TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

PURWANCHAL CAMPUS

DHARAN-8, SUNSARI

NEPAL

A Report On

“CALCULATION OF ALL THE PARAMETERS FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF

ELECTRIC POWER.”

SUBMITTED BY:

BIKASH GYAWALI 2072/BEL/05

SUBMITTED TO:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Question:

Power to be transmitted (P) =200 MW

Transmission Line Length (Lt) =100 km

1. Selection of Most Economical Voltage and Number of Circuits

The most economical voltage is given by the following empirical formula:

Economical Voltage (Veco)=5.5

√ L
+
P∗1000
1.6 Nc∗cosϕ∗150
Where,
Lt = length of transmission line =100 Km
P = Power to be transmitted =200 MW
CosØ = Power factor = 0.96
Nc = Number of circuits
Standard Voltage levels are:

For Nc = 1 66 kV

Then, using the above values, we get 132 kV

220 kV

√ 100 200∗1000 400 kV

V eco = 5.5 +
1.6 1∗cosϕ∗150 400 kV
= 209.534 kV
500 kV
∴ Nearest Standard Voltage (V1) = 220 kV
700 kV
750 kV

For Nc = 2 765 kV

Then, using the above values, we get

V eco =
√ 100 200∗1000
+
1.6 2∗cosϕ∗150
= 151.319KV
 ∴ Nearest Standard Voltage (V2) = 132 kV

2. Checking Technical Criterion

Surge Impedance Loading (SIL):

For Nc =1,
Characteristic Impedance (Zc) =400 Ω

SIL = 121 MW
Line Length Mflimit
For Nc =2, (km)
Characteristic Impedance (Zc) = 200 Ω 80 2.75
160 2.25
SIL2 = = 87.12 MW 240 1.75
320 1.35
480 1.0
Calculation of Multiplying factor (Mf): 640 0.75
For Nc=1,

Mf1
For Nc=2,

Mf2

From Table, for 100 Km line length, Mflimit of the line lies between 2.25 and 2.75. Therefore, using
interpolation to find Mflimit for 100km

|
Decision:

Here, mf1 < mf limit and mf2 < mf limit. Thus, both Nc=1 and Nc=2 satisfy the stability criteria
for their corresponding economic voltage level.
 Now,

Power Margin for single circuit (PM1) = P limit1 –P

= 317.625 – 200 = 117.625 MW

Power Margin for double circuit (PM2) = P limit2 –P

= 228.69 – 200 = 28.69 MW

Since PM1>PM2, we choose single circuit and its corresponding voltage.

Thus,

Voltage Level for given Power Transmission =132 kV Number of Circuits (Nc)
=2 Power factor ( cosφ ) = 0.96

3. Tower Design

Minimum air clearance required from earthed object is given by (a)

Maximum String Swing (ɵmax) = 450

Length of string (l) = a Secɵmax= 62.49 * Sec450 = 88.3742 inches

l = 88.3742 inches = 224.47 cm
Cross arm length (CL) = a (1+tanɵmax) = 62.49 * (1+ tan 450) = 124.98 inches

∴ CL = 124.98 inches = 317.4492 cm

√ ()(
2
(L+ a)

)
2 2
X L+a
Vertical distance between two adjacent line conductor (y) = 1− ∗
Y CL

Where, 0.25 < x/y< 0.333

 Take x/y = 0.25
= 158.2416 inches

∴ Distance between two conductors (y) = 158.2416 inches = 401.934 cm x= y

* 0.25 = 158.2416 *0.25 = 39.5604 inches ∴ x= 39.5604 inches = 100.48342 cm

Width of tower (b) = 1.5a = 1.5* 62.49 = 93.735 inches.

