Module 1.

GENERAL CONSIDERATION/INTRODUCTION

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the chapter the students must have:

1. Discussed the fundamental powers of the State

2. Identified the fundamental rights of the people
3. Classified basic rights of the people
4. Knew the contribution and participation of Philippines to Human Rights Law
5. Identified the different Human Rights Laws in the Philippines
6. Discussed the role and functions of Commission of Human Rights in the Philippines
7. Discussed how Human Rights Instrument is construed

I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE STATE

1. Police Power- the power of promoting the public welfare by restraining and regulating the use of
liberty and property.
2. Power of Eminent Domain- the power to forcibly acquire private property for public use upon
just compensation.
3.Power of Taxation- the power to impose taxes for the support of the government and for all
public needs.

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

-ARTICLE III (BILL OF RIGHTS)

Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall
any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no
search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by
the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may
produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful
order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for
any purpose in any proceeding.

Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the
right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. (the
right of the people to participate in public affairs, including the rights to criticize the government. Content
based, content neutral) (End of discussion 02-05-24)
Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or
preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or
political rights. (the right to worship, freedom to believe and freedom to act one’s belief)
Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be
impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the
interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law. (freedom to
choose and change one’s place of residence, freedom to travel within or outside the country)

Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized.
Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or
decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded
the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.

Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form
unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.

Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.

Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.(lawful agreement between
private persons)

Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be
denied to any person by reason of poverty. (End of discussion, 02-07-24)

Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be
informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his
own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These
rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.

(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will
shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar
forms of detention are prohibited.

(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissi-
ble in evidence against him.

(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as com-
pensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.
Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when
evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on
recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege
of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.

Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.

(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is
proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature
and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the
witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and
the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed
notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure
to appear is unjustifiable.

Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion
or rebellion when the public safety requires it. (end of discussion 2D, 02-12-24)

Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-
judicial, or administrative bodies. ( free from vexatious or capricious delay)
Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.

(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party
shall have been duly convicted.( whether paid or not) absolute power over the life, fortune and liberty of
another)
Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
inflicted. Neither shall the death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous
crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to
reclusion perpetua.

(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or
detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt
with by law.
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.

Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is
punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another
prosecution for the same act.

Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted. (the law that make a previous act
criminal although it was not so at the time it was committed.

II. INTRODUCTION
Human Rights Education affirms the interdependence of the human family. It promotes
understanding of the complex global forces that create abuses, as well as ways in which abuses can be
abolished and avoided.

PHILIPPINE CONTRIBUTION TO INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

Philippine contribution to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

The Philippines was a member of the first United Nations Commission on Human Rights, which
was composed of only sixteen (16) countries. From 1946 to 1948, this Commission was responsible for
the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the first document to embody the
aspirations of states for a world community based on the recognition and respect of human rights. The
Philippines was also one of the original forty-eight (48) countries that adopted UDHR on December 10,
1948.

Philippine participation on core human rights treaties

Both the International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), and the
International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) were signed by the Philippines on
December 19, 1966, long before they entered into force. However, while the ICESCR was ratified by the
Philippines on June 7,1974, it was not until October 23,1986 when the ICCPR was ratified. It must be
remembered that Martial Law was in force in the country from 1973 to 1983. It was only in 1986 when
President Ferdinand Marcos left the Philippines, with President Corazon C. Aquino taking over the
presidency.

The Philippines was also among the first signers of the International Convention Against Racial
Discrimination. To date, the country has ratified all core human rights treaties, except one,

i.e., the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, which
entered into force in December 2010. It is interesting to note that the Philippines usually signs and ratifies
human rights treaties without reservations or comments. (End of discussion 02-16-24)

On women's rights: the "mother" of CEDAW is a Filipina

One of the core human rights treaties that could definitely make this world a better place to live
in, and benefit more than half the world's population, is the Convention on the Elimination of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Unknown to many, this is the brainchild of a Filipina, Leticia
Ramos-Shahani, a former diplomat and senator. She is a genuine trailblazer for women's rights, and she
almost singlehandedly placed the Philippines in the international map on women rights crusade. In 1974
she became the chairperson of the UN Commission on the Status of Women, which organized the First
World Conference on Women, in Mexico City.

Shahani is credited for the preparation and submission of the complete draft of the Convention on
the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, even without the clearance from the Philippine
government. This author would like to refer to her as the "mother of CEDAW." Another women's rights
instrument that she pushed for was "The Forward-Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women"
(FLS). As the Secretary-General for the Nairobi Conference in 1985, she successfully engineered the
adoption of the FLS despite the initial controversy it generated.

Membership to the International Criminal Court

Although a latecomer to the International Criminal Court, having become a member only on
November 1, 2011, the Philippines lost no time in actively getting involved in the court's activities. The
following month, Miriam Defensor-Santiago, a sitting senator, former jurist and International Law expert,
was elected as judge of the court.

HUMAN RIGHTS LAWS OF THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippines had been conscientious in complying with its obligations under international
treaties in regard to the enactment of relevant municipal laws designed to ensure domestic compliance.
Many of these domestic laws adopt the language and wording used in the international conventions, if
only to emphasize the country's commitment to follow international standards.

The sources of Human Rights jurisprudence in the Philippines are the Philippine Constitution,
legislative enactments, Supreme Court rules, rulings and orders, and executive issuances. All the three (3)
departments of government are actively involved in the policymaking aspect of human rights protection.
However, the full execution and widespread implementation of such policies still leave much to be
desired.

Philippine jurisprudence on human rights

 1. The Philippine Constitution — Contains the Bill of Rights; lays down the bases for all the civil,
political, economic, social and cultural rights of persons. (End of discussion 02-19-2024)

2. Rights of the child

a) RA 9344 — Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006

b) RA 7610 - Law Against Child Abuse
c) RA 9231 - Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor
d) RA 9775 — Law Against Child Pornography
e) RA 8044 - Youth in Nation-Building Act
f) RA 6972 - Act Establishing Day Care Center in every Barangay
g) PD 603 - The Child and Youth Welfare Code Rights of women

3.1. RA 9262 — Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children

3.2. RA 10364 - The Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012
3.3. RA 9710 - Magna Carta of Women
3.4. RA 7877 — Law Against Sexual Harassment
3.5. Act 4112 - Women Suffrage Act
3.6. PD 633, as amended — Creating the National Commission on the Role of Filipino
Women

3.7. EO 273 - Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development

3.8. Pres. Proc. 1172 — Campaign to End Violence Against Women
3.9. RA 6955 - Act Against Mail Order Brides

4. Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Persons (LGBT)

4.1. Ang Ladlad vs. COMELEC, April 8, 2010

5. Rights of Senior Citizens

5.1. RA 7432 - Senior Citizen's Act

5.2. RA 7876 - Senior Citizen Center Act
5.3. RA 9994 — Expanded Senior Citizen Act Rights of Disabled Persons
6.1. BP 344 - An Act to Enable The Mobility of Disabled Persons
6.2. RA 7277 — Magna Carta of Disabled Persons
6.3. RA 9442 — Law Amending the Magna Carta of Disabled Persons
6.4. RA 10070 — Act requiring the creation of Persons with Disability Affairs Office
(PDAO) by local government units
6.5. DILG MC 2009-37 - On issuance of identification cards and purchase booklets for
PWDs
6.6. DILG MC 2009-29 - On community-based programs for children with disability 6.7. Adm.
No. 35 — Directing departments, bureaus, agencies and educational institutions to conduct
activities during the annual observance of the National Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation
Week

7. Rights of Workers and Laborers

7.1. PD 442, as amended — Labor Code of the Philippines, incorporating the New Labor
Relations Law and the Prohibition on Discrimination Against Women
7.2. RA 8024 - Migrant Workers Act
7.3. RA 10022 - Law amending the Migrant Workers Act
7.4. RA 8187 - Paternity Leave Act

8. Right to social security

 8.1. RA 8282, amending RA 1161 - The Social Security Law
8.2. RA 8291 — The Government Service Insurance System Act

9. Right to Health

9.1. RA 7875 – National Health Insurance Act

9.2. Pres. Proc. 46 — Child and Mother Immunization Project

10. Right to a healthy environment

10.1. Oposa vs. Factoran, July 30, 1993

11. Right to privacy

11.1. SC A.M. No. 08-1-16-SC - The Rule on Habeas Data

11.2. RA 9995 - Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act
11.3. RA 10173 - Data Privacy Act of 2012

12. Right to life, liberty, and security

12.1. The Anti-Enforced or Involuntary Disappearance Act of 2012

12.2. RA 9745 - Anti-Torture Act
12.3. The Rule on the Writ of Amparo
12.4. Adm. Order 181 — Investigation and Prosecution of Political and Media Killings
12.5. Adm. Order 197 — Enforced Disappearances and Killings

13. Remedies of unjustly arrested and/or detained persons

13.1. RA 7309 - Law Creating the Board of Claims

13.2. Rule 102, Rules of Court - The Rule on Habeas Corpus
13.3. Rule 9439 — Law Against Hospital Detention
13.4. RA 10368 - Human Rights Victims Reparation and Recognition Act of 2013

14. Rights of accused, victims, and witnesses of crimes

14.1. RA 8505 — Rape Victims Assistance Act

14.2. RA 6981 - Witness Protection Act
14.3. RA 9999 - Free Legal Assistance Act
14.4. RA 9346 - Law Abolishing Death Penalty
14.5. Bill of Rights, Philippine Constitution
14.6. Rule 115, Revised Rules of Court

15. Other human rights violations penalized

15.1. Act 3815 - Revised Penal Code of the Philippines

16. Human Rights mechanisms

16.1. EO 163 — Creating the Commission on Human Rights

16.2. RA 9201 - National Human Rights Consciousness Week

16.3. PD 443 - On Delivery of Social Services.

 CONSTRUCTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS

Human Rights law is dynamic, and continues to evolve. The instruments embodying human
rights treaties, laws and principles are "living" instruments that must be interpreted in the light of
circumstances surrounding and attendant to every case. They cannot be tied down to obsolete practices
and beliefs but have to be made adaptable to current societal landscapes if they are to have any relevance
at all.

When a human rights law has the effect of modifying another law without repealing the latter, an
attempt at harmonizing them has to be made. For instance, the law against trafficking in persons makes
clear that trafficked prostitutes are to be considered victims and are not to be prosecuted. However, the
trafficking law does not operate to repeal Article 202 of the Revised Penal Code on prostitution
absolutely. Thus, this law punishing women for prostitution still remains, it being one of the few
remaining discriminatory laws against women in this country. Where two (2) apparently inconsistent laws
can stand independently, they have to be interpreted in favor of the validity of both. Thus, a prostitute
who is not trafficked, or a freelance commercial sex worker, may still be held liable for prostitution under
the Revised Penal Code. (The part of Article 202 on Vagrancy was finally repealed in April 2012.)

Module 2. HUMAN RIGHTS

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the chapter the students must have:

1. Classified Human Rights

2. Discussed the characteristics of Human Rights
3. Identified the theories and sources of Human Rights
4. Distinguished the three generations of human rights

MEANING OF HUMAN RIGHTS

The Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) mentions the "inherent
dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family." Human rights are not
granted by the State, nor stemmed from citizenship in a country. Human rights are rights which
necessarily spring from being a member of the human species.

Many in the Philippines think that human rights obligations are purely governmental, or that the
scope of the right is limited to political beliefs, or that human rights pertain to certain economic or social
rights of a particular exclusive group of people. Often, this myopic view gets abused for political agenda.
Thus, we see human rights violations committed by state-agents who are supposed to protect human
rights, just as we see violations committed even by elements calling themselves "human rights
advocates." We see many armed conflicts fought in the name of freedom and human rights, and yet we
see the innocent and the peace-loving being deprived of their rights and freedoms because of these so-
called "freedom" wars. Without a more open-minded and comprehensive understanding of human rights,
there will always be the possibility to address one aspect but at the same time violate another.

Human rights law is a broad field, and includes not only the relationship between men and
government, or the civil and political rights of the people, but extends as well to their economic, social
and cultural rights, to the right to development and a peaceful and clean environment where they could
develop in all facets as human beings. It covers education, employment, health, family, and marriage,
among many others. More importantly, it covers every individual and does not operate to protect
exclusively only a particular group of people. Both private individuals and public officers have the duty to
respect each other's rights.

CLASIFICATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

A. According to Source:

1. Natural Rights – God-given rights, acknowledged by everybody to be morally good. They are
unwritten but they prevail as norms of the society.

2. Constitutional Rights – Rights which are conferred and protected by the Constitution and which
cannot be modified or taken away by the law-making body.

3. Statutory – Rights vested by law and can be taken away by the law-making body.

B. According to Aspect of Life

1. Civil Rights – these are sets of rights pertaining to those that belong to every citizen of the state
or country and are not connected with the organization or administration of the government. They
include the rights to property, marriage, equal protection of the laws. Freedom of contract, or as
otherwise, these are rights appertaining to a person by virtue of his citizenship in a state or com -
munity.

2. Political Rights –these are rights which guarantee a citizen the authority to participate in the run -
ning of the affairs of the government. These are also termed as participatory rights considering
that these essentially grant the right to every citizen to be involved in public decision-making pro-
cesses such as plebiscites and elections.

3. Economic Social and Cultural Rights –these are human rights which recognize, protect and
guarantee the person’s rights to education, housing, adequate standard of living, health, science
and culture. These are also referred to as entitlement rights.

ATTRIBUTES OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Human Rights have the following attributes.

1. Universal- Human rights apply to all humans, regardless of race, culture, age, sex, or creed.

2. Inherent- All human beings are born with these rights; these are not conferred by any authority.

3. Equal- Every human being has the same set of rights as any other. Article 1 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights states that, "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity
and rights.

4. Inalienable- Human rights cannot be taken from or given away by any human. While its exercise
may be regulated or restricted by law, its substance cannot be taken away.
Module 2: BASIC POLICE OPERATIONS
LESSON 1.1: Categories of Police Operations

Police Operations are categorized as follows:

1) Public Safety Operations – includes Search, Rescue and Retrieval Operations, Fire Drills, Earth-
quake Drills and similar operations that promote public safety.

2) Law Enforcement Operation – includes Service of Warrant of Arrest, Implementation of Search

Warrant, Enforcement of Visitorial Powers of the Chief, Anti-Illegal Drugs Operation, Anti-Illegal
Gambling Operations, Anti-Illegal Logging Operations, Anti-Illegal Fishing Operations, Anti-Car-
napping Operations, and the likes.

3) Internal Security Operation – includes Counter-Insurgency Operations, Counter Terrorist Opera-

tions and similar operations that are conducted to ensure internal security.

4) Special Police Operation – includes Checkpoint Operation, Roadblock Operation, Civil Distur-
bance Management Operation, Police Assistance in the Enforcement of Demolition Eviction In-
junction and Similar Orders, Police Assistance in the Implementation Final Court Order and Or-
der from QuasiJudicial Bodies, Hostage Situation, Visit Board Search and Seizure Onboard Ma-
rine Vessels and other similar operations.

5) Intelligence Operation – includes Surveillance Operation, Counter Intelligence, Intelligence Re-

search, Intelligence Assessment and other similar police intelligence relevant to security, public
safety and order.

6) Investigation Operation – includes Investigation of Crime or Incident, Administrative Investiga-

tion and other similar investigative work relative to filing of criminal or administrative cases.

7) Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) – includes the processing of crime scene, technical and
forensic examination of evidences and similar scientific investigative assistance.

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
Pre-Operational Clearance
No police operation shall be conducted without the approval of the Chief/Commander/Head of
the concerned Police Unit/Office. A pre-operational clearance shall be filed by the Team Leader of the
operating team/s prior to the conduct of the operation and shall be approved by the concerned Police
Unit Commander This clearance shall be submitted to the operations section/division of the concerned
police unit for record purposes.

Inter-Unit Coordination
1. Personal Coordination or by Official Representative - Team Leader/s (TL) of local police units
operating outside of their territorial jurisdiction and National Support Units (NSUs) shall coordi-
 nate, personally or through an official representative, with the Police Regional, Provincial or City
Police Office within whose jurisdiction the operation is to be conducted.

2. Coordination by Filing Coordination Form – prior to launching of the operation, except in cases
where the formal (in writing) inter-unit coordination cannot be made due to the nature and/or
urgency of the situation such as, but not limited to, cross-jurisdictional pursuit operations, coor -
dination should be made formally using the prescribed Coordination form which is filed with the
concerned operation center.

3. Coordination by Practical / Available Means of Communication – in cases where formal inter-

unit coordination is not feasible, the Police Unit concerned shall seek ways to notify the territo -
rial police through any practical/available means of communication at any time during the oper-
ation and if not possible, shall accomplish the territorial jurisdiction of a written incident report
immediately after the termination of the operation.

Requirements of Police Operations

1. Basic Requirements
• Police operations like arrest, search and seizure, checkpoint, roadblocks, demolition and
civil disturbance management shall be conducted as follows:

i. With a marked police vehicle;

ii. Led by a Police Commissioned Officer
(PCO); and iii. With personnel in prescribed
police uniform or attire.

2. Use of Megaphones and Similar Instruments

• During actual police intervention operations, the Team Leader shall use peaceful means
including the use of megaphones or any other similar instruments to warn or influence
the offender’s or suspect/s to stop and/or peacefully give up.

3. Warning Shots Prohibited

• The police shall not use warning shots during police intervention operations.
Use of Force During Police Operations
1. Use of Excessive Force Prohibited – Generally, the use of excessive force is prohibited. How-
ever, in the performance of duty, a police officer may use necessary force to accomplish man-
dated tasks of enforcing the law and maintaining peace and order.

2. Issuance of Verbal Warning – A Police Officer must first issue a verbal warning before using
force. As far as practicable, verbal warning shall be in the dialect/language understandable to
the offender. The verbal warning shall consist of the following: the police identifying himself; the
intention; and what the officer wants the offender to do. The verbal warning must be clear and
loud.
3. Non-Issuance of Verbal Warning When Excusable – The failure of issuing a verbal warning is ex-
cusable in cases where threat to life or property is already imminent, and there is no option but
to use force to subdue the offender.

4. Use of Non-Lethal Weapons – when suspect is violent or threatening, and that less physical
measures have all been exhausted and deemed inapplicable, a more extreme but not deadly
measure can be used such as batons, pepper spray, stun gun and other non-lethal weapons to
put the suspect under control or to effect arrest.

5. Application of Necessary and Reasonable Force – During confrontation with an armed offender,
only such necessary and reasonable force should be applied sufficient to overcome the resis-
tance by an offender.

6. Factors to Consider in the Reasonableness of the Force Employed – a police officer, however, is
not required to afford offender’s attacking him the opportunity for a fair or equal struggle. The
reasonableness is dependent on the number of factors such as weapon used, physical condition,
and other circumstances. The police officer is given a sound discretion based on factors at play
before employing reasonable force.

7. Responsibility of the Police Officer in Charge of the Operation – The police officer in charge of
the operations shall exhaust all possible means to apply necessary and reasonable force to pro-
tect the lives and properties during confrontation. Use of Firearm During Police Operations

1. Use of Firearm When Justified – the use is justified if the offender poses imminent/immediate
danger of causing death or injury to the police officer or other persons. The use of firearm is also
justified under the doctrines of self-defense, defense of a relative, and defense of a stranger.

2. Firing at Moving Vehicles Prohibited but with Exceptions – a moving vehicle must not be fired
upon except when its occupants pose immediate danger or causing death or injury to the police
officer or any other person and that use of firearm does not create danger to the public.

3. Parameters to be Considered in Firing at Moving Vehicles – in firing at moving vehicles, the fol-
lowing parameters should be considered:

a. The intent of the suspect/s to harm the police officer or other person/s;
b. The capability of suspect/s to harm the police officer or other person/s with certainty;
and
c. Accessibility or proximity of the suspect/s from the police officer and other person/s.
4. Filing of Incident Report After the Use of Firearm – a police officer who fires his service firearm
during a confrontation with an offender/s must submit an incident report outlining the circum -
stances necessitating the use of his firearm.

5. Procedures After an Armed Confrontation – Immediately after an armed confrontation, the offi-
cer incharge of the operation shall:
 a. Secure the site of confrontation;
b. Take photographs;
c. Check whether the situation still poses imminent danger;
d. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital;
e. Ensure that all persons who died on the spot are not moved from their original location;
f. Arrested suspects should be kept in isolation;
g. Conduct debriefing on all involved PNP operatives.
h. Submit an After-Operations Report; and
i. Ensure psychological stress counselling for all involved PNP operatives.

Guidelines and Procedures when Responding to Calls for Police Assistance

1. Gather and note down in the patrol officer's logbook all available data as to the nature of the
calls, date, time and name of the caller. It may be regular, urgent or emergency in nature.

2. The manner of approach will be dependent on the nature of the call, either with haste/secrecy
or with/without flashing lights and sirens;

3. Consider the pertinent factors like the time, traffic conditions, the possibility of greater damage
and the neighborhood characteristics.

4. Stop the patrol car some distance from the scene. Approach the scene on foot, in complete si-
lence and exercising extreme caution.

5. Immediately attend to the injured, unless the other members of the patrol are in immediate
danger.
6. Focus all efforts to arrest criminals; however, priority shall be given to aiding the injured.
7. Determine the crime committed, identify and question briefly the victim/complainant and possi-
ble witnesses at the scene.

8. If the suspects or criminals have fled the scene before the arrival of the patrol team, immedi-
ately relay the composition, armament, appearance, and mode and direction of escape of the
suspects to the Operations Center for the conduct of dragnet operations.

9. When responding to street fights/brawls, the patrol member should call for back-up before in-
tervening. If there are no injuries and insufficient corroborative statements obtained to identify
who started the fight, disperse the crowd and make complete notes.

10. Never treat calls or complaints of loud noises caused by barking dogs, drunks, appliances and
parties as negligible or a nuisance. They only need courteous and tactful intervention and not
enforcement actions.

11. When responding to calls for police assistance due to planted or found explosives, never at -
tempt to handle, move or lift the object. Instead contact Operations Center and request for Ex-
 plosive Ordnance Disposal Team (EODT). On lookers must be promptly led to a safe distance
away from the scene.

12. When responding to calls from owners of beer houses, bars or inns or any other similar estab-
lishments during night time, request the owner to put the lights on first before entering the es-
tablishments.

13. Do not attempt to arbitrate and resolve conflicts/differences between neighbors, landlords/ten-
ants, husband and wife.

END OF LESSON 1.1

LESSON 1.2: DIFFERENT OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

ARREST
It is the taking of a person into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the commission of
an offense. Arrest may be with warrant or without warrant (warrantless arrest). In this stage of criminal
proceeding, the arrest may refer to arrest without warrant or warrantless arrest since the case has not
yet reached the court.

General Guidelines
1. All arrests should be made only on the basis of a valid Warrant of Arrest issued by a
competent authority in instances where the law allows warrantless arrest.

2. No violence or unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest, and the person to
be arrested shall not be subject to any greater restraint that what is necessary under cir-
cumstances.

3. As a general rule, arrests can be made on any day of the week and any time of the day
or night.
4. Only judges are authorized to issue Warrants of Arrest.
5. A Warrant of Arrest is no longer needed if the accused is already under detention. An
Order of Commitment is issued by the judge in lieu of the Warrant of Arrest.

6. The following are immune from arrest:

i. A Senator/Member of the House of Representatives while Congress is in
session for an offense punishable by not more than six years of imprison-
ment; and

ii. Diplomatic Agents, under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Rela-

tions. Warrant of Arrest

The warrant of arrest is the written authority of the arresting officer when making an arrest or
taking of a person into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the commission of
an offense. The head of the office to whom the warrant of arrest has been delivered for
implementation shall cause the warrant to be implemented within ten (10) days from receipt.
Within ten (10) days it was assigned for implementation shall make a report to the judge who
issued the warrant and in case of his failure to implement the same, shall state the reasons
thereof. Arrests Without a Warrant

A peace officer or a private person may, without a warrant, arrest a person:

a. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually

committing, or is attempting to commit an offense;

b. When an offense has just been committed and he has probable cause to be-
lieve, based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances, that the person
to be arrested has committed it;

c. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal es-
tablishment or place where he is serving final judgment or temporarily confined
while his case is pending, or has escaped while being transferred from one con-
finement area to another;

d. Where the accused released on bail attempts to leave the country without court
permission;

e. Violation of conditional pardon, punishable under Article 159 of the Revised Pe-
nal Code as a case of evasion of service of sentence; and

f. Arrest following a Deportation Proceeding by the Immigration Commissioner

against illegal and undesirable aliens.

