of the walls, shows the arrangement
or unusual units of the board, and the of planets and describes
desks. Include units for their distance from
measurement, such as
each measurement. the sun in scientific
units of barley or salt.
notation.
Present your findings in

a poster,

17
 CARTOONIST'S NOTEBOOK ILLUSTRATED BY JOEL CARL GoN
IF THE SHOE FITS...
•

mg TH CLASS BEFORE I GO INTO

THE DETAILS OF my REPORT ON
"SHOE acwss THE WORLD,"
LET's TALK ABOUT STANDARD
mEA5UREMENT.

YES, LET's!

BEFORE mEASUREtfiENT BECAtflE

STANDARDIZED, AN INCH was ROUGHLY THE BUT YOU CAN SEE FROM my TWO
WIDTH OF THUMB. ASSISTANTS HERE, THERE a DIFFERENCE
FROtn THUMB TO THI.jmB.
OW!

a FOOT was THE LENGTH OF THE RING'S FOOT.

WHICHIS WHY WE CALL THIS mEASURE(hENT RULER.
€1

BUT as YOU CAN SEE. AGAIN,

THE DIFFERENCE.
FROm my TWO ASSISTANTS HERE,
So I HAVE smaLL FEET! I CAN SEE.
THERE IS a DIFFERENCE r-Rom
my mOTHER says THEY
FOOT TO FOOT.
ARE DAINTY! ANP smELL

BIG FEET RUN IN

my FamiLY,

18
 EVEN THOUGH WE NOW HAVE STANDARD
AROUND 1,000 YEARS AGO, THEY MEASUREMENTS FOR THE INCH, FOOT,
SETTLED ON a UNIT OF YARD. ETC., IN THE CUSTON\ARY sysTEm,
measUREMENT FOR AN INCH: 3 2ND SIMILARSTANDARD MEASUREMENT
UNITS IN THE METRIC SYSTEM, SHOE
PRIED KERNELS OF BARLEY,
SIZES STILL DIFFER AROUND THE WORLD!

WHICH YOU mtGHT BE

SURPRISED TO KNOW HAS
NOTHING TO DO WITH GETTING
CORNS ON YOUR FEET.

THERE SHOULD BE a LAW

JOKES LIRE THAT!

THIS SHOE, AN 6.5

MEN's IN THE U.S. AND
CANADA, WHICH, BY THE way, SPARE US!!
ACTUALLY 10.25 INCHES LONG,
HAS DIFFERENT NUMBERING
SYSTEMS,

IT's 8 IN THE Uk AND

AUSTRALIA, 42 IN EUROPE,
IN 26,5 IN JapaN,
AND 260 IN k0REA, WHICH
AT LEAST makES gome
SENSE BECAUSE THAT'S THE
SHOE'S LENGTH IN

MILLIMETERS.

WHAT GETS REALLY CONFUSING IS

THATMANY OF THESE
IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
COUNTRIES, WOMEN'S SHOE SIZES
OF UNITS (51) was ESTABLISHED
ARE DIFFERENT. FOR INSTANCE,
THIS SHOE, STILL 260
IN THE 19605. WHY DO YOU THINk IT's

MILLIMETERS OR 10,25 INCHES, I(hPORTANT TO HAVE a UNIVERSAL

IS a SIZE 10 IN THE U.S. AND
SYSTEM OF STANDARD mEaSURE(fiENTS?
CANADA, a SIZE 7.5 IN THE Uk, BUT
IN AUSTRALIA— How DOES THIS HELP SCIENTISTS?

WHAT ARE some OTHER sysTEmg THAT

YOU WOULD LikE TO makE UNIVERSAL?

WHERE IS THE BELL

WHEN YOU NEED IT?!

19
 I CHAPTER 21

mathemati I

Relationsh
HOI] can relationships b8tllJB8n numbers

be described and determined?

20
 ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
• decimal p. 23
• denominator p. 22
• fraction p. 22
• improper fraction p. 22
• mean p. 30

w
• median p. 30
c have ten and we use these
digits
• mode p. 30
digits to write numbers. If digits
• numerator p. 22
the letters, then numbers are
the words in the language of math and science • percent p. 23
can lise letters to make words and ' proportion p. 25
Just as we
express thotl('hts, we can use numbers. We • range p. 30
can calculate with numbers, and communicate • rate p. 24
with them. Vhere are relationships between • ratio p. 24
nt;mbers that a.Ilow us to write them in
different forms. A scientist can express data in
different ways by using these different forms.