∴ b = 93.735 inches = 238.0869cm

Distance between the earth wire and the topmost cross-arm

For double circuit: d= √3 ∗ 𝐶𝑙 − 𝑙

= √3 ∗124.98 – 88.3742

= 128.09751 inches

∴ d = 128.09751 inches = 514.53 cm

Right of way (ROY) = 2*CL + b
= 2* 124.98 + 93.735

= 343.695 inches = 872.9853 cm

Air Clearance from Earthed Object (a) = 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟒

𝐜𝐦 Length of String (l) = 224.47
cm Cross arm Length (CL) =
317.4492 cm Width of Tower (b) =
238.0869cm Vertical Distance between two adjacent line conductors (y) =
401.934 cm Height of Earth Wire from Top Most Cross arm (d) =
514.53 cm Horizontal Distance between Two adj. line conductors Or Right
of Way (2Cl+b) = 872.9853 cm|

4. Selection criteria for number of earth wire

 Voltage levels No. of circuits (Nc) Number of earth wire (Ne)
66 kV *(1/2) 1
132 kV 1 1
2 2

220 kV 1 1
2 2

≥ 400 kV 2 2
*(1/2) 2

From above table, for double circuit of 132 kV, number of circuits = 2, number of
earth wire = 2.

Thus, number of earth wire (Ne) = 2 is

5. Number of Disc Selection

For all the calculations of number of insulator discs, we considered following value of
different Factors:

FWR = Flashover Withstand Ratio=1.15

NAC = Non-Standard Atmospheric Condition=1.1

FS = Factor of Safety=1.2

Here, System Voltage = 132kV

Max. System voltage = 145.2 kV

1. 1 minute Dry Test

Equivalent Flashover Voltage = 1 min. dry withstand voltage * FWR * NAC * FS
Where, 1 min. dry withstand voltage is given in table A-2 for 145.2 system
voltage

= 265 kV
∴ Equivalent FOV = 435 * 1.15 * 1.1 * 1.2 = 402.27 kV
Nearest higher 1 min. dry FOV voltage (in table A-3) = 435 kV
From table A-3, for 1 minute dry FOV = 435 kV, no. of discs = 7

∴ No. of discs = Nd1 = 7

2. 1 minute Wet Test

Equivalent FOV = 1 min. wet withstand voltage * FWR * NAC * F S
Where, 1 min. wet withstand voltage is given in table A-2 for 145.2 system voltage

= 230 kV

∴ Equivalent FOV = 230 * 1.15 * 1.1 * 1.2 = 349.14 kV

Nearest higher 1 min. wet FOV voltage (in table A-3) = 370 kV.

From table A-3, for 1 minute dry FOV = 370 kV, no. of discs =9

∴ No. of discs = Nd2 = 9

3. Temporary Over Voltage Test

Temporary o/v = EF * maximum system voltage

Where, EF = Earthing Factor = 0.8 (for Nepal)

∴ Temporary o/v = 0.8 * 145.2 = 116.16 kV

Equivalent FOV = Temporary o/v * √2 * FWR * NAC * FS

= 116.16 * √2 * 1.15 * 1.1 * 1.2

= 249.3695 kV
Wet season is the worst condition.
Thus, nearest higher FOV (from table A-3, 1 min. wet FOV) = 250 kV

∴ No. of discs = Nd3 = 6

4. Switching Over Voltage Test

Switching o/v = Maximum per phase peak voltage * SSR

Where, SSR = Switching Surge Ratio = 2.75 for 132 kV

√2
∴ Switching o/v = 145.2 * √3 * 2.75 = 325.578 kV
Equivalent s/w FOV = Switching o/v * SIR * FWR * NAC * FS

Where, SIR = Switching to Impulse Ratio = 1.2

Equivalent FOV = 325.578* 1.2 * 1.15 * 1.1 * 1.2

= 593.073 kV
The nearest higher voltage (in table A-3, impulse FOV) = 610kV

∴ No. of discs = Nd4 = 6

5. Lightening Over Voltage Test

Equivalent impulse withstand o/v = 550 kV (from table A-2) for 145.2 kV

Equivalent impulse FOV = Equivalent impulse withstand voltage * FWR * NAC * FS

= 550 * 1.15 * 1.1 * 1.2

= 834.9 kV
Nearest higher voltage (in table A-3, impulse FOV) = 880 kV

∴ No. of discs = Nd5 = 9

Thus, we can tabulate the various tests and no. of discs required for each test as
follow:
S.N. Test Voltage Level No. of Discs
a. 1 min. Dry Test 660.33 kV 7
b. 1 min. Wet Test 599.69 kV 9
c. Temporary O/V Test 415.62 kV 6
d. Switching O/V Test 989.82 kV 6
e. Lightening O/V Test 1366.2 kV 9

From above table, it is seen that the minimum no. of disc required to withstand all
tests is 9.