Authority of the Arresting officer when Making an Arrest

1. Police officer may summon assistance – a police officer making a lawful arrest may ver-
bally summon as many persons as he deems necessary to assist him in affecting the ar -
rest.
2. Right of a police officer to break into building or enclosure – a police officer in order to
make an arrest, with or without warrant, may break into a building or enclosure where
the person to be arrested is or is reasonably believed to be, if he is refused admittance
thereto after announcing his authority or purpose.

3. Right to break out from building or enclosure – Whenever a police officer has entered
the building or enclosure to make an arrest, he may break out there from, when neces-
sary, to liberate himself.

4. Arrest or escape or rescue – if a person lawfully arrested escapes or is rescued, any per-
son may immediately pursue to retake him without a warrant at any time and in any
place within the Philippines.
 Warrantless Arrest - is a kind of arrest authorizing any peace officer or private person to arrest
another without warrant provided the arrest falls under any of the instances of warrantless
arrest under the law or rules.

Effecting Warrantless Arrest

1. Freeze or restrain suspect/s.
2. Make proper introduction as to identity and authority to arrest;
3. Inform the arrested person of the circumstances of his arrest and recite the Miranda
Warning and Anti-Torture Warning to him;

4. Secure the person to be arrested and use handcuffs for the protection of the arresting
officer and other individuals even the arrested person himself;

5. Conduct thorough search for weapons and other illegal materials on the person ar-
rested and surroundings within his immediate control;

6. Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented with the chain of custody of evi-
dence duly and clearly established;

7. No unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest; and

8. Bring the arrested person to the police station for further investigation and disposition.

SEARCH AND SEIZURE

It is a method used in the gathering, collecting and processing object, documentary and testimonial
evidence during police investigation which may be (1) with search warrant; and (2) without search
warrant (warrantless search).

Search Warrant is defined as an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the
Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search for
personal property described therein and bring it before the court.

Warrantless Search is a kind of search authorizing any peace officer to make search, without
warrant, of any prohibited articles pursuant to the provisions of the rules and court and the
decisions of the Supreme Court as exception to the provisions of the Constitution.

A search warrant shall be issued only upon probable cause in connection with one specific
offense to be determined personally by a judge after examination under oath or affirmation of
the complainant and the witnesses presented. The search warrant shall particularly describe the
place to be searched and the things to be seized which may be anywhere in the Philippines.
The following properties may be objects of a search warrant:

a) Properties which are the subject of the offense;

b) Stolen, embezzled proceeds, or fruits of the offense; and
 c) Objects including weapons, equipment, and other items used or intended to be used as
the means of committing an offense.

d) Objects that are illegal per se, even if not particularly described in the search warrant,
may be seized under the plain view doctrine.

Validity of Search Warrant

1) The search warrant shall be valid for ten (10) days from date of issuance and may be served
at any day within the said period. Thereafter, it shall be void.

2) In the implementation of the search warrant, its object or purpose cannot be accomplished
in one day, the search can be continued the following day until it is completed within the
10-day validity period of the search warrant.

3) If the object or purpose of the search warrant cannot be accomplished within the said valid -
ity period, the police officer conducting the search must file for extension for the validity of
the said warrant.

Time of Search
The warrant should be served during daytime, unless there is a provision in the warrant allowing
service at any time of the day or night.

Authority of the Police Officers conducting Search

After giving notice of the purpose and authority, a police officer when refused entry can break
open any outer or inner door or window or any part of a house or anything therein to
implement the warrant or liberate himself or any person lawfully aiding him when unlawfully
detained therein.

Note:
1. A search cannot be conducted except in the presence of the lawful occupant/owner
thereof or any member of the family or two witnesses of sufficient age and discretion
residing in the same locality.

2. Lawful personal properties, papers, and other valuables not specifically indicated or par-
ticularly described in the search warrant shall not be taken. Inventory and Delivery of
Property Seized

1. The police officer who confiscates property under the warrant shall issue a detailed re-
ceipt of property seized to the lawful occupants of the premises, family members or
those witnesses aiding the officer;

2. The receipt shall likewise include items seized under the Plain View Doctrine;
3. The police officer must then leave a receipt in the place in which he found the seized
property and a duplicate copy thereof with any barangay official having jurisdiction over
the place; and
 4. The police officer must deliver the property seized to the judge who issued the warrant
together with the inventory duly verified under oath.

Instances of warrantless search:

1. Search incident to a lawful arrest;
2. Consented search;
3. Search in plain view;
4. Search of a moving vehicle;
5. Search based on probable cause;
6. Search based on “stop and frisk rule”; 7 . Search based on valid security regulation;

8 . Search based on customs law.

Search incident to a lawful arrest

It authorizes any peace officer to search and seize without warrant any prohibited objects from the
person who was lawfully arrested. This is to allow an arresting officer to take from the person arrested
any money or property found upon his person which was used in the commission of the crime or the
fruit of thereof, or which might furnish the arrested person with the means of committing violence or
escaping, or which may be used in evidence in the trial of the case.

Consented search
It authorizes any peace officer to search and seize without warrant any prohibited objects from the
person who has given his consent to the search.

For this kind of warrantless to be valid, the consent must be expressly given by the person to be
searched who knowingly agrees to be searched or expressly waives his right to object to illegal search.

Search in plain view

It authorizes any peace officer to search and seize without warrant any prohibited objects which are
within his view, provided:

1. The object to be seized must be open to the eye and hand;

2. The object to be seized must have been seen inadvertently;
3. The presence of the searching officer at the place of search must be lawful.
Search of a moving vehicle

It authorizes any peace officer to search and seize without warrant any prohibited objects from a person
or things inside a moving vehicle which are within his view.

This is justified because of the mobility nature of the vehicle and the relative ease in fleeing. However,
what is applicable here is warrantless search under the plain view doctrine, unless the search is based
on probable cause.

Search based on a probable cause

It authorizes any peace officer to search and seize without warrant any prohibited objects after the
information was received about the movement of such prohibited objects and that there is no ample
time to secure a search warrant.

Search based on “Stop and Frisk Rule”

It authorizes any peace officer to search and seize without warrant any prohibited objects from the
person who has shown suspicious behavior.

Search and seizure here must be based on the suspicious behavior of a person to be searched and not
on police suspicion.

Search based on a valid security regulation

It authorizes any peace officer to search and seize without warrant any prohibited objects from a person
or place based on a validly issued security regulations.

Search based on a valid security regulation may be done in malls, jail premises, airports, etc.

Search based on customs law

It authorizes any peace officer to search and seize without warrant any prohibited objects from a person
or place which is in violation of the customs law, provided the searching officer must be in the exercise
of police authority under the customs law.
Search based on customs law may be done in any place such as buildings, vehicles, container van, etc.,
unless the prohibited articles are already inside the dwelling place that search warrant shall be
necessary.

Booking Arrested Suspects

Shall be undertaken to record and document information surrounding the arrest of the offenders.

INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES
Investigation by the Territorial Police after an Armed Confrontation
The police unit that has territorial jurisdiction over the area where the armed confrontation occurred
shall secure the scene and immediately undertake the necessary investigation.

Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) Team to Process the Crime Scene
The concerned police unit shall immediately request the Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) Team to
conduct crime scene processing.

Mandatory Examination of Firearm Seized/Confiscated

1. All firearms, cartridges and slugs seized, captured or recovered during any police operations in-
cluding those seized during the service of warrants and, more importantly, those recovered
from the crime scene shall be submitted to the local Forensics Unit;

2. The field investigator or investigator-on-case (IOC) shall submit the photo of the firearm and the
receipt issued by the local Forensics Unit for the said firearms/cartridges/slugs to the prosecutor
or the court;

3. Should the prosecutor eventually require the physical submission of the firearm, the IOC shall
manifest with the prosecutor or court that a subpoena be issued for the Forensics Unit which is -
sued the receipt to present the said firearm; and
 4. The chain of custody must be strictly observed and documented and therefore, as much as prac-
ticable, it shall be the IOC who shall personally submit the recovered firearms/shells/slugs/car-
tridges to the local Forensics Unit.

Inquest Proceeding Required when the Suspect Dies

In cases of armed confrontation where the suspect dies, the TL of the operating unit shall submit the
incident for inquest before the inquest prosecutor prior to the removal of the body from the crime
scene.

MAINTENANCE OF THE POLICE BLOTTER

Police Blotter - each PNP operating unit shall maintain an official police blotter where all types of
operational and undercover dispatches shall be recorded containing the five Ws (who, what, where,
when and why) and one H (how) of an information.

A police blotter is a logbook or a digital record that contains the daily registry of all crime incident
reports, official summaries of arrest, and other significant events reported in a police station. Police
Blotter for Cases involving Women and Children

A separate blotter shall be maintained for crime incident reports involving violence against women and
children and those cases involving a child in conflict with the law (CICL) to protect their privacy for RA
9262 and RA 9344, respectively.

Crime Incident Reporting System (CIRS)

Each PNP will also maintain and utilize the PNP Crime Incident Reporting System, an electronic reporting
system that facilitates crime documentation, modernizes data storage and provides quick and reliable
transmission of crime information from lower units and NOSUs to the National Headquarters at Camp
Crame, Quezon City.
Blotter Procedure
The Duty Officer (DO) should first evaluate if the report is a crime incident, arrest or event/activity. If it is
a crime incident, the DO shall first accomplish the Incident Record Form (IRF) which the entry in the
blotter book and the IRS shall be extracted. All other reports are recorded directly to the blotter book.

Unit Crime Periodic Report (UCPER)

This is to promote consistency in the recording of crime incidence, the PNP adopts a uniform procedure
in reporting and collecting crime data including cases reported to other law enforcement agencies that
are part of the Criminal Justice System.

CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION
Duties of the Police during Custodial Investigation
1. The arresting officer, or the investigator, shall ensure that the person arrested be detained or
under custodial investigator shall always be assisted by a counsel, preferably by his own choice;

2. The arresting officer or the investigator must inform the arrested, detained or under custodial
investigation his rights under Miranda Doctrine.

3. If the person arrested, detained or under custodial investigation has opted to give a sworn state-
ment, the arresting officer or investigator must reduce it in writing;

4. In instances where there is inability to read and write, the document shall be read and ade-
quately explained to the person arrested, detained or under custodial investigation with his
counsel in the language known to him before he affixes his signature or thumb mark.

5. The arresting officer or investigator must ensure that the extrajudicial confession made by the
person arrested, detained or under custodial investigation shall be:

a. In writing;
b. Signed by the person in the presence of his counsel
c. In absentia, must be upon a valid waiver and in the presence of any members of the im-
mediate family, spouse, mayor, judge, spiritual leader chosen by him.

6. The arresting officer, or the investigator, as the case may be, must, under established regula -
tions, allow the person arrested, detained, or under custodial investigation visits or conferences
with any member of his immediate family, or nay medical doctor or religious individual chosen
by him or the immediate family.

7. After interrogation, the person under custodial investigation shall have the right to be informed
of his right to demand doctor of his own choice. If he cannot afford the service of a doctor, he
shall be provided one. If the arrested person is a female, she shall be attended preferably of a fe-
male doctor.

DETENTION
Admission

1. Any person arrested due to the commission of a crime/s;

2. Arrested suspects covered by a commitment order; and
3. Arrested suspects under custodial investigation.
Requirements for Admission
Prior to the admission of arrest suspect, the following mandatory requirements shall be
submitted to the Chief, Detention/Custodial Center:
1. Request for Custody of arresting unit or the Commitment Order from the Court;
2. Proof of medical examination or medical certificate of the detainee to be provided by the ar-
resting unit requesting for custody; and
 3. Case folder of the detainee containing the accomplished booking sheet for the arrested sus-
pect and the Information filed with the Prosecutor’s Office.