< Recent studies show that 66% of

California's coastline is actively
eroding. You can use a fraction,
decimal, or percentage to express
this number. You can also use
rates to describe the amount of
erosion per year.

21
CHAPTER 2

Illriting numbers in

Different Forms Fractions also have a denominator

There are three main ways to or the quantity below the line of the
express numbers, whether they are fraction. The denominator tells the
whole numbers or parts of a whole. number of equal parts in the whole.
Whole numbers are numbers greater The numerator tells how many equa1
than or equal to one. Fractions, parts of the whole are being counted.
decimals, and percents are numbers Five-eighths (5/8) is a fraction
that show parts of a whole. The great that shows 5 of 8 equal parts. Five-
thing about numbers is that they can eighths is less than one. Eight-eighths
be expressed in any of these forms (8/8) is equal to one. Fractions
and converted from one to another. with a numerator larger than the
denominator are called improper
Fractions fractions. An improper fraction is
A fraction is a number that greater than one. Nine-eighths (9/8)

shows a part of a whole. Fractions are isan improper fraction. Nine-eighths

expressed with a numerator, or the (9/8) can also be written as the mixed

quantity above the line of the fraction. number one and one-eighth (1 1/8).
22
 MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS

Deciinmals CURRENT CAUSES OF

DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON
A decimal is another way to express
a ntunber that is not a whole number. 10/0

The decimal system is based on units FIRES, MINING, LOGGING COMMERCIAL

URBANIZATION,
of ten. We can use decimals to show FARMING
ROADS, DAMS
fractions. 0.1 is a decimal that is equal to
1/10. That means that 0.1 shows I of 10
equal parts. Decimals are used most often
to express amounts of money. In science,
decimals are used to show measurements. 33%
SUBSISTENCE
FARMING
percentS
600/0
A percent number that
is a CATTLE
represents the number of parts out RANCHING
of For example, ten percent
(100/0) is equal to 10 parts of 100
In science, data results
A Data results are often
are often expressed in percents. expressed in percents.

V We can show equivalent amounts in the

form of fractions, decimals, and percents.

= 0.1 100/

O. 25 250/0
4 100

50
0.5
2 100
23
CHAPTER 2

SCIENCE AND MATH

Relationships Between numbers Ratios in Chemistry
Suppose you are collecting data about In a compound you can find the ratio
the number of short-stemmed plants of combining atoms by looking at
b
versus the number of long-stemmed the subscripts in the chemical, or
plants in a sample. You will have to look at molecular, formula. The formula for
the relationship between the two numbers water is 1-120. That means the ratio
to analyze your results. There are different of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms
ways to examine the relationships between is 2 to 1, 2:1, or 2/1. c
numbers.

Rates
Ratios
A rate is a special type of ratio that
A ratio is the relationship between presents two terms in different units.
two A ratio is expressed as the
quantities. When food is sold at a certain price per
quotient of one divided by the other. We pound, that is a rate. Science often uses
can write the ratio of x to y as x:y, or x/y. unit rates to describe speed, such as
So if there were 4 short-stemmed plants millimeters per second, or kilometers
and 8 long-stemmed plants, the ratio per hour. The word per is often a signal
between the numbers would be written word that a rate is being used. Rates can
as 4:8. This can be simplified to 1:2. For also be expressed as x/y.
every I short-stemmed plant, there are
2 long-stemmed plants. Ratios are useful V A rate is often used to show speed.
when analyzing data from surveys.

V A ratio is a good way to express

relationships between quantities.