∴ The No. of discs required for our design (Nd) is 9.

6. Conductor Selection
 I. Continuous Current Carrying Capability
P = 200 MW,
Nc = 2,

VL = 132 kV,
Cosφ = 0.96

Line current is calculated as:

P/ Nc (200/ 2)*1000
Line current (IL) = = = 455.611 A
3*Vll *cos 3 *132*0.96

Comparing this value of the current with the current carrying capacity from the given
standard ASCR conductor table, the conductor “LYNX” (with current carrying
Capacity 475 A) is selected.

II. Transmission Efficiency Criterion

For LYNX conductor,

From ASCR conductor table,

Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.15890 Ώ/Km

Coefficient of Resistivity (α20) = 0.004 /0C (For Aluminum)

So Resistance at 650C (R65) = R20 (1 + α20 (65-20))

= 0.15890 (1+0.004*45)

= 0.187502 Ώ/Km

= 18.7502 Ώ

Power loss per conductor = p = IL2*R65

= (455.611)2 * 18.7502

= 3.8922 MW/conductor

∴ Total Power Loss (PL) = p * Nc * 3 = 3.8922 * 2 * 3 = 23.3532 MW

This efficiency is < 94%. So this conductor cannot be used. To get the higher
efficiency we proceed in the same way and calculate efficiency.
 For SHEEP conductor,
From ASCR conductor table,

Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.07771 Ώ/Km

Coefficient of Resistivity (α20) = 0.004 /0C (For Aluminum)

So Resistance at 650C (R65) = R20 (1 + α20 (65-20))

= 0.07771 (1+0.004*45)

= 0.0916978 Ώ/Km

= 9.16978 Ώ

Power loss per conductor = p = IL2*R65

= (455.611)2 * 9.16978

= 1.9035 MW/Conductor

∴ Total Power Loss (PL) = p * Nc * 3 = 1.9035 * 2 * 3 = 11.421 MW

Here, efficiency (ɳ) = 94.2895 % > 94 %. Thus we select the conductor

SHEEP for further calculation and analysis.

III. Voltage Regulation Criterion

The SHEEP conductor has 37 strands (30 Aluminum strands and 7 steel
strands).
Diameter of each strands = 3.99 mm
Diameter of conductor (D) = 27.93 mm
Radius of the conductor(R) = 13.965 mm
GMR for inductance (GMRL) = 0.768R

= 0.768 * 13.965

= 10.72512 mm
= 1.073 cm

GMR for capacitance (GMRC) = R = 13.965mm.

= 1.3965cm
 Representation for the double circuit 3-phase line

a c’

b b’

c a’

Here,

Vertical distance between two conductors (y) = 401.934 cm

Cross arm length (CL) = 317.4492 cm

Width of tower (b) = 238.0869 cm

Horizontal distance between two conductors (2*CL + b) = 872.9853 cm (i.e. ROY)

 For self-GMD (i.e. GMR) Calculation

Equivalent self GMD, Ds = 3√𝐷𝑠𝑎 ∗ 𝐷𝑠𝑏 ∗ 𝐷𝑠𝑐

Where,

=√𝐷𝑎𝑎 ∗ 𝐷𝑎𝑎′
Dsa
= √1.073 ∗ 1186.7212 = 35.6841 cm

∴Dsc = Dsa = 35.6841 cm

Dsb =√𝐷𝑏𝑏 ∗ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′

= √1.073 ∗ 1872.9853 = 30.606 cm

∴GMRL =3√𝐷𝑠𝑎 ∗ 𝐷𝑠𝑏 ∗ 𝐷𝑠𝑐

 = 3√35.6841 ∗ 30.606 ∗ 35.6841

=33.9041 cm

 For Mutual GMD Calculation:

3
Equivalent mutual GMD, Dm = √𝐷′𝑎𝑏 ∗ 𝐷′𝑏𝑐 ∗ 𝐷′𝑐𝑎

Where,

D’ab

= √401.934 ∗ 961.07 ∗ 961.07 ∗ 401.934

4

= 621.5197 cm = D’bc
4

= √𝐷𝑐𝑎 ∗ 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ ∗ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 ∗ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑐′

D’ca
= √803.868 ∗ 872.9853 ∗ 803.868 ∗ 872.9853
4

= 837.71412 cm
∴GMD

= 3√621.5197 ∗ 621.5197 ∗ 837.71412

= 686.5811 cm

Now, Inductance of whole length (L) = [Lt is in km]

= 0.060164 H
∴ Inductance per unit length = 0.60164 mH/km

Daa = Dbb = Dcc = R = 1.397 cm

Dsa

= √1.397 ∗ 1186.7212

= 40.717 cm

= √𝐷𝑏𝑏 ∗ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′
Dsb
=√1.397 ∗ 872.9853

= 34.922 cm
3
GMRC =√𝐷𝑠𝑎 ∗ 𝐷𝑠𝑏 ∗ 𝐷𝑠𝑐

=3√40.717 ∗ 34.922 ∗ 40.717

=38.6856cm

∴Capacitance of whole Length(C) = [Ɛ0 = 8.85*10-12 F/m]

= 1.9333 μF

∴Capacitance per unit length = 0.019333 μF/km

Resistance of whole length = 9.16978 Ώ [From in Transmission

efficiency criteria] ∴ Resistance per unit length = 0.0916978 Ώ/Km

Impedance of the line (Z) =R+jX

= 9.16978+j(2π f L ) [f=50 Hz]

= (9.1678 +j 18.901) Ω

= 21.0071< 64.1250 Ω

Susceptance of the line (Y) = j w C = j 2π*50*1.9333*10-6

= j 0.6074 *10-3 Siemens

= 0.6074 *10-3 <900 Siemens

 Calculation of ABCD parameters

Since 100 km line length lies on medium

Transmission line (i.e. 50 –200 km),

Calculation of parameters is done

Using π-model.

VS VR
IS IR
Z
Y/2 Y/2
 Fig: Nominal π- model of T.L.

0.6074 ∗ 10^(−3) < 90 ∗ 21 0071 < 64.125

°

= 0.9943 + j 0.16045

𝐁 = Z = 21.0071 < 64.125° = 9.1678 +j 18.901

= −0.000000846 + j0.000606 = 0.000606 < 90.08°

∴l IR l @ full load = 455.611 A

Cos Φ = 0.96(lag)
∴ Φ = -16.260 IR = 455.611 A < -16.260 A = 0.455611 kA < -16.260

∴VR per phase @ full load = kV < 00 ∴|VR| per phase @ full load =
76.21 kV

Therefore, Sending end voltage is given by

∴ VS (per phase) @ full load = A VR + B IR

= (0.9943 < 0.16045°)*(76.21 kV < 00 ) + (21.0071 < 64.125°)*(0.455611 kA < -
16.260) = 82.521< 5.082kV

Hence, |VR| per phase @ no load = kV

∴Voltage Regulation (V.R.) = 8.9018%

Since calculated voltage regulation < 12 %, the conductor SHEEP satisfies voltage
regulation criterion.
 Thus, the conductor SHEEP can be used for our design.