Segregation of Detainees
As much as possible, detainees must be segregated by gender and classification of crimes.

Visitation
Any person arrested and detained at the PNP Detention/Custodial Center shall be allowed visits
by conferences with any member of his immediate family, or any medical doctor or religious figure
chosen by him or any member of his immediate family:

1. The Chief, Detention/Custodial Center or his duly authorized representative is authorized to

apportion the number of visitors per detainee at any given time as the space of the visitor’s
area would improve.

2. Visitors wearing the color of detainees inform shall be advised to wear other colors.
3. The Custodial Center, an informal and temporary penal facility for penal facility for arrested
suspects, shall not allow conjugal visits for detention prisoners.

4. The counsel of the accused has the right to visit the latter subject to existing security rules
and regulations.

5. No camera, video equipment, cellular phones and similar devices are allowed inside.
6. All visitors shall be risked for deadly weapons, firearms and other prohibited items. Transfer
of Custody

1. Upon the receipt of the Commitment Order from the court, the Chief, Detention/Custodial
Center shall personally coordinate with the issuing court to ascertain the validity of the or-
der;

2. Upon confirmation, the Chief, Detention/Custodial Center must coordinate with the receiv-
ing detention facility for the immediate transfer of custody; and

3. Prior to the transfer of custody, the arrested person shall be subjected to medical examina-
tion by a PNP medico-legal officer or any government physician.

Release
1. The Chief of Office shall be the sole approving authority in releasing detention prisoner.
2. Upon the receipt of the Release Order from the court, the Chief/Detention/Custodial Center
shall personally coordinate with the issuing court to ascertain the validity of the order.

3. Upon confirmation, the Chief, Detention/Custodial Center must coordinate with the arrest-
ing unit if there are other legal impediments to the release.
 4. The Chief, Detention/Custodial Center shall likewise check the Directorate for Investigation
and Detective Management (DIDM)’s Arrest and Warrant Registry to determine if the re -
leased has other pending warrants.

5. Granting that all documents are legally in order, the Chief Detention/Custodial Center shall
prepare the memorandum addressed to the Chief of Office for the approval of the release.

6. If there are valid grounds to sustain further detention, the Chief in coordination with the ar -
resting unit, will prepare appropriate manifestation to the court containing therein the
grounds for objection.

7. Prior to the official release of the detainee, the Chief Detention/Custodial Center must bring
the detainee to the Office of the PNP Health Service or Rural Health Unit for medical exami-
nation, which shall form part of the records/case folder of the subject detainee.
8. The Property or Evidence Custodian Officer shall be responsible for the custody of all prop-
erties seized from the detainee prior to his detention. The former shall release the same im-
mediately upon discharge of the latter.

Transporting Detention Prisoner

1. If transported by a patrol jeep/patrol car, the subject must be seated on the right rear seat
and a PNP Escort shall sit at the rear on the left side facing the subject. Hands of the subject
should be secured by handcuffs under his knees.

2. In no case shall a detainee be transported using public utility land vehicles not used for such
purpose.

3. In no case shall high-risk detainee be transported without proper escort and handcuffs.
4. Female detainees shall be transported in handcuffs, preferably aided by a police woman.
5. In no case a detainee shall be allowed out of detention cell without proper escort.
6. Transport and escort of detainee shall be limited only from the detention cell to the proper
office for inquest or court for hearing or to the nearest hospital/clinic for medical examina-
tion prior to detention or during actual medical emergency or court-permitted transport.

7. In no case shall a detainee be allowed to travel and escorted outside the detention cell to
places devoted for recreation, worship, meals, and others analogous of description, unless
upon proper orders of the court.

8. Detainees shall be transported in uniforms when possible or other proper attire that may
identify them as detention prisoner.

INQUEST PROCEDURE
Commencement of Inquest
 Inquest proceedings shall commence upon the presentation of arrested person and witness/es
by the police officer before the inquest prosecutor. The concerned police officer shall also submit the
following documents:

1. Warrant of Arrest;
2. Statement of the complainant/s;
3. Affidavit/s of the witness/es if any; and
4. Other supporting evidence gathered by law enforcement authorities in the course of their
investigation of criminal incident involving the arrested person.

Documents to be Submitted
The investigator shall ensure that, as far as practicable, the following documents shall be
presented during the inquest proceedings:

a. Murder, Homicide and Parricide

• Certified true/machine copy of the certificate of death of the victim; and
• Necropsy Report and the certificate of Post-Mortem Examination, if readily available.
b. Frustrated or Attempted Homicide, Murder, Parricide, and Physical Injuries Cases
• Medical Certificate of the complaining witness showing the nature and extent of the in-
jury;
• Certification or statement as to the duration of the treatment or medical attendance; and
 Certificate or statement as to duration of incapacity for work.

c. Violation of the Dangerous Drugs Law

• Chemistry Report or Certificate of Laboratory Examination duly signed by the forensic
chemist or other duly authorized officer;

• Machine copy or photograph of the buy-bust money;

• Inventory/list of property seized; and
• Affidavit of Poseur-Buyer/Arresting Officer
d. Theft and Robbery Cases, Violation of Anti-Piracy Law, Anti-Highway Robbery Law, and Vi-
olation of the Anti-Fencing Law

• List/Inventory of the articles and items subject of the offense; and  Statement of their
respective value.

e. Rape, Seduction, and Forcible Abduction with Rape Cases

• Medico-Legal Report (Living Case Report), if the victim submitted herself for medical or
physical examination;

• Statement of the victim/complainant;

f. Violation of the Anti-Carnapping Law
• Machine copy of the certificate of motor vehicle registration;
• Machine copy of the current official receipt of payment of the registration fees of the
subject motor vehicle; and
 • Other evidence of ownership.
g. Violation of the Anti-Cattle Rustling Law
• Machine copy of the cattle certificate of registration; and  Picture of the cattle, if readily
available.

h. Violation of Illegal Gambling Law  Gambling paraphernalia; and  Cash money, if any.

i. Illegal Possession of Firearms and Explosives

• Chemistry report duly signed by the forensic chemist; and Photograph of the explosives,
if readily available; and

• Certification from the Firearms and Explosives Office, Civil Security Group, PNP
j. Violation of the Fisheries Law
• Photograph of the confiscated fish, if readily available;
• Certification of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources; and  Paraphernalia and
equipment used in illegal fishing.

k. Violation of the Forestry law

• Scale sheets containing the volume and species of the forest products confiscated, num -
ber of pieces and other important details such as estimated value of products confis-
cated.

• Certification of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources/Bureau of Forest

Management; and

• Seizure Receipt
Waiver of Rights
The inquest shall proceed unless the arrested person opts for a preliminary investigation by
executing the required waiver of rights under Article 123 of the RPC.

END OF LESSON 1.2

CHAPTER 3: POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING

Plan – is an organized schedule or sequence by methodical activities intended to attain a goal and
objectives for the accomplishments of mission or assignment. It is a method or way of doing something
in order to attain objectives.
Planning – defined as thinking about the future to be, and thinking about what we need to do now to
achieve it. Planning involves linking present actions to future conditions.

- the determination in advance of how the objectives of the organization will be attained.
- the process of setting performance objectives and identifying the actions needed to accomplish
them. - working out in broad outline the things that need to be done and the methods for doing
them to accomplish the purpose set for the enterprise.

Police Planning – is an attempt by police administrators in trying to allocate anticipated resources to

meet anticipated service demands. It is the systematic and orderly determination of facts and events as
basis for policy formulation and decision affecting law enforcement management.

Operational Planning – is the use of a rational design or pattern for all departmental undertakings
rather than relying on chance in an operational environment. It is the preparation and development of
procedures and techniques in accomplishing of each of the primary tasks and functions of an
organization.

Police Operational Planning – is the act of determining policies and guidelines for police activities and
operations and providing controls and safeguards for such activities and operations in the department. It
may also be the process of formulating coordinated sequence of methodical activities and allocation of
resources to the line units of the police organization for the attainment of the mandated objectives or
goals. Objective – a specific commitment to achieve a measurable result within a specific period of time.
Goals are general statement of intention and typically with time horizon, or it is an achievable end state
that can be measured and observed. Making choices about goals is one of the most important aspects of
planning. Strategy – is a broad design or method; or a plan to attain a stated goal or objectives. Tactics
are specific design, method or course of action to attain a particular objective in consonance with
strategy.

Procedures – are sequences of activities to reach a point or to attain what is desired.

Guidelines – rules of action for the rank and file to show them how they are expected to obtain the
desired effect.

OBJECTIVES OF POLICE PLANNING

1. To increase the chances of success by focusing on results and not so much on the objectives.
2. To force analytical thinking and evaluation of alternatives for better decisions.
3. To establish a framework for decision making consistent with the goal of the organization.
4. To orient people to action instead of reaction.
5. To modify the day-to-day style of operations to future management.
6. To provide decision making with flexibility.
7. To provide basis for measuring original accomplishments or individual performance.
EXPECTATION OF POLICE PLANNING
1. Improve analysis of problems.
2. Provide better information for decision making.
3. Help to clarify goals, objectives and priorities.
4. Result in more effective allocation of resources.
5. Improve inter and intradepartmental cooperation and coordination.
6. Improve the performance of programs.
7. Give the police department a clear sense of direction.
8. Provide the opportunity for greater public support.
 9. Increase the commitment of personnel.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD POLICE PLAN
1. Clearly defined Objectives and Goals.
2. Simplicity, Directness, Clarity, and Flexibility
3. Possibility of Attainment
4. Must provide Standards of Operation
5. Practical in terms of Resources needed for implementation.
APPROACHES IN POLICE PLANNING
There are five key approaches for planning process. These five approaches have been summed
up in an acronym as SITARS based on the first letters of Synoptic, Incremental, Transactive, Advocacy,
Radical and Systemic planning.

1. Synoptic Planning / Rational Comprehensive Approach – the dominant traditional ap-

proach in planning. It is also the point of departure for most of the other planning ap-
proaches. This typically looks at problems from a systems viewpoint, using conceptual or
mathematical models relating ends (objectives) to means (resources and constraints), with
heavy reliance on numbers and quantitative analysis.

Elements of Synoptic Planning

a. Goal setting
b. Identification of policy alternatives
c. Evaluation of the means against the end
d. Implementation of decisions
Consideration of Synoptic Planning
a. Strategic Analysis – this includes the study on the courses of actions; suitability studies;
feasibility studies; acceptability studies; and judgment.

b. Suitability – each course of action is evaluated in accordance with general policies, rules
and laws.

c. Feasibility – the include the appraisal of the effects of a number of factors weighed sep-
arately and together.

d. Acceptability – those judged to be suitable and feasible are then analyzed in acceptabil-
ity studies.

e. Cost-Effective Analysis – technique is sometimes called cost-benefit or cost perfor-

mance analysis. The purpose of this form of selection is that the alternative chosen
should maximize the ratio of benefit to cost.

f. Must-wants Analysis – this method of selecting a preferred course of action combined

with the strength of both strategic and cost effectiveness analysis. This is concerned
 with both the subjective weights of suitability, feasibility, and acceptability and the ob-
jectives weights of cost versus benefits.

Steps in Synoptic Planning

a. Prepare for Planning
b. Describe the present situation
c. Develop projections and alternatives
d. Identify and analyze problems
e. Set the goals
f. Identify alternative course of action
g. Select preferred alternatives
h. Plan implementation
i. Monitoring and evaluation
j. Summation of the plan
k. Repeat the Planning Process
2. Incremental Planning – conclude that long-range and comprehensive planning are not only
too difficult but inherently bad. The problems are seen as too difficult when they are
grouped together and easier to solve when they are taken one at a time and broken down
into gradual adjustments over time.

3. Transactive Planning – is carried out in face-to-face interactions with people who will be af-
fected by the plan and not to an anonymous target community of beneficiaries. Techniques
include field surveys and interpersonal dialogue marked by a process of mutual learning.