90 km/hr mi/tir-

24
 MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS

Proportions
A proportion is the relationship The Root of the Meaning:
between two equal ratios. Proportions The word
are often used when making models or
maps. For example, if evey
on a map equals 5 actual kilometers,
centimeter
PROPORTION
is based on the Latin word
you have a 1:5 ratio. That means every 5
proportio, which means
centimeters on the map will be equal to relationship of parts or analogy.
25 kilometers, and so on. The proportion An analogy is a comparison

of the equal ratios can be expressed as an between two related things.

equation:
5

5 25
you are making a scaled
If

model or diagram of an object,

you can find the correct
dimensions for each part
by solving the proportion
between the real object and
the model. For example,
suppose you were making
amodel of a human cell.
The average diameter of a
human cell is 0.01 cm and
the diameter of your model
cell is 100 cm. The ratio is
0.01:100. The average diameter
of the nucleus in a human cell is
0.0005 cm. You can find diameter
of the nucleus for your model by
solving the proportion.

A You can make an accurate

0.01 model to scale by solving the
proportion between the parts
of the actual object and the
parts of the model.
25
CHAPTER 2

Direct and Inverse Relationships

When analyzing scientific data, you If data that represents a direct
may find that graphs can help you see
relationship is put on a line graph, you
the relationship between variables in
will see a positive slope. The plotted line
your experiments. When a change in one would rise on moves along
the y-axis as it
variable results in a change in another
the x-axis. In other words, the line would
variable in the same way, there is a direct
go from the bottom left to the top rigljv
relationship between the variables. We call of the graph.
this type of relationship a direct correlation.

For example, if you increase the number

70
of rotationson a wheel, the speed that the
60
wheel travels across the ground will increase.
50
That shows there is a direct relationship
40
between the number of rotations of the
30
wheel and the speed of the wheel.
20
In a similar way, there is a direct
10
relationshipbetween the number of
plants and animals in an ecosystem. So 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Average Number of Plants per Square Meier (x.axis)

an ecosystem with many plants will have

many animals. An ecosystem with few
plants will have few animals.
A There is a direct relationship between
the number of plants and plant eaters
in an ecosystem.
 MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS

An indirect, or inverse, relationship is the

opposite of a direct relationship, With an inverse
relationship, the increase inone variable will
result in a decrease in another variable. For

example, the number of oil spills in the ocean

has an inverse relationship to the number of
animals in the ocean. The more
fewer animals in the ocean. In a similar way,
oil spills, the
thecllpoltit
Visualize It
@
a decrease in temperatures in a region results How can you use art to describe
in an increase in birds migrating. There is a direct and an inverse
an inverse relationship between temperature relationship? You might use
and migration. We call this type of inverse a seesaw to see the concept
relationship an indirect correlation. more clearly. In an inverse
relationship, when one side of
If inverse relationships were represented in
the seesaw goes up, the other
numbers and placed on a line graph, the slope
goes down. This is like the slope
of the line would be negative. That means that
you might see on a line graph.
the line would fall along the y-axis as it moved
along the x-axis. The line would slope from the
top left of the graph down to the bottom right.

There is an inverse relationship

between the size of an oil spill and
the population of seabirds in a region.

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Average Tons of Oil in Thousands (x-axis)

27
CHAPTER 2

Formulas
We use formulas to describe
relationships between variables. There
are formulas for finding just about any
relationship in science. Formulas help us
find thevolume of a cube, a cylinder, or a
prism. Formulas also allow us to find the
area of a square, a rectangle, a circle, or
a triangle. We can find the diameter and
circumference of a circle with a formula.
Speed, density, and force are represented
in formulas used frequently in physical
science. There are even formulas for
converting temperature from Celsius units
to Fahrenheit or kelvin.

We use letters to represent the variables

in a formula. The letters in a formula
represent something specific. Perhaps the
most famous formula in science is Albert
Einstein's mass—energy equivalence theory,
or E = me. In this formula, E represents
energy, m means mass, and c is the speed
of light in a vacuum. When the letters are
replaced with the appropriate values for
two of the three variables, the third one
can be found.

Albert Einstein came

up with one of the most
famous mathematical
formulas of all time,
E = me.