IV. Corona Inception Voltage Criterion

For SHEEP conductor

Maximum system voltage = 132* 1.1 = 145.2 kV (rms)

Corona inception voltage (Vci) = √3 ∗ Air dielectric strength * GMRC * m *

Where, Air dielectric strength = 21.21 kV/ cm (rms)

GMRc = 38.6855 cm [Calculated in voltage

regulation criteria] GMD = 686.5811 cm [Calculated in

voltage regulation criteria] m = Roughness factor = 0.9

δ = Relative density of air = 0.95

kV
Since Vci > Maximum system voltage, there is no corona effect on SHEEP
conductor. So, Corona Inception Voltage criterion is satisfied and all the technical
criteria is met by
SHEEP conductor.

Hence the best five conductors which satisfy all the criteria are:

A→ 𝐒𝐇𝐄𝐄𝐏
B→DEER
C→ ZEBRA

D→ ELK
E→𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐒𝐄
7. Tension Calculation for Different Conductors

1. Toughest condition - T1 tension and Sag is minimum (Dmin).

- Wt. of conductor (w1)
2. Normal Operating Condition (Stringing Condition) – T2 tension and S2 sag
- Wt. of conductor (w2)
3. Easiest condition – T3 tension and Sag is maximum (Dmax).
- Wt. of conductor (w3)
Let,

wc = weight of conductor per unit length ww = weight per ww

unit length due to wind wice = weight per unit length due to
ice = 0 ∴ Weight during toughest condition = w
wc + wice w1

Calculation of Tension @ toughest condition (T1)

T where UTS = Ultimate Tensile Strength of the conductor

FS = Factor of safety = 2

Calculation of Tension @ Normal condition (T2)

T2 is given by stringing equation

T22 (T2 + k1) – k2 = 0

Where k Aϵ ; K Aϵ

ϵ= Modulus of Elasticity α= Coefficient of linear

expansion A = Cross-section area of conductor θ2
= Temperature @ normal condition = 270C θ1 =
Temperature @ toughest condition = 00C w1 =
per unit length conductor weight @ toughest
condition w2 = per unit length conductor weight
@ stringing condition
Calculation of Tension @ Easiest condition (T3)
T3 is given by Stringing equation

T32 (T3 + k1’) – k2’= 0

Where k Aϵ

k
θ3 = Temperature @ easiest condition = 650C

Four Different conductors below conductor SHEEP in ASCR conductor table

is chosen.
Hence Tension calculation will be done for conductor “SHEEP,DEER, ZEBRA, ELK, MOOSE,”
with Span length 250 m, 275 m, 300 m, 325 m, and 350 m. Tensions for Toughest,
Stringing(Normal ) and Easiest condition are calculated and tabulated below.
Sample
Calculation
For SHEEP
Conductor;
Area(A)= 462.60 mm2

Coefficient of linear expansion (α)= 17.73*10-6/0C

Modulus of Elasticity (ε)= 0.789*106 kg/cm2

Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)=15910 kg

Wt. of conductor per unit length (wc)= 1726 kg/km

Wind Pressure (wp) = 100 kg/m2

Conductor diameter (d)= 27.93 mm

 Wt. due to wind (ww) per km = (wp*1000)*(d*2/3)

= 100*1000*27.93*10-3*2/3

= 1862 kg/km

 Wt. @ Toughest condition (w1)

= √17262 + 18262

= 25838.921 kg/km

 Wt. @ Normal Condition (w2) = wc = 1726 kg/km

  Wt. @ Easiest Condition (w3) = wc = 1726 kg/ km

Temperature @ Toughest condition (ɵ1) = 00C

Temperature @ Normal Condition (ɵ2) = 270C

Temperature @ Easiest Condition (ɵ3) = 650C

Calculation of T1

T 7955 kg
Calculation of T2

k1 Aϵ

k2 Aϵ

Using Stringing Equation;

T22 (T2 + k1) – k2 = 0
or, T23 + k1 T22 – k2 = 0
or, T23 -5239.54 T22 – 2.831*1010 = 0
∴ T2 = 6020.697 kg

Calculation of T3

k1’ Aϵ

k2’ = k2 = 2.8316 * 1010

Using Stringing
equation; T32 (T3
+ k1’) – k2’ = 0
or, T33 +k1’ T2 – k2’ = 0 or,
T33 -1871.33 T32 – 2.831*1010
=0

∴ T2 = 3815.932 kg
So far, five best conductors have been chosen. The tension due to these five different
conductors for different span length from 250m to 350m (step of 25m ) are shown in
the following tables:
8. Sag and Tower Height Calculation

The maximum sag between two towers is given by

Where, w3 = weight of conductor per unit length @ easiest condition.