4. Advocacy Planning – is usually associated with defending the interests if the weak – the
poor and politically impotent for example – against the strong. The beneficial aspects of this
approach include a greater sensitivity to the unintended and negative side effects of plans.

5. Radical Planning – two mainstreams that sometimes flow together: the first mainstream in-
volves collective actions to achieve concrete results in the immediate future. The second
mainstream is critical of large-scale social processes and how they permeate the character
of social and economic life at all levels.

6. Systemic Planning – is sometimes called Traditional planning. It identifies a rational step-by-

step process that can be used to develop all types of plans. Systematic planning has seven
steps: a. Development of an organizational vision

i. Vision – serves as the basis of all other plans in the organization as a frame of
reference for police decision making. A vision should describe the role of the
police in the community, the basic principles that guide police behavior, the role
of management and role of leadership in realization of the vision.

b. Development of an organizational strategy.

 i. Strategy – includes a consideration of a policing model such as legalistic, service
and community models, and managerial model. A principle in which that the
foundation of a successful strategy is beneficial between members.

c. Identification of organizational values

i. Organizational Values – are fundamental beliefs of an organization that guides
the officers when making discretionary decisions.

1. Protect the lives and property of the citizens.

2. Enforce the law in an impartial manner.
3. Fight crime through prevention.
4. Aggressively pursue violators of the law.
5. Maintain a high standard of integrity than other citizens.
6. Value human life.
7. Respect the dignity of each individual.
DOCTRINES AND PLAN CLASSIFICATION
The Primary Doctrines
Fundamental Doctrines – Are the basic principles in planning, organization and management of
the PNP in support of the overall pursuits of the PNP Vision, Mission and strategic action plan of the
attainment of the national objectives.
Operational Doctrines – are principle and rules governing the planning, organization and
direction and employment of the PNP forces in the accomplishment of basic security operational mission
in the maintenance of peace and order, crime prevention and suppression, internal security and public
safety operation.

Functional Doctrines – provide guidance for specialized activities of the PNP in the broad field of
interest such as personnel, intelligence, operations, logistics, planning, etc.

The Secondary Objectives

Complimentary Doctrines – formulated jointly by two or more bureaus in order to implement
an operation with regard to public safety and peace and order.

Ethical Doctrines – defines the fundamental principles governing the rules of conduct, attitude,
behavior and ethical norm of the organization.

CLASSIFICATION OF POLICE PLAN ACCORDING TO TIME

1. Strategic Plan – it relates to plans which are strategic or long range in application, and it deter -
mine the organization’s original goals and strategy. It is the general roadmap and direction of
the organization usually aligned with national government strategy on public strategy.

2. Intermediate Plan – medium range plan that determines the quantity and quality of efforts and
accomplishments. Examples are Master Plan Sandigan-Milenyo ( Anti-Crime) and Master Plan
Sandugo ( Internal Security Operations ).
 3. Operational Plans – are short range plans that determines the schedule of special activities usu-
ally applicable from one week or less than year duration. Plans that addresses the immediate
need which are specific and how it can be accomplished on time with available allocated re -
sources. Examples of OPLANS are: OPLAN Tokhang (Anti-Drug War), OPLAN Salikop (Anti-Orga-
nized Crime Groups) and OPLAN Bantay Dalampasigan.

OTHER TYPES OF POLICE PLANS

Reactive Plans – are developed as a result of crisis. A particular problem may occur for which
the department has no plan and must quickly develop one, sometimes without careful preparation.

Proactive Plans – plans that are developed in anticipation of problems. Although not all police
problems are predictable, many are, and it is possible for a police department to prepare a response in
advance.

Visionary Plans – are statements that identify the role of the police in the community and a
future condition or state to which the department can aspire.

Standing Plans – provide the basic framework for responding to organizational problems. The
organizational vision and values, strategic statement, policies, procedures, guidelines and rules and
regulations are examples of standing plans.

Functional Plans – include the framework for the operation of the major functional units in the
organization, such as patrol and investigation. It may also include the design of the organizational
structure, the functions and units in relationship with one another and how to coordinate activities.

Time-Specific Plans – are concerned with a specific purpose and conclude when an objective is
accomplished or a problem is solved.

POLICE PROCEDURES
Policy Procedures – procedure used to achieve goals on administrative responsibilities, extra-
office activities, and general management.

Standard Operating Procedures – are procedures prepared to guide organizational members in

routine and field operations and in some special occasions.
Field Procedure – are procedures outlined as a guide to officers and men in the field such as
those related to reporting, dispatching, arrest, raids, stoppage of suspicious persons, and others.

Headquarters Procedures – are procedures intended for dispatchers and other personnel which
may be reflected in the duty manual.

Special Operations Procedures – these includes the procedures on the operation of the special
unit with prepared procedures for search and preservation of crime scene, control of licenses,
information dissemination about wanted persons, and others related to it.

Tactical Procedures – are used to cope with specific situations at known locations such as
detailing with an attack against installations by lawless elements.

Budget and Accounting Procedures – are procedures that present supporting budget requests,
expenditure reports and other appropriations.
 Specifications and Purchasing Procedures – are procedures for specifications and request for
equipment and supplies.

Personnel Procedures – are established personnel programs and the allocation of human resources.
PNP ADOPTED PROCEDURES

• PNP GENERAL PROCEDURES o Police Blotter o Police Uniform o Police Notebook and Pen o
Inter-Unit Coordination o Police Intervention Operations o Warning, Use of Megaphones o
Warning Shot o Use of Force o Moving Vehicles

• PNP BASIC PROCEDURES o Patrol Procedures o Spot Check/Pat Down Searches o Arrest

o Custodial Investigation o Inquest Procedures o Search and Seizure o Crime Scene Re-
sponse

• PNP SPECIAL PROCEDURES o Rules on labor disputes o Demolition and Eviction o Police As-
sistance Re: Implementation of Court Orders o Rallies and Demonstrations o Civil Disturbance
Management o Checkpoints o Hostage Situations
o Child Abuse Cases o Internal Security Operations o Bomb Emergency Response o
Computer Incident Response Procedures

CHAPTER 4: SPECIAL POLICE OPERATIONS

LESSON 3.1: Special Operational Procedures I

INVESTIGATION OF VAWC AND OTHER CASES OF CHILD ABUSE

The PNP Women and Children Protection Desks (WCPD) in coordination with the Local Social
Welfare Development Office (LSWDO), shall conduct a timely, thorough and comprehensive
investigation of all cases involving violence against women and their children, committed within their
respective area of responsibility, consistent with domestic laws, rules and regulations, and international
human rights standards. They shall observe the rules and procedures as provided in section 48 of the
Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR ) of RA 9262 (Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children
Act of 2004).

Children refers to persons below 18 years of age or older but incapable of taking care of
themselves as defined by RA 7610.

1. Upon the receipt of complaint, the WCPD officer shall conduct appropriate investigation which
includes, but not limited to: taking formal statements of the victim survivor and evidence collec-
tion necessary for filing a case;

2. Immediately after taking the essential elements of information during the course of investiga-
tion, the WCPD officer shall refer the victim-survivor to the nearest PNP Crime Laboratory and/
 or hospital or any medical facilities for appropriate medico-legal examination. If necessary, the
PNP shall ensure that the examining physician must be of the same gender as the victim espe-
cially in sexual violence cases;

3. In case of a child victim-survivor which the law requires the immediate presence of the unof -
fending parent or guardian and social worker, only persons expressly authorized by the victim-
survivor shall be allowed by the WCPD officer inside the room where police investigation and/or
medical/physical/examination are being conducted in private;

4. Ensure the confidentiality of identity of the victim-survivor and all other parties directly involved
with the case under investigation. For this purpose, WCPD must maintain a separate blotter on
crimes committed under the Act. Under no circumstance, shall any police officer allow the me-
dia to access to such information;

5. After the conduct of police investigation, the WCPD officer shall refer the victim to the LSWDO,
any available DSWD shelters, NGOs and other service providers for psycho-social intervention
and rehabilitation programs;

6. The WCPD officer shall forward the investigation report, together with the relevant evidence, in -
cluding the formal statements of witnesses and result of medico- legal examination, to the pros-
ecutor for criminall action;
7. If victim is found with manifestations of the Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) which is vali-
dated by past police records and testimonies from witnesses in interest, the WCPD officer shall
inform the Punong Barangay, the LSWDO or the concerned NGOs, for appropriate psychiatric
and psychological evaluation which may form part of the evidence present to court;

8. Assist in the application and enforcement of the provisions of the protection order as issued by
barangay or court;

9. Respond with the assistance of other police personnel, barangay officials, and other parties to a
call for emergency assistance to ensure immediate protection of the victim by entering the
dwelling if necessary, whether or not a protection order has been issued;

10. In case where perpetrator is armed or in possession of deadly weapon in plain view, cause the
confiscation thereof with the assistance of other police personnel;

11. Effect the arrest of the perpetrator by virtue of warrant issued by the court. In the event that
any crime under the Act is committed, being committed or about to be committed, or that any
police with personal knowledge of the facts indicating the commission of such time, it shall be
his/her duty to arrest the perpetrator even without a warrant, provided the offender shall be
processed in accordance with Section 5, Rule 113 of the Rules of Court;

12. Except when the victim is deemed more secure to stay in their place of residence, in which case
the perpetrator has been removed by virtue of protection order issued by the barangay or the
 court, the WCPD officer or any designated police officer shall provide assistance to help facilitate
the transfer of the victim survivor to a safe place of his own choice, including the removal of
some of the victim’s personal belongings;

13. Monitor and follow up any case in violation of the act that has been filed in court. In this regard,
the WCPD officer must maintain a periodic assessment report of all cases reported; and

14. Participate in multi-disciplinary mechanisms to help address the protection needs of the victim-
survivor of VAWC.

RIGHT TO PRIVACY OF THE CHILD AND CONFIDENTIALITY OF RECORDS

The police shall, at all times, respect the right to privacy of the child and shall observe
confidentiality of information and records pertaining to child rights cases he investigated or is
investigating, from the beginning of the investigation and/or initial custody of the child-victim and at all
times, thereafter, except when the release of any information is pursuant to an order issued by a
competent court.

CYBERCRIME INCIDENT RESPONSE PROCEDURE

Cybercrime Response is the actual police intervention in a cybercrime incident where the acquisition of
matters of evidentiary value is traceable within the computer’s hardware, software and its network.

GUIDELINES FOR CYBERCRIME INCIDENT FIRST RESPONDERS

a. When responding to a cybercrime incident, or to a scene of the crime where computers (or elec-
tronic device, digital media, and other similar devices) are present, it is imperative for the FR to be
able to protect, seize and search the same and to be able to recognize potential evidence, using
the following questions as guidelines to determine its role in the commission of the crime:

1. Is it a contraband or fruit of a crime?

2. Is it a tool used for the commission of the crime?
3. Is it only incidental to the crime, i.e. being used to store evidence of the crime?
4. Is it both instrumental to the crime and storage device for evidence?
b. After identifying the theories as to the role of the computer in the commission of the crime, the
following questions essential to any further police intervention should be considered by the FR:

1. Is there probable cause to seize the hardware?

2. Is there probable cause to seize the software?
3. Is there probable cause to seize the data?
4. Where will the search and seizure be conducted?
c. Search of computers (or electronic device, digital media, and other similar devices) and seizure of
data therefrom require a warrant issued by the court.

d. Appropriate collection techniques shall be used to preserve the data sought to be seized.
 e. The evidence seized shall be subjected to forensic examination by trained personnel. The result of
the forensic examination, as well as the testimony of the forensic expert, shall be made available
during the trial.