28
 MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS

To solve for one of the variables in a formula, you

will know the values of the other variables
need to
in the formula. Then you may need to use algebraic
concepts to isolate the unknown variable on one
side of the equation. For example, the formula for
the density of an object is Density = mass/volume.
However, you may know the density and mass of an
object but not the volume. You can plug the numbers
you know into the equation and then solve for the
variable that you do not know

V The table below lisi$ the relationships

frequently explored iti math and

Relationship Formula
Measurement

area of a rectangle Area = length x width

area of a triangle Area =1/2 (base x height) A= (b x h)/2

density = mass/volume d = m/v

density

volume of a v=lxwxh
volume = length x width x height
rectangular prism

speed = distance/time S = d/t

speed

acceleration = A= (fv-ov)/t
acceleration
(final velocity — original velocity) [time

force force = mass x acceleration F=mxa

mass
SCIENCE AND MATH
Density :
Find the speed of an object that volume
travels a total distance of 5 km in 15
minutes. Use the appropriate formula
from the chart above. 29
 CHAPTER 2

measures of Central Tendency

When you are faced with a series of
numbers in a data set, there is a group of
measures that can give useful information
about the numbers. These are called
measures of central tendency.

Mean
Another word for the mean of a set of
numbers is the average. The mean is the
sum of the numbers in a data set divided
by the number of items in the data set.
Let's say you have the following set of

numbers: 17, 16, 21, 18, 18, 15, 12. The

mean would be 16.7.

17 + 16 + 21 + 18 + 18 + 15 + 12 = 117/7 = 16.7 Measures of central tendency can be used

on a wide variety of scientific data.

Median
Range
The median of a number set is The range in a data set is the difference
the middle of the set. About half the
between the lowest and highest numbers
numbers are above and half the numbers
in the set. The range tells you how spread
are below the median. You need to put
out the data is. The range of this set is 9.
the numbers in order to find the median.
12 15 16 17 18 18 21 21—12 9
(For an even set of numbers, average
the two middlenumbers to find the
median.) The median for this set is 17. SCIENCE AND MATH
12 15 16 17 18 18 21
Look at the Celsius temperatures on
Mode
the climograph below. Find the mean,
The most frequently occurring number median, mode, and range of the data:
in a set is the mode. It is useful to know -80, -50, -40, 00, 100, 120, 130, 130, 90,
the number most frequently in
that occurs 50, -10, -70
a set. Sometimes, the mode and the mean Climograph for Novgorod. Russia

or median are the same number.

15

18 appears twice, so the mode is 18.

12 15 16 17 18 18 21 5

JA SC) N
Mont.h

cz:afiueu Ec :epow VE :ueaW

(€0)
 MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS

Summing LIP
• We can use numbers to show different
relationships between numbers.

When we represent numbers as fractions,

decimals, or percents, they can be converted
back and forth easily to represent a part of
a whole.

• and proportions also show how

Ratios, rates,
numbers can be related to one another.

• Direct and inverse relationships as well as formulas

can show that numbers represent real data.

Putting It RII Together

Choose from the research activities below. Work independently, in pairs,

or in small groups. Then share your findings with the class.

Do a survey of the Write a sentence Find the amount of

footwear worn by your explaining what a rate your city
rainfall in
class. Find what percent is.Then give a rate and or town each month
of students is wearing tell what it describes. last year. Round each
each type of shoe Indicate what an amount to the nearest
(sneakers, sandals, increase or decrease whole number. Then
boots, or others). What in the rate indicates. find the mean, median,
do you notice about the Compare your example mode, and range of
sum of the percents? with those of your the data. Suppose the
classmates. greatest amount is
doubled. How would
this change affect the
measures of central
tendency?

31
 I CHAPTER 3

Representing an

Interpreting
HOI] can data be organized

and interpreted?

hen conducting scientific

experiments, it is extremely
important that we display and
interpret our data properly It is the way
we communicate the results of our work.
Other scientists can then compare and
contrast their own work with ours.

One of the best ways to show our work

isthrough visual representation. Tables
and graphs can be used to communicate
something quickly and clearly that might
take a very long time to explain
't'Äthwords alone. Graphic forms, such
as tally charts and data tables, help us
organize our information into formats
that are easy to understand.