Lsp = Span length

T3 = Tension @ easiest condition.

Minimum ground clearance = hg

Where, Vsmax = Maximum system voltage.

Now,

Height of lowest conductor = h1 = hg + Dmax

Height of middle conductor = h2 = h1 + y [For Nc=2]

Height of topmost conductor = h3 = h2 + y

 Height of tower = ht = h3 + dˈ= h3+d+l From air clearance
section, we have d = distance between earth wire and
topmost cross arm = 3.253677 m y= vertical distance
between two conductors = 4.01934 m l = length of string =
2.2447 m

Vsmax = 132*1.1 = 145.2 kV

hg = 20.4 ft. = 6.21792 m

Sample Calculation

For SHEEP Conductor

w3 = wt. per unit length @ easiest condition = 1726 kg/km. (=w2 in

table 1.1) lsp = 250m = 0.25 km (assume)
T3 = 3815.932kg (from table 1.1)

= 3.533 m

∴ h1 = hg + Dmax = 6.21792 + 3.533 = 9.75092 m

h2 = h1 + y = 9.75092 + 2.00967 = 11.76059m
h3 = h2 + y = 11.76059+ 2.00967 = 13.77026 m
ht = h3+d+l = 13.77026 + 3.253677 + 2.2447 =
19.2687 m

Similarly, the maximum sag, h1, h2, h3 and the total height of the tower for different
span lengths for five best conductors are calculated and presented in the table below:
9. Earth Wire Selection

From earth wire table, earth wire GUINEA is chosen as follows:

No of strands = 19
 Diameter of a strand = 2.92mm
Weight of conductor = 590kg/km
Diameter of earth wire (de) = 14.60mm
Area of Conductor = 127.20mm2
Ultimate tensile strength = 6664 kg
Hence, maximum tension (T1e) = 3332 kg

10. Bending Moment and Tower Weight Calculation

For design purpose, we consider 80% of the towers are of class A, 15% of the
towers are of class B and 5% of the towers are of class C.

The bending moment acting on the tower are due to the followings:

 wind force on power conductor (BMPw)

 wind force on earth wire (BMEw)
 Turning of power conductor (BMPT)
 Turning of earth conductor (BMET).

Sample Calculation
For SHEEP and span length = 250m

a. BM due to power conductor

BM due to wind force (BMPw)

= Fwp * (h1+h2+h3)*Nc

Where,

Fwp = Wind force =wp * dp * lsp * 2/3 wp = Wind

pressure = 100kg/m2 dp = diameter of power
conductor = 27.93 mm = 27.93*10-3m h1 = height
of bottom most conductor = 9.75162m (table 2.1)
h2 = height of middle conductor = 11.76129m
 (table 2.1) h3 = height of top most conductor =
13.77096 m (table 2.1) Nc = No. of circuits = 1
lsp = span length = 250m
∴ BMPw = wp* dp*lsp* 2/3* (h1+h2+h3)*Nc

= 100*27.93*10-3*250*2/3*(9.75162 +11.76129 +13.77096)*2

= 32847.32787 kgm
BM due to turning (BMPt)
= 2*T1*(0.8 sin10+0.15 sin7.50+ 0.05 sin 150)*(h1+h2+h3)*Nc

Where,

T1 = Tension @ toughest condition = 7955kg (table 1.1)

∴ BMPt = 2*7955*(0.8 sin10+0.15 sin7.50+ 0.05 sin 150)* (9.75162 +11.76129

+13.77096)*2
= 15910* 0.046482* 35.28177*2 = 52183.7574 kgm.