SEARCH AND SEIZURE OF COMPUTER

Upon determination of how the computer was utilized in the commission of the crime, and once
the legal requirements have been complied with, the following are the guidelines for the conduct of
search and seizure:

1. Secure the Scene

a. Officer’s safety is always paramount.
b. Preserve the area for potential fingerprints.
c. Immediately restrict access to the computer.
d. Isolate from phone lines.
2. Secure the computer as evidence
a. If the computer is OFF, do not turn it ON.
b. If the computer is ON, do not turn it OFF, nor touch its mouse or its keyboard.
3. For standalone connection or single area connection computers (non-networked)
a. Consult a computer specialist.
b. If a specialist is not available:
i. Photograph screen and disconnect all power sources and plugs including those at the
back of the computer;

ii. Place evidence tape over each drive slot;

iii. Photograph (or make a diagram) and label parts located at the back of the computer
including its connections;

iv. Label all connectors and cable end to allow reassembly as needed;
v. If transport is required, pack the components as “fragile cargo” prior to transport;
vi. Keep it away from magnets, radio transmitters, and from other hostile environment;
vii. Ensure that only a computer forensic expert conduct the search for any evidence
contained in the computer hardware; and

viii. Ensure that the computer HD is duplicated by the forensic expert and the original is
kept by the evidence custodian for future court presentation. Further search and
analysis shall be undertaken using only the imaged disk.

4. For networked computers (or business computers)

a. Consult a computer specialist for assistance.
b. Do not immediately pull the plug to prevent:
i. Severe damage to the
system;
 ii. Disrupting the legiti-
mate business; and iii. Possible
liability of the officers.

GUIDELINES IN THE TREATMENT OF OTHER ELECTRONIC DATA STORAGE DEVICES

The FR should understand that other electronic devices may contained viable evidence
associated with the crime. The FR must be ensured that, unless an emergency exists, the device should
not be accessed. Should it be necessary to access the device, the FR should ensure that all actions
associated with the manipulation of the device should be noted in order to document the chain of
custody and ensure its admission as evidence in court.

SEARCH AND SEIZURE OF WIRELESS TELEPHONES

Upon determination of how the wireless telephone device was utilized in the commission of the
crime, and once the legal requirements have been complied with, the following are the guidelines for
the conduct of search and seizure:

1. If the device is ON, do not turn it OFF;

a. Turning it OFF could activate lockout feature.
b. Write down all information on display and, if possible, secure a photograph.
c. Power down prior to transport (bring all power supply cords found at the scene).
2. If the device is OFF, do not turn it ON.
a. Turning it on could alter evidence in the device.
b. Upon seizure, take it to an expert as soon as possible, or contact local service provider.
c. Exert an effort to locate any instructions manual pertaining to the device.
SEARCH AND SEIZURE OF ELECTRONIC PAGING DEVICES
The FR should remember that search of stored data in an electronic paging device can be made
only when incidental to a lawful arrest, when consent has been given, and when a warrant has been
issued.

SEARCH AND SEIZURE OF FACSIMILE OR FAX MACHINES

The FR should remember that, if the fax machine is ON, powering it down may cause the loss of
the last number dialed or other stored fax numbers. The FR should also remember that the header line
should be the same as the phone line, and that if possible, all manuals should be seized along with the
machine.

SEARCH AND SEIZURE OF CALLER ID DEVICES

1. The FR should be able to recognize potential evidence contained in caller ID devices such as
telephone numbers and subscriber’s information from incoming phone calls.

2. The FR should remember that interruption of the power supply of the caller ID device may
cause loss of data if not protected by an internal battery back-up.

3. The FR must also make sure to document all stored data prior to seizure of the device, other -
wise, loss of data may occur. All seized electronic equipment shall be turned over to the Anti-
Cybercrime Group
 (ACG), and in the absence of ACG in the area, to the local Regional/Provincial Forensics Unit (R/PFU)
GENERAL GUIDELINES IN HANDLING COMPUTER EVIDENCE
1. If the computer is OFF, check whether it might be sleeping. Wake up with a soft manipulation of
the trackpad (or mouse for desktop) or if it is a laptop, by slightly closing or opening the screen
flap. a. If it is completely OFF, leave it OFF.

2. If the computer is ON, leave it ON and check for the following:

a. Take a photo of the time indicated with another device with time (e.g. a watch or a mo -
bile phone) to cross reference time.

b. If it is password protected, force shutdown the device by unplugging the power cord di-
rectly from the socket.
c. If it is not password protected, conduct RAM Imaging, Checking of encryption and
Forensic Imaging.

d. Secure the computer evidence with a Faraday bag.

RULES ON ANTI ILLEGAL DRUGS OPERATIONS

a. The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) was mandated by law to carry out the provi-
sions of RA 9165 or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 and serve as the imple -
menting arm of the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB), and be responsible for the efficient and effec-
tive enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical as provided in the Act.

b. The PNP, however, still possesses the authority to conduct anti-illegal drug operations, provided,
that the case shall be eventually transferred to PDEA based on the SC Decisions in PP v Rashamia
Hernandez et al., (GR No. 184804, June 18, 2009). PDEA deputation is no longer necessary or re-
quired for PNP personnel assigned with PNP-DEG.

c. The PNP is not prevented from conducting warrantless arrest under Section 5, Rule 113 and
search incident to a lawful arrest under Section 13, Rule 126 of the Rules of Court.

COORDINATION REQUIREMENTS
1. The PNP prior to any anti-drug enforcement operations, as far as practicable, coordinate with
PDEA.
2. In any case that PNP coordinates with PDEA, PDRA must be informed of the operation within 24
hours from the time of the actual custody of the suspects or seizure of the drugs and substances
and any paraphernalia or equipment, shall regularly update PDEA of the status of such cases
(Sec. 86(a), IRR of RA 9165).

3. The term “as far as practicable” means that the coordination with the PDEA may be done, prac -
ticed or accomplished in any feasible or possible manner. Under the following instances, prior
coordination is validly dispensed:
 a. In remote places where coordination is not possible;
b. When coordination compromises the lives of the police operatives, informant and wit-
nesses, involved in a drug operation;

c. When coordination will prejudice the apprehension of drug suspects and confiscation of
dangerous drugs;

d. When prior coordination will compromise the entire police operation; In case of these
instances, a post coordination will be made in order.

HANDLING, CUSTODY AND DISPOSITION OF EVIDENCE

1. In the handling, custody and disposition of evidence, the provision of Section 21, RA 9165 and its
IRR shall be strictly observed.

2. The apprehending officer having initial custody and control of the drugs shall, immediately after
seizure, and confiscation, physically inventory and photograph the same in the presence of the
accused or the person/s from whom such items were seized, or his/her representative or coun -
sel, a representative from the media and the DOJ, and any elected public official who shall be re -
quired to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof.

3. The physical inventory and photograph shall be conducted at the place where the search war-
rant is served; or at the nearest police station or at the nearest office of the apprehending offi -
cer, whichever practicable, in case of warrantless seizures. Provided, that non-compliance with
these requirements under justifiable grounds, as long as the integrity and the evidentiary value
of the seized items are preserved by the apprehending officer, shall not render void and invalid
of such items.
4. Photographs of the pieces of evidence must be taken upon discovery without altering or moving
its position in the place where it was situated, kept or hidden, including the process of recording
the inventory and the weighing of dangerous drugs, and if possible, with registered weight of ev-
idence on the scale focused by the camera, in the presence of persons required, as provided un-
der Sec. 21, Art. II of RA 9165.

5. The seizing officer must mark the evidence with his initials indicating therein the date, time and
place where the evidence was found and seized. The seizing officer shall secure and preserve the
evidence in an appropriate container for laboratory examination.

6. Within 24 hours upon confiscation/seizure of all dangerous drugs and related articles, the same
shall be submitted to the PNP Forensics Unit for laboratory examination and proper disposition.

7. Containers, packaging, equipment, etc. suspected of trace amounts of drugs including controlled
precursors and essential chemicals will be considered drug evidence and shall be submitted for
analysis.
 8. In every negotiation operation, a seizing officer (SO) shall be responsible for the inventory and
custody of all drug and drug-related evidence during the operations. These will later be turned
over to the investigation officer or any member of the apprehending team or to the Forensics
Unit for laboratory examination and proper disposition.

9. Cellphones, laptops, or any other electronic equipment or gadgets shall be properly preserved
for evidentiary purposes and technical exploitation.

10. A certification of the forensic laboratory examination results, done under oath by the forensic
examiner, shall be issued within 24 hours after the receipt of the subject item/s: provided that
when the volume, plant sources and controlled precursors and essential chemicals does not al-
low the completion of testing within the time frame, a partial laboratory examination report
shall be provisionally issued, stating therein the quantities of the drugs still to be examined and
a final certification must follow 24 hours thereafter.

RULES ON ANTI-KIDNAPPING OPERATIONS

The Anti-Kidnapping Group (PNP-AKG) is the PNP’s lead unit in the conduct of anti-kidnapping
operations which operates in close coordination with the local police units, other law enforcement
agencies and the community.

TYPES OF KIDNAPPING
a. Kidnapping by Organized Crime Group/Criminal Group ( OCG/CG with Ransom )
b. Kidnapping by Threat Groups/Terrorists (TG/T)
c. Kidnapping by Other Individuals
CONCEPT OF OPERATION
1. Upon receipt of kidnapping incident report, the police officer shall make an incident recording,
deploy FRs and alert all concerned authorities like the local territorial units, Criminal Investiga-
tion and Detection Group (CIDG) and the PNP-AKG.

2. Upon initial assessment of the type of kidnapping and upon confirmation that the kidnapping in-
cident is true, the case shall be referred to the AKG, other territorial units or to higher authority.

3. If the kidnapping was perpetrated by the OCG/CG and with ransom demand, it shall be referred
to the AKG for their initial action/operational response.

4. If kidnapping was perpetrated by TG/T, it shall be referred to the higher authorities for the acti -
vation of the AFP-PNP Joint Task Force (JTF), Critical Incident Management Committee (CIMC),
or Critical Incident Management Task Group (CIMTG); local Chief Executive; and other con-
cerned agencies.
5. If kidnapping was perpetrated by other individuals, it shall be referred to the concerned PNP ter-
ritorial units for appropriate operational response.

PATROL OPERATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS

Patrol Guidelines
1. Observe precautionary measures and personal safety while on patrol;
2. Observe defensive driving and follow traffic rules and regulations;
3. Select routes which provide best visibility;
4. Patrol members must be always on the look-out for indications of vices and other illegal activi-
ties on their beat;

5. Patrol members must be knowledgeable of all conditions, events and details of places on their
beat;
6. Be observant of people, places, situations or conditions and develop a suspicious attitude espe -
cially if the suspect appears slightly out of the ordinary;

7. Keep a close observation of the actions of juveniles, instigators and the mentally ill/retarded
persons;
8. Be familiar, as much as possible, with known criminals/ex-convicts residing or frequenting the
beat;
9. Be familiar with stay-in employees of business establishments;
10. Be on alert for loiterers;
11. Keep watch on uninhabited homes;
12. Observe the practice of “shaking doors” of unguarded businesses during night patrol. Check for
signs of intrusion;

13. Establish good rapport with people;

14. Develop contacts by getting to know as many people as possible who can give factual informa-
tion about crime conditions on the patrol beat;

15. Use tact and persuasiveness when conducting spot inquiry or questioning individuals for infor-
mation;
16. When requiring identification from a suspicious person or any individual, avoid taking the wallet
or bag in which the cards/documents are placed. Let the individual present them voluntarily to
you;

17. When checking suspicious persons, places, buildings/establishment and vehicles especially dur-
ing night time, be prepared to use your service firearm. Flashlight should be held tightly away
from the body to avoid making you a possible target; and

18. Patrol members should avoid loitering in theaters, restaurants and other recreational places.

THE INTEGRATED PATROL SYSTEM

Integrated Patrol System – is the Philippine National Police (PNP)’s concerted effort along with other
government agencies. The purpose is for the effective performance of the general role of the PNP which
is to deliver the basic public safety services to the community.
Tri-Bureau – In the Philippines, there are three separate line bureaus created under the Department of
Interior and Local Government. They are responsible in the protection of the community against
criminality, destructive fires and calamities and protection by confinement and correction of criminal
perpetrators. The three bureaus are Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection, and the
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. Anatomy of Crime – crime takes if the three (3) elements or
ingredients are present at the same time and place which are:

 Motive – the reason or cause why a person or group of persons will perpetrate a crime or the
purpose or aim of doing something. Some crime motives include economic gain; jealousy; cov-
etousness/greediness; revenge; gratify desire; and win a competition.