32
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
bar graph p. 35
e circle graph p. 39
• histogram p. 38
line graph p. 36
scatter plot p. 40

33
CHAPTER 3

Distance Car Traveled From Ramp

Data Tables
A data one of the simplest
table is
Trial Number
Distance Traveled
ways to represent data. It simply shows (meters)
rows and columns with titles clearly Trial 1 14
labeled. The table itself must have a title
to indicate what it represents. Units of Trial 2 17
measure are usually shown in parentheses.
Trial 3 12
Suppose you want to investigate how
far a toy car will roll off a ramp. You
Trial 4 15
decide to repeat the trial seven times
to get a reliable data set to analyze. A Trial 5 14
clata table is a useful tool -for recording
this inlormation. Look at the clata table Trial 6 16.5
to the righL The table has a title, and
each column also has a title. The unit of Trial 7 12.5

nneasure is sluown as well (meters). The

data display makes it easy to compare A Data tables help us record results.
the numbers in the set, to aclcl more
trials to the set, and to fincl measures

of central tendency, such as the V Conversion tables help us to convert metric

mode, median, and range. units to customary units, and vice versa.

Measurement Conversion Table

Quantity Metric Customary

millimeter (mm) 0.039 inch (in)

10 millimeters (mm) i centimeter (cm) 0.39 inch (in) 0.033 foot (ft)
length
100 centimeters (cm) meter (m) 3-9 feet (ft) 1,094 yards (yd)

1.000 meters (m) kilometer (km) 1,093.6 yards (yd) 0.621 mile (mi)

1,000 milligrams (mg) gram (g) n/a n/a

mass
1,000 grams (g) 1 kilogram (kg) n/a n/a

weight 0.1019 kilogram (kg) i newton (N) 3•597 ounce (oz) 0.2248 pound (lb)

cubic centimeter (cm3) 1 milliliter (mL) 0.0338 fluid ounce (fl oz) 0.2 teaspoon (tsp)
volume
1,000 milliliters (mL) liter (L) 1.0566 quarts (qt) 0.264 gallon (gal)

temperature 00 Celsius (oc) 320 Fahrenheit (OF)

time 1 second (s) second (s)

 REPRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA

Distance Car Traveled From Ramp

20
Bar Graphs
Once you collect your data
in a table, you can display the
information in the form of a
15
bar graph. A bar graph is a
diagram that represents number
values by bars of different
heights. The bottom of the
10
graph, or the x-axis, represents
thecolumns of the data table.
The left side of the graph is the
y-axis,which represents the 5
rows of the data table. Compare
the bar graph with the data
table. Which is easier to read?
Why do you think so? 3 4 5 6 7
1 2

Trial Number (x-axis)

35
 CHAPTER 3

11

Lin8 Graphs
A line graph is a good way to
represent data that changes over time.
Like all other graphs, a line graph should
have a descriptive title. The graph itself
looks like a grid of boxes.

The grid is divided into an x-axis and

a y-axis. The x-axis runs horizontally and
has marks along it that represent equal Sometimes more than one set of data
periods of time. The y-axis runs vertically can be graphed on the same line graph.
and represents the variable being changed. You may be able to show the number of
Data from a table can be displayed on a eggs laid by fish in the same pond over
line graph.For example, the graph here the same period. You could use a different
shows the number of eggs laid by ducks at color and provide a key to show which line
a local pond over the period of a year. stands for which set of data.

V The line graph shows data

about when the ducks at
this pond lay their eggs.

Duck-Egg Production at Shady Pond

25

20

15
bD

4 o 10

E 5

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Month (x-axis)

36
 REPRESENTiNG ANO

HANDSON SCIENCE

MATERåALS: graph paper, balloon, tape measure,

felt•tip marker

Blow up the balloon and measure the circumference of

1 the circle with a tape measure. Use a felt-tip marker to
mark the exact part of the balloon that you measured.
Record the measurement on a clatti table with the dateo

The next days measure the circumference of the balloon

2 agairL Record the measurement on the data table
the (late.

Continue to measure the balloon circumterence every day

3 for five days.

Record your results on a line grapho Make the

4 o *axis the number of days, and the raxis the
measurement of the balloon's circumference. What
did your graph reveal about the balloon over time?