b. BM due to earth wire

BM due to wind force (BMEw)

= Fwe * ht * Ne

= wp*de*lsp*2/3*ht*Ne

Where,

Fwe = Wind force on earth conductor Wp = wind pressure =

100kg/m2 de = Diameter of earth conductor = 14.60 mm =
14.60*10-3m (for GUINEA) lsp = Span length = 250m
ht = tower height = 19.26933m (from table 2.1)

Ne = No. of earth wire = 1

∴ BMEw = 100*14.60* 10-3*250*2/3*19.26933*2

= 93774.434 kgm

BM due to turning (BMEt)

BMEt = 2 T1e*(0.8 sin10+0.15 sin7.50+ 0.05 sin 150)*ht*Ne

Where T1e = Tension on earth conductor @ toughest condition

 T1e = UTS of GUINEA /2 = 6664/2 = 3332 kg

∴ BMEt = 2*3332*(0.8 sin10+0.15 sin7.50+ 0.05 sin 150)*19.26933*2

= 11937.193 kgm

∴ Total Bending Moment (TBM) = BMPw+BMPt+BMEw+BMEt

= 106345.7123 kgm ∴ Tower weight (TW)

Where FS = Factor of Safety = 2

∴ TW = 0.000631*19.26933*√𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟑 ∗ 𝟐 = 5.60734 tonnes

Similarly, we can calculate the total bending moment and tower weight for different
conductors at different span length:
11. Tower Cost per Unit Length Calculation

Assumptions:
Cost of steel = Rs 1, 50,000 per tonnes

No. of towers = + 1 = Nt [Lt = Total Length and lsp = Span length]

∴Cost of tower per unit length = Cost per tower * Nt /Lt

Sample Calculation

For SHEEP and for span

length = 250m lsp = 250m
Lt = 100 km

Tower weight (TW) = 5.60734 tonnes (from table 3.1)

Cost per tower = cost per tonne ∗ weight of tower

= 1, 50,000 *5.60734

=Rs. 841101

Cost of tower per unit length = Cost per tower * Nt / Lt

= 841101*401/100

= Rs. 3372815.01/km
Similarly we can find tower cost/km for 5 different conductors for their different span
length. The tower cost per unit length is shown in the following table:

Hence, the tower cost per unit length is minimum for SHEEP conductor with span
length 275 m.
12. Most Economical Span and Conductor Selection

Assumptions
Cost of Al/tonnes = Rs
20105 /- Cost of Steel/
tonnes = Rs 150000/-
Load Factor (LF) = 0.5

Loss of Load Factor (LLF) =

k1*(LF)+k2*(LF)2 k1 = 0.2
and k2 = 0.8

∴ LLF = 0.5 * 0.2 + 0.52 * 0.8 = 0.3 [Note: k1+k2=1]

Per unit energy cost = Rs 7.50 /-

Life span (n) = 25 years

Rate of interest (i) = 10%

 ∴ Annuity factor (
Annual Capital cost = ϒ*capital cost per km

Capital cost per km = Tower cost per km (from table 4) + power conductor
cost per km

Total cost of power conductor per km = (cost of Al/km + cost of steel/km) *

Total no. of conductor

Cost of Al/km = Weight of Al/km * cost of Al/tons

Cost of Steel/km = Weight of Steel/km * cost of Steel / tons

Cost of energy loss/km = PL*LLF*time*Rate of cost

PL = Power loss = IL2 * r65 * Total no. of power conductor

Total annual cost per km = Annual energy loss cost + Annual capital cost

Sample Calculation:

For SHEEP conductor

From table (4.1), the economical span length = 275 m

From ACSR table, Weight of Aluminum = 1036 kg/km

Weight of Steel = 690 kg/km

Total cost of power conductor per km = No. of conductors*cost of power conductor

per km/conductor

= 6* (20105*1036+150000*690)*10-3

= 745972.68

From above calculation,

Tower cost per km = Rs. 3343801.241 (for span length of 275m from table 4.1)
∴ Capital cost per km = Tower cost per km + Power conductor cost per km
= Rs (3343801.241+ 745972.68)