 Opportunity – refers to the chance or twist of fate; consist of the acts (whether by omission or
commission) by a person (the victim) that enables another person or group of persons (the of-
fenders) to perpetrate the crime. Opportunity is synonymous with carelessness, acts of indiscre -
tion, and lack of crime prevention or lack of consciousness on the part of the victim.

 Instrumentality – the means or instrument used in the commission of crime such as a firearm;
fan knife; poison; hammer; motor vehicle; a document, etc.

Police Visibility – can be done in three (3) ways: physical presence by being visible as police and easy to
locate police units; patrolling scheme through mobile, integrated, and widespread, supportive and
redundant coverage; and response which should be proper, adequate and timely (a 5 minutes’ response
time is ideal, but earlier arrival is better.)

The IPS police visibility features include the following:

 Pre-emptive
 Widespread and Forward Deployment
 Force Mixture (complementary and supportive)
 Cross checking of Deployment
 Force Multiplier
 Supports the COPS
Components of IPS
Fixed Components – these include the following: Police Station HQ; Police Community Precincts
(PCP); Traffic Posts; and Visibility Posts – police outposts.

The PCP must be led by police commissioned officer with a rank of PLT or PCPT with a minimum
of 30 personnel including the PCP Commander; divided in 3 shifts of 8-hours duty.

Station Desk (SD) – plays the most important role in the implementation of the police mission –
to serve and protect the community. Further, it serves as the 3 Cs of the police force: Communication;
Coordinating; and Control/Command post. Being the 3 Cs of the police force, the SD serves as:

1. Nerve center of the IPS.

2. Transmitter of the police station.
3. Police station’s administrative nerve center.
4. Disaster Coordinating Council (CDC)
 5. Showcase of the Station’s efficient operational capabilities.
6. Monitoring assistance center during elections and other political events.
Patrol Components – of the IPS are: Air Patrol; Line Beat Patrol; Mobile Patrols; Motorcycle Patrol;
Bicycle Patrol; Reaction Unit Patrol (SWAT); and Detective Repressive Patrol.

Police Beats (PB) – these are consisting of any contiguous or adjacent area defined by identifiable
boundaries within the AOR of a PCP where an officer can effectively patrol during his tour of duty; it is
an area that can respond to calls for police assistance within a matter of minutes.

Mobile Patrol (MP) – the SOPs are similar to the earlier discussions under the AUTOMOBILE TYPE of
patrol.

In cases where a vehicle is stopped, the following 10 Rules in Stopping Vehicles should be applied:

a. During daytime, select the widest portion of the road where to stop a motorist.
b. Signal the motorist to pull closer to the right side of the curb with the patrol car parked behind
the violator’s vehicle.

c. Observe the flow of traffic coming from behind before opening the door and alighting from the
patrol car.

d. In issuing a citation, occupy the right side of the vehicle using the hood to accomplish the cita -
tion.
e. At nighttime, select a well-lighted place to stop a motorist.
f. Never stand to do anything in front of a stopped vehicle and the patrol car if the driver of the
stopped vehicle is at the wheel.

g. Never stand to do anything in between the stopped vehicle and the patrol car if the driver of the
stopped vehicle is at the wheel.

h. Never stand on the way of the stopped vehicle especially if he is ordering a suspicious driver to
get out of the vehicle.

i. Never allow a person being interrogated to stand on the firearm side.

j. Never allow an apprehended suspect to sit inside the patrol car on the side where the police -
man’s firearm is tucked.

Detective Beat Systems (DBS) – is a contiguous area where a team of police investigators is assigned
with a specific task of conducting follow-up investigation to all complaints, reports, referrals, and other
requests with the end-in-view of full compliance and/or filing of a case. The purpose of the DBS is to
provide the police organizational and operational framework in truly effecting mechanisms towards
enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the PNP’s Investigation capability.

Nature of the Detective Beat System

a. DB is concerned with the crime solution angle while PB has the primary role of crime
prevention and control.
 b. DB maybe different from PB but the former complements the latter in serving and pro-
tecting the community.

c. PB occupies a particular AOR while the detectives have the primary responsibility of 1 st
response in all cases reported for investigation purposes.

Composition of Detective Beat Team in area:

a. Detective-in-Charge
b. Investigator/Detective – the principal character
Duties and Responsibilities of the Detective Beat

a. Assume primary responsibility or jurisdiction in conducting CSO within their AOR unless
otherwise directed by competent authorities for special cases requiring intervention of
specialized PNP units.
b. Investigator/Detective is responsible for case build-up, filing criminal charges, arrest of
offender, monitoring/tracking of cases and court appearance.

c. Perform all other duties and function to accomplish their assigned tasks.
Operational Guidelines for the Conduct of Patrol
a. Pre-Patrol (Pre-deployment Phase)
1. Fall – in – the formation of ranks
2. Roll – call or accounting of patrol elements by the patrol commander.
3. Inspection of uniform, appearance and equipment by the patrol commander.
4. Troop Information and Education, and dissemination of instructions/orders by patrol
commander.

5. Reading of assignment of PBs or Field Duty Officer.

6. Issuance of equipment of Patrol Officers and Patrol Teams
7. Report to higher headquarters by Field Duty Officer
b. Deployment Phase
1. Report to SD by the Patrol Officers or Patrollers.
2. Patrol Officers make patrol plan and follow patrol procedures.
3. Adopt the buddy-buddy system.
4. Make situation report to an hourly basis upon reaching the end of their line beat.
5. Report and/or record in the PSR (Patrol Sheet Report) all unusual incidents.
c. Post-Patrol (Post-Deployment Phase)
1. Regrouping and formation
2. Accounting
3. Inspection
4. Debriefing/Submission of DPR (Daily Patrol Report)
5. Recall of equipment issued
 6. Dismissal by the PC
7. After which, the PC collects the DPR and submits it to the HQ for consolidation and ref -
erence. d. Auxiliary Components

1. Private Security Guards

2. Traffic Enforcers and Aides
3. Barangay Chairman and the Barangay Public Safety Officers
4. Civilian Volunteer Organizations such as civilian volunteer radio communications and
Non-Government Organizations.

END OF LESSON 3.2

END OF MIDTERM MODULE

CHAPTER 5: SPECIAL POLICE OPERATIONS

LESSON 3.3: Special Operational Procedures II

RULES ON LABOR DISPUTES

General Policy and Guidelines
1. The involvement of the PNP during strikes, lockouts and labor disputes in general shall be lim-
ited to the maintenance of peace and order, enforcement of laws and implementation of legal
orders.
2. The PNP shall only render assistance to labor disputes upon written request addressed to the
Regional Director/District Director concerned. In case of actual violence, the police can respond
without written request.

3. No PNP personnel shall be allowed to render police assistance in connection with a strike or
lockout if there is a question or complaint against his affinity or consanguinity to any official/
leaders of the parties involved or if he has interests therein.

4. PNP personnel detailed as peace-keeping force in strike or lockout areas shall be in prescribed
uniform at all times.

5. They shall exercise maximum tolerance and when called for by the situation, when all peaceful
and non-violent means have been exhausted, police officers may employ the necessary and rea-
sonable means to repel aggression.

6. A strike, picket or lockout’s legality is left to the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
and its appropriate agencies. PNP personnel are not allowed to interfere except as stated above
and should stay away 50m from the strike or picket area.
 7. No personal escort shall be provided to any parties unless upon written request to DOLE. In case
escorts are provided, the other party shall be informed. All escorts shall be in prescribed uniform
at all times.

8. During a strike/lockout, the police personnel concerned are prohibited from socializing with any
of the parties involved.

9. Liaison shall be established and maintained with the representatives of DOLE, management and
the union for maintenance of peace and order, and peaceful dialogues between the parties.

10. The peace-keeping detail shall not be stationed in the picket line but should be stationed in such
a manner that their presence deter any commission of crimes. The members of the peacekeep-
ing detail shall stay outside a 50-meter radius from the picket line. In case of a public thorough -
fare within the 50meter radius, they must station themselves in a way that ensures free flow of
traffic.

Service of Lawful Orders or Writ

The role of the PNP is only supportive. Only when specifically stated and requested in the order
or writ shall the PNP enforce such orders or writs. DOLE, court or other lawful orders or writs is the
primary concern of the DOLE, sheriff or any representative of the government issuing the order,
respectively.

RALLIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS

1. PNP adheres to the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials adopted by the General As-
sembly of the United Nations which requires law enforcement officials to respect and protect
human dignity, maintain and uphold human rights and limit the use of force unless for situations
where it is necessary.

2. Public assemblies held in freedom parks or on private property do not need a permit for the ac-
tivity. Public assemblies with permit or one held in freedom park or private property shall not be
dispersed as long as it is peaceful and no violence occurs.

3. PNP shall provide police assistance only when requested by the leaders or organizers of public
assemblies for peace and order or to ensure safety of the participants.

4. A public assembly held in a public place must secure a permit from the mayor exercising jurisdic -
tion over the place.

5. A public assembly held with or without permit may be peacefully dispersed. A public assembly
with permit may be dispersed if held in violation of the terms and conditions imposed in the per-
mit. Before dispersal, the PNP shall inform the organizers/leaders of the assembly.
6. Lightning demonstrations or rallies in areas where public assembly is prohibited shall be dis-
persed peacefully. If any of the participants refused to be dispersed voluntarily, violate law or
 ordinances during such unauthorized public assembly, shall be taken into custody and charged
accordingly.

7. Ground commanders are responsible for determining the existence and validity of a permit for
the assembly.

8. Close coordination with the mayor or his representative, where public assembly is being held
should always be maintained especially when a permit has not been issued but an application
has been filed.

9. Maximum tolerance shall be exercised in the conduct of dispersal operations. Violators of the
law shall be apprehended and taken to the nearest Police Station for disposition.

Limitations on the Role of PNP

The PNP shall not interfere in holding of a public assembly. However, to ensure public safety and
to maintain peace and order during the assembly, a police contingent led by a Police Captain may be
detailed and stations at least 100m from the area of activity.

CIVIL DISTURBANCE MANAGEMENT (CDM) During Rallies/Demonstrations

1. CDM contingent shall be in prescribed uniform without firearm but may be equipped with baton
or riot sticks, crash helmets, visor, gas masks, boots or ankle-high shoes with shin guards.

2. Tear gas, smoke grenades, water cannons and other similar anti-riot device shall not be used un -
less the public assembly is with actual violence or serious threats of violence or deliberate de-
struction of property. Maximum tolerance shall always be observed.

3. The organization and membership of CDM contingents, with their deployment and employment,
shall be in accordance with the existing rules of PNP rules and regulations. CDM Operational
Tasks

1. Isolate the Area

2. Secure likely targets
3. Control crowds
4. Establish area control
5. Neutralize special threats
CDM Operational Approaches
1. CDM contingent should be viewed as a last resort. Their role should never be greater than what
is necessary under the circumstances. The number of troops deployed for such should be large
since it may prevent some situations to develop further.

2. GC should always have a “minimum necessary force” principle at all times in selecting an opera-
tional approach.

3. CDM should be visible and exude the presence of restrained and disciplined force and should al-
ways avoid any activity that might excite rather than to remain calm.
 4. In situations requiring the use of truncheons or batons, the CDM should only target fleshy parts
of the body. It is prohibited to hit protesters with truncheons to the head, neck, shoulder blades,
face, and other sensitive or vital parts of the body as these may cause serious injury.

5. Protesters arrested should be properly be restrained and handcuffed and thereafter brought to
the safety of the police station for processing.

CDM Formations
1. Single Line Formation – is a defensive formation consisting of all members with shields to form
into a single line. This is usually used for incidents on major roads with limited personnel and
equipment capacity when it is necessary to cover a wider area to prevent access to the rioters.
2. Double Line Formation – is a defensive formation consisting of a double line formation in which
the second line acts as a buffer for the first line. This results in a shorter line formation that is
much rigid which is suitable for narrow roads or passageways.

3. Umbrella Formation – is a defensive formation consisting of a double line formation in which

the second line acts as a cover for the first line. It is usually used when the rioters are already
throwing projectiles that might injure the police officers or to deter them from jumping from a
height to bypass the barricade.

4. Wedge Formation – is a offensive formation used to separate a large crowd into two manage-
able segments. This is done by forming an arrowhead which pushes forward through a crowd.