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Graphing Calculators
A graphing calculator is a useful tool for scientists and
mathematicians. It does more than just calculate equations. A
graphing calculator can plot graphs and solve equations and
at the same time graph the next point on a tine. If you enter the
parameters into the calculator, you can enter a value for the y-axis
and one for the x-axis, and a formula will be solved with that plot ooo
ooo
point placed on the graph.
Otoe
ooo

37
CHAPTER 3

Histogram
A histogram is a graph that Age Ranges of Test Subjects
shows how data are distributed in cli
a set. A histogram may look like a cli

bar graph at first, but the bottom of

the graph represents a range of data 10
and the side of the graph represents
the frequency with which the data
appear in the set. For example, you
may do a study that involves the
use of a large sampling of people.
A histogram can quickly show you
how many of your test subjects are
in certain age groups. This kind of
graph works best when you have a
0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50
large set of data and would like to

organize it in ranges.
Ages of Test Subjects (x-axis)
 REPRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA

Circlß Graph
A circle graph is often called a pie Some circle graphs may record the total
chart. Similar to a real pie, a pie chart is number of objects in a set, but the visual
divided into sections to represent parts of representation still shows the percent
a whole. Circle graphs are often based on that each object is out of a whole. A circle
100 percent, or a whole. Take a look at graph when one section of your
is effective

the circle graph on this page. It shows the data set represents a much larger percent
percentages of different animal groups that than the rest. It quickly shows the viewer
make up an entire ecosystem. the significance of that part of the study.

birds
40/0 amphibians
2%
mammals

reptiles
10/0

Animal Groups
in an Ecosystem

insects

39
 CHAPTER 3

Scatter Plot
Iloe data you are colleccil suggcsls a However, scatter 'Plots thaf forna a pattern
I-rend, you rnay find that a scatiltlin is the do suggest the possibility of a cause-and-
best way to display ancl analyzc t] IC clalao _A effect velatiouship.Analyzing the patterns
scatter plot is sinnilar to a line graph because on a scatter plot diagram shows that
it plots points on a graph with au x-axis and studies should be clone (o clarily the
a y-axis. It shows the relationship between velationship betwccn the two variables.
t.wo variables. However, with a scatter plof) When using graphs to represent: your
there are too nvany with a line.
poi101:s to join data, you should think about the kind
Iliese graphs are useful if you have lot of of clata you are presenting ancl the most
clala Lo display, such as the results many appropriate type of graph or chart for
clara read lgs. displaying the data. A carefully chosen
N LhaL a scatter plot diagram (loes graph will help •people Clllick'ly unclersfrancl

prove a cause-ancl-effcct relationship. arid analyze your data.

Temperature and Plant Growth Temperature and Animal Growth

100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

0 60 60

Q.) 50 50

40 40

30

10 10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Plant Growth (cm) (x-axis) Animal Growth (cm) (x-axis)

This scatter plot suggests a direct, positive This scatter plot suggests that there is
relationship between the temperature in an no relationship between the temperature
ecosystem and the growth of plants. of an ecosystem and the growth of the
4-0 animals in that ecosystem.
 REPRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA

,
Summingl]p
putting your data in a visual form is an
important part of presenting it to others and
W,
analyzing it.

Graphs can suggest trends in data and tell

others where more study is needed.

The types of graphs that scientists use

inciude data tables, bar graphs, line graphs,
histograms, circle graphs, and scatter plots.

Putting It RII Together

Choose from the research activities below. Work independently, in pairs,

or in small groups. Then share your findings with the class.

Find a bar graph Keep track of the Think of a question you

in a newspaper or highest temperature can use to survey your
magazine. Attach the where you live every class. For example,
graph to a sheet of day for one week in a you might ask about
poster board. Present data table. Work with a favorite foods, favorite
the graph to the partner to create a line types of movies, or
class, identifying the graph to display the number of pets. In a
information that is data. Present your data small group, conduct
presented. table and line graph to your survey. Record the
the class. Describe any results in a data table.
trends you see in the Then display the data
data. in a circle graph.

41
mathe tics and Science

ow do you picture the future? In the same way, the treasures of the future
Do you imagine people living will alsodepend on math and science.
in space or zipping Scientists around the world
between planets for a night out? will experiment, invent, and
Or maybe you picture people discover new things using the
learning to live on Earth language of mathematics.
without making waste or They will communicate
destroying habitats. However their discoveries to the rest
you envision the future, it's of us using the language of
math and science that will get mathematics. Together, math
us there. After all, math and and science will help us make
science got us to where we are connections that will lead to
today. They are behind the video new answers, new solutions, and
games, airplanes, and modern medicines discoveries. What big changes do you think
that are part of our everyday lives. math and science will bring in the future?
 This building could
not be built without
the language of math
and science.