= Rs 4089773.921

Annual capital cost = ϒ * Capital cost per km

= 0.110168 * 4089773.921

= Rs 450562.2133per km

Power loss per Km (PL) = = IL2 R65' * Total number of conductors

IL = 455.611 A [From conductor selection section]

R65 = 0.0916978 Ώ/Km [From Voltage Regulation section in conductor selection]

Total number of conductors= 6

∴ PL = 455.611 2 *0.0916978 *6 = 114208.537 W/km = 114.2085 kW/km

Annual Cost of energy loss per km = PL * LLF * time * cost per unit energy

= 114.2085 * 0.3*(365*24)*7.50

= Rs. 2251049.535/-

Total annual cost per km = Annual cost of energy loss per km + Annual capital cost

= Rs 2251049.535+ Rs 450562.2133

= Rs 2701611.748/-

Similarly,

We can calculate the Total annual cost per km for each conductor with their
respective economic span length. The tabulated form of the calculation is shown
below:
Hence,

From above table, it can be seen that MOOSE is the most economical
conductor with span length of 275m.

13. Transmission line Characteristics of the conductor MOOSE

A. Electrical Characteristics

The MOOSE conductor has 61 strands with 7 Steel strands and 54 Aluminum strands.
Diameter of each strands = 3.53mm
Diameter of conductor (d) = 31.77 mm = 3.177 cm
Radius of conductor = 15.885 mm = 1.588 cm
GMR for inductance (GMRL) = 33.9041 cm
GMR for capacitance (GMRc) = 38.6856 cm
GMD for Double circuit = 686.5811 cm
Resistance of the whole length(R) = 9.16978 Ω@ 650C
Inductance of Whole length (L) = 0.060164 H
Capacitance of whole Length(C) = 1.9333μF

Impedance of the Line (Z) = 9.1678 +j 18.901Ω

Susceptance of the Line (Y) = j0.6074*10-3 Siemens

Calculation of A, B, C, D parameters
A = 1+YZ/2 = 0.9943 < 0.16045°

B = Z (1+YZ/4) =21 . 0071 < 64.125°

C = Y = 0.000606 < 90.08°

D = A = 0.9943 < 0.16045°

Sending end Voltage (Vs) = A*Vr+B*Ir

= 82.5209<5.08190 kV (per phase)

∴ Voltage Regulation = (|Vs|/A -|Vr|)/|Vr| = ((82.5209/0.9943)- 76.21)/76.21 =

8.9%<12%

Corona Inception Voltage Criterion

Corona Inception voltage (Vci) =21.21*GMR*m*δ*ln(GMD/GMR)

∴Vci =√3 * 21.21 * 38.6856*0.9*0.95* ln (686.5811

/38.6856)

Vci = 3494.9778 kV>Vsmax

B. Mechanical characteristics:
Length of span =275 m
Tension at toughest condition = T1 = 8125 kg

Tension at stringing condition = T2= 5855.13 kg

Tension at easiest condition =T3= 3616.56 kg

Tower Heights:
H1 = 11.45084 m

H2 = 13.46051 m

H3 = 15.47018 m

Ht = 20.9685 m

Maximum sag (Dmax) = 8.74 m

Bending Moment on Earth wire due to Wind Force (BMEw) = 12797.919 kgm

Bending Moment on Earth wire due to Turning (BMET) = 12990.2765 kgm

Bending Moment on Power Conductor due to wind force (BMPw) = 47040.4545 kgm

Bending Moment on Power Conductor due to turning (BMPT) = 61002.9773 kgm

Total Bending Moment (TBM) = 133831.63 kgm

Tower Weight = 6.8453 tonnes

Tower Cost = 6.8453*(Rs 150000)= Rs 1026795

No. of Towers (Nt) = 365

Capital Cost per km = Rs. 3747801.75

Total Annual cost per km = Rs. 2092785.581