43
HOW TO WRITE AN

Ob'ective Rr ument
Scientists often have to use the data from
1. Choose a topic that interests you.
their studies to make an argument about the
topic they are studying. Suppose a scientist has
been studying the rain forest over a long period 2. Gather information.
of time. She notices the impact that human
activityhas had on the ecosystem. She uses
3. Write your argument.
the data she has collected about the impact of
human activity to support her argument that ' Present your idea.
people should lessen their activity in the
' State what you predict might
rain forest.
happen if your idea is correct.
She might choose to publish her argument
in a scientific journal, or in a newspaper or • Present evidence/data in graphs and
magazine, with the hope that the public will charts and describe how the evidence
pay attention to this important scientific issue. supports or contradicts your predictions.

Like this scientist, you should begin your • Make a conclusion and propose a
scientific argument with a clear statement of
possible solution.
the point being made or the hypothesis being
explored. The hypothesis statement should be
simple and state what you are setting out to 4. Edit and revise your argument.
prove in your paper. The arguments you make
• Be careful not to give your opinion.
should then be supported with measurable
data and research. The more mathematical • Readers will take your argument more
data you can present in a scientific paper or seriously if you remain objective.
argument, the more convincing your argument
will be. • Be sure to carefully proofread for errors.

Whether your
argument will be read CURRENT CAUSES OF
DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON
by only your science 3% 3% 10/0
teacher or by thousands FIRES, MINING,
LOGGING COMMERCIAL
URBANIZATION, FARMING
of people in the scientific ROADS, DAMS

community, the data and

graphs you include in your
paper should be clear, 33%
concise, and able to be SUBSISTENC
FARMING
proven through repeated
soy.
experimentation or CATTIE
duplicated research. RANCHING

44
 -l'he Annazon rain forest is home
and anilnal species
to nmore plant
than anywhere else on Earth. It is also

one of the worlcl's greatest natural

resources. About 20% of Earth's

oxygen is proclucecl by the Amazon

rain [Qi-est. this reason it is often

callecl the 'Lungs 01 our Planet." Today,

121 prescription drugs sold around

the world conne Ironn plant-derived

sources. Although 250K) of all drugs are

clerivec [rom rain forest ingredients,
scientists have tested only 1% of

tropical plants. Time is running out.

1

Today, more than of the

Amazon rain forest Iaas been clestroyed
by human innpact. The land is being
clearecl lor ranching, mining, logging,
I
and larming. More than half or the We must work closely with other
i
worlcl's rain f01-ests have been destroyecl nations 10 recluce the level of slashing
by fire and logging in the last 50 years. and burning. We can offer new ideas
More than 200 000 acres arc burned about sustainable forestry. We can
every clay arouncl the world, or over 150
also help these governnncnts to create
acres eveyy minute. Experts also estimate incentives for ['Qi-eign investment such as
that 130 species of plants, animals, and pharmaceutical companies. Together, we
insects are lost every clay At the current can help these nations protect their own
rate of destruction, it is estimated Ihat
interests, and ours, by preserving this
the last renvai nilag rain lorests coulcl be
invaluable habitat, anc[ our planet.
destroyed in less t •an 40 years.

45
 Glossary
bar graph (BAR GRAF) noun a diagram that represents number values by bars of
different heights (page 35)

circle graph (SER-kul GRAF) noun a diagram divided into parts that represent
proportions of the whole (page 39)

customary system (KUS-tuh-mair-ee SIS-tem) noun a system of measurement that includes

ounces, pounds, cups, and gallons (page 8)

decimal (DEH-sih-mul) noun a fraction with a denominator of 10, or a multiple of

such as 100 or 1,000 (page 23)

denominator (dih-NAH-mih-nay-ter) noun the number below the line in a fraction;

shows the number of equal parts into which the whole is divided (page 22)

dimensional analysis (dih-MEN-shuh-nul uh-NA-lih-sis) noun the practice of expressing units

thatshow the same relations (page 13)
estimate (ES-tih-mit) noun a rough calculation that is not exact (page 16)

exponent (EK-spoh-nent) noun a smaller number that is placed after and above
another number to show how many times that number is to be multiplied
by itself (page 14)

formula (FOR-myuh-luh) noun a mathematical rule or relationship that is

expressed in symbols (page 12)

fraction (FRAK-shun) noun a number that is a part ofa whole (page 22)

histogram (HIS-tuh-gram) noun a graph that shows how data is distributed in a set
(page 38)

improper fraction (im-PRAH-per FRAK-shun) noun a fraction with a

numerator larger than the denominator (page 22)

line graph (LINE GRAF) noun a diagram that represents the relationship between two
variables (page 36)

56

46
 (MEEN) noun the sum of the numbers in a data set divided by the
mean
number of items in the data set (page 30)
(MEE-dee-un) noun the middle number in a data set (page 30)
median
(MEH-trik SIS-tem) noun a standardized system of
metric system
measurements based on the number 10 (page 9)

mode (MODE) noun the most frequently occurring number in

a data set (page 30)
(NOO-muh-ray-ter) noun the number above the line in a fraction; shows
numerator
how many parts of the denominator are taken (page 22)

(per-SENT) noun the number of parts in every 100

percent
(page 23)
(pruh-POR-shun) noun a relationship between two ratios
proportion
(page 25)
(RANJE) noun the difference between the lowest and highest numbers in
range
a set (page 30)

rate (RATE) noun a type of ratio that presents two terms in different units

(page 24)

ratio
(RAY-shee-oh) noun a relationship between two quantities that is

expressed as the quotient of one divided by the other (page 24)

scatter plot
(SKA-ter PLAHT) noun a diagram that shows two variables that may or
may not suggest a relationship between them (page 40)

scientific notation (sy-en-TlH-fik noh-TAY-shun) noun a way of writing

numbers in a decimal form by using exponents (page 14)

47
 Ind8H
bar graph, 35, 38, 41 mean, 30, 34
bat
circle graph, 39, 41 median, 30, 34

cir( customary system, 8, 17, 19 metric system, 9, 11, 17, 19

decimal, 9, 14—15, 22— 23, 31 mixed number, 22

denominator, 22 mode, 30, 34

density, 12, 17, 28-29 numerator, 22

deq
dimensional analysis, 13 percent, 22—23, 31, 39

de estimate, 16-17 proportion, 25, 31, 42

exponent, 14 qualitative data, 6

dir
formula, 12, 17, 28—29, 31, 37 quantitative data, 6

fraction, 22-23, 31 range, 30, 34, 38

est
histogram, 38, 41 rate, 24—25, 31
exi
improper fraction, 22 ratio, 24-25, 31

International System of Units (SD, scatter plot, 40-41

for 9, 11, 13, 17, 19
scientific notation, 14—15
length, 8—9, 11—13, 17—19
speed, 5, 12, 16-17, 26, 28
fra
line graph, 26—27, 36, 40—41
time, 4, 9, 12—13, 17, 36-37, 44
mass, 9, 11—13, 17, 28—29
volume, 8-9, 11-13, 17, 28—29

im

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PRIME INVESTIGATIONS .

Ising Illath in Science

Geology Chemistry

1. Choose a field of study within one of the branches of science shown above.
2. Use your school library and the Internet to research how math is used
in this field. Find the following information:
How do scientists in this field use math to make observations,
ask questions, and form hypotheses?
' How do scientists in this field use math to collect and analyze data?
' How do scientists in this field use math to communicate data
and share their findings?
3. Present your findings in a poster, collage, electronic presentation, or
written report. Share your findings with your class and school community.
 SCIENCE
Level V/60
Lexile 950L

Using Math in Science

Math is a powerful tool for communication.
Without the language of math, science would
cease to exist. Read this book to find out the
many different ways we use math to understand
and change the world around us.

About the Author

Katln Furgang has been writino
books (or Inorc than ten vcars.
She has written Inorc than twentv
books, including nonfiction books
about science, technology, and the
environincnt. She has also edited
science textbooks for students and
teachers. She cs in upstate
hork with her husband and two
sons, where she enjovs nvalh puzzles.

Other Books in This Theme

Inquiry and

Investigation
Gel in touch with
inner scientist!
UJhat will VOU
discover with
the right tools?

US STORES-TEt1PE
USING HATH IH SCtEHCt

Ill I II I I Ill II I Ill I I I I I II I I I I II I I I II

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