5. Double Wedge Formation – offensive formation which forms two wedges similar to a double
line formation. The second wedge acts as a reinforcement to the first wedge in order to
strengthen their capacity to break the crowd.

6. Arrow Formation – an offensive-defensive formation which consist of a formation similar to an

arrow with a small gap in between. This is usually used when escorting or providing security to
an important individual that is the target of the demonstration or riot and when movement
from point A to point B is required.

7. Box Formation – is another defensive formation which the police officers form a box to protect
an individual. Unlike the arrow formation that requires moving through the crowd, a box forma-
tion is stationary and intended to protect an important individual.

8. Column Formation – is a preparatory formation which the police officers form four columns in
preparation to be deployed to other types of formation. Dispersal of Public Assembly with Per-
mit

All public assembly with permit shall not be dispersed unless it becomes violent, the police may disperse
such public assembly in the following manner:
 1. At the first sign of impending violence, the Ground Commander (GC) of PNP contingent shall call
the attention of the leaders of the public assembly and ask the latter to prevent any possible dis-
turbance;

2. If actual violence reaches a point where rocks or other harmful objects are thrown by the partic-
ipants directed at the police officers or to non-participants, property, and causing damage, the
GC of the PNP shall audibly warn the participants that if disturbance persists, the public assem-
bly shall be dispersed;

3. If violence or disturbance does not stop, the GC of the PNP contingent shall audibly issue a
warning and after a reasonable period of time, he shall immediately order to disperse it; and

4. No arrest of any leader, organizer or participant shall be made unless he violates during the as-
sembly a law, statute or ordinance.

Dispersal of Public Assembly Without a Permit

Public assembly without a permit where a permit is required shall be dispersed peacefully.
However, when the leaders or organizers of public assembly can show a permit duly filed with the Office
of the Mayor which has jurisdiction of the place filed five (5) days prior to the intended activity and the
Mayor did not act upon it, the grant is then presumed under the law and it will be the burden of the
authorities to show that there is a denial of application in which case, the rally may be peacefully
dispersed.

Prohibited Acts
Police officers are prohibited to commit the following acts during a peaceful assembly:

1. Obstructing, impending, disrupting or otherwise denying the exercise to the right of peaceful as-
sembly;
2. The unnecessary firing of firearms to disperse the public;
3. Acts in violation of the preceding paragraph;
4. Acts described hereunder if committed within one hundred (100) meters from the area of activ -
ity of the public assembly:

a. Carrying of deadly or offensive weapon or device such as firearm, bladed weapon,

bombs, and the like;

b. Malicious burning of any object in the streets or thoroughfares;

c. The carrying of firearms by CDM contingents;
d. Interfering or intentionally disturbing the holding of a public assembly by the use of a
motor vehicle;

e. Drinking of liquor or alcoholic beverages; and

f. Gambling
Guidelines in the Use of Non-Violent Weapons
1. Shield and Truncheon – During a confrontation, truncheons are only used to push back demon-
strators and not as an instrument to strike. However, in event that demonstrators become ag-
 gressive, truncheon will be the principal, non-lethal weapon for dispersal. In the same situation,
CDM contingents may use the same with caution and due diligence to avoid unnecessary injury.

2. Water Cannons – may be utilized when demonstrators become unruly and aggressive forcing
troops to fall back to their secondary positions.

DEMOLITION AND EJECTMENT ORDERS

Role of the PNP
Police assistance may only be granted upon the written request of the sheriff or equivalent officer in
quasijudicial and administrative bodies accompanied with a valid order issued by a competent court and
if applicable, in accordance of EO 708 and DILG Memorandum Circular No. 2008-12. The proponent shall
be provided police assistance upon compliance of all requirements.

1. Conduct pre-demolition conference in cases where there is affected families and informal set-
tlers is mandatory.

2. Duties of all PNP personnel, is limited only to the maintenance of peace and order.
3. PNP personnel tasked with providing police assistances shall be in prescribed uniform occupying
the first line of law enforcement and CDM, and will not participate in dismantling any structure
of demolition.

Procedures in Demolitions and Ejectment

1. The PNP should be informed and in strict observance of Human Rights.
2. Chief of Police (COP), if practicable, should lead the PNP contingency.
3. All PNP personnel shall desist from the use of any unnecessary force.
4. The mode of participation is limited only to the maintenance of Peace and order
5. Tear gas, water cannon, and the likes and shall only be used when all non-violent means have all
been exhausted.

POLICE ASSISTANCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF FINAL DECISIONS AND COURT ORDERS

The request for police assistance shall be submitted to the Office of the PNP Chief (CPNP), PNP in case
the final decision or order to be implemented is rendered by the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals,
the Court of Tax Appeals, the Sandiganbayan, quasi-judicial bodies, or administrative bodies. Final
decision or order rendered by the Regional Trial Court (RTC) or the Municipal Trial Court (MTC), the
request shall be submitted to the Regional Director (RD) of the Police Regional Office (PRO) having
territorial jurisdiction over the place of implementation. The request for police assistance of quasi-
judicial or administrative bodies shall be submitted to the Office of the Chief, PNP regardless of the place
where police assistance is needed but the same may be delegated to the RD upon the discretion of
Chief, PNP (CPNP).

HOSTAGE/BARRICADE SITUATION

Procedure:
1. A Critical Incident Management Committee (CIMC) shall be activated immediately;
2. Incident scene shall be secured and isolated;
 3. Ensure control of communication lines, and cut-off all other lines as well as electricity and water
supply to allow for more bargaining;

4. Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed entry and exit to the incident scene;
5. Witnesses’ names, address and other information shall be recorded and shall be directed to a
safe location;

6. Evacuate all victims/injured persons immediately when the opportunity permits;

7. The arrest of the perpetrator shall be the last paramount concern; and
8. Conduct debriefing immediately after the conclusion of the incident.

GROUND COMMANDER / ON-SCENE COMMANDER

There will be only one Ground Commander/On-Scene Commander (GC/OSC) holding at least a senior
rank and/or one (1) with experience in hostage/crisis situation or relative training until such time he
officially designates a spokesperson to issue appropriate press statements.

NEGOTIATORS / NEGOTIATION TEAM

Negotiators shall be designated by the GC. No one shall be allowed to talk to the hostage taker
without clearance from the negotiator or GC. The negotiation team is directly under control and
supervision of the GC and shall be organized as follows:

1. Negotiation Team Leader (NTL) or Coordinator (NTC) ;

2. Primary Negotiator;
3. Secondary Negotiator;
4. Intelligence Liaison/Recorder; and
5. Board Negotiator
ASSAULT TEAM
Shall be alerted for deployment in case the negotiation fails. Members of the assault team shall wear
authorized and easily recognizable uniform during the conduct of the operation.

SUPPORT PERSONNEL
An ambulance with medical crew and a fire truck shall be detailed in the incident area.

PLANS
The GC shall, upon the assessment of situation, prepare necessary plans to include but not
limited to:

1. Emergency Response Plan – depends on the threat posed by the hostage-taker and need of the
Negotiation Team and GC.

2. Breakout Plan – possibility of breakout shall be considered immediately upon drawing up nego-
tiation strategy. This should be considered a priority one of the plans.

3. Delivery Plan – in case the hostage-takers change plans in the middle of the execution.
4. Surrender Plan – should be drawn up in a way that the hostages’ lives will not be jeopardized.
 5. Hostage Reception/Release – for security reasons, released hostages should be contained and
isolated.

6. Collection Plan – safety of the police personnel involved is the priority consideration.
GUIDELINES DURING NEGOTIATIONS
1. Situation must be stabilized first and contained before the start of the negotiation.
2. All relevant tools and information that can strengthen a negotiator’s position and create a favor-
able climate for a successful negotiation must be prepared e.g. facts relevant to the situation, fi-
nancial and non-financial terms, issues and concerns, etc.

3. Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers) into the negotiation process, unless
their presence is extremely necessary in the solution of the crisis. If so introduced, they shall be
properly advised on the do’s and don’ts of hostage negotiations.

4. In case the negotiation breaks down or finds in a deadlock situation, it is recommended to em -

ploy the service of a mediator.

5. Police officers without proper training shall not be allowed to participate in hostage negotia -
tions.
6. Whatever the scale of an incident and the extent of the resources deployed, it is essential that
proper liaison exist between Tactical/Assault Team, Technical Support, Team and the Negotia-
tion Team.

7. All activities on the scene, even the delivery of food to the stronghold, must have tactical coordi-
nation with the NTL.

BOMB, BOMB THREAT AND BOMB INCIDENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE

PROCEDURES

BOMB
A bomb is a container filled with explosive, incendiary material, smoke, gas, or other destructive
substance, designed to explode. It can appear obvious or concealed and can vary in size, shape or
sophistication and may not necessarily explode such as in the case of incendiary and dirty bombs. It may
be referred to as Improvised Explosives Device (IED) or Ordnance.

BOMB THREAT
It is either a written or verbal threat communicated through electronic, oral or other means that
threatens to place or use an IED at a certain time, date, or place against any specific person or place. The
First Responder (FR), the police investigator, and the police detective must remember the following
basic facts on bomb threat;

1. A threat is only considered until something visible is found;

2. Determined bombers do not frequently give warnings of possible explosion/incendiary attack;
3. Threats are an excellent way to disrupt productivity without actually risking life, limb and/or
property; and
 4. The consequences of conviction for “threatening’ are not necessarily as serious as those that
could result from actual placement/initiation of a bomb.

FIRST RESPONDER’S PROCEDURE ON BOMB THREAT

1. Upon receipt of the information:
a. Identify the exact location of the incident;
b. Alert EOD teams and direct them to proceed to the area;
c. Notify HHQ of the situation;
d. Request assistance of medical personnel; and
e. Proceed to the scene immediately.
2. Upon arrival at the scene:
a. Cause immediate evacuation of the injured;
b. Direct occupants of the establishment to evacuate;
c. Maintain order and crowd control;
d. Notify HHQ of the situation;
e. Seal off location until EOD Team determines if a secondary device exists;
f. Conduct rescue operations at the scene when necessary;
g. Initiate immediate investigation if investigators have not yet arrived and determine the
following: i. Time of detonation/explosion;

ii. Time when the call for bomb threat was received; and
iii. Type of device
h. Submit incident report immediately; and
i. Avoid issuing “speculative” press releases or statements.

PROCEDURES IN DETERMINING THE REPORTING OF TERRORISM IN-

CIDENTS/CASES

The Anti-Terrorism Council (ATC) headed by the Executive Secretary as Chairman was mandated
by law to assume the responsibility for the proper and effective implementation of the anti-terrorism
policy of the country. The PNP, among other law enforcement agencies, serves as support agency for the
Council.

PROCEDURES
1. The On-Scene Commander (OSC) shall initially determine of there a high degree of probability
that the incident is a terrorist attack. He also establishes the On-Scene Command Post (OSCP)
and initiates the convening of the Critical Incident Management Task Group (CIMTG) and the
Critical Incident Management Committee (CIMC) regardless of the nature of the attack.

2. In the event of a suspected terrorist attack, the PROs shall ensure the management and con-
tainment of the incident and shall coordinate with the Task Force (TF) Sanglahi-Alpha Comman-
der during the development of the case.
 3. Bombing attacks and explosions perpetrated by terrorists, the Inter-Agency Protocol on Explo-
sives and Related Incidents Investigation among the PNP, AFP, NBI and PCG shall be strictly be
followed.

4. The Philippine Bomb Data Center (PBDC) will be the fusion center for the reporting of ERIs. As
such, PBDC will be furnished with all Post-Blast Investigation (PBI) and initial reports pertaining
to ERI.

PNP CRITICAL INCIDENT MANAGEMENT OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE

As a matter of policy, human-induced, critical incidents are responsibilities of the

National and Local Peace and Order Council (NLPOC) while natural calamities and disasters are
the responsibilities of the NDRRMC and their local counterparts. The PNP, at the forefront of
crisis situations, must organize its own Incident Management Committee (IMC) in support to
the NLPOC and NDRRMC.

The Secretary of DILG (SILG) is designated as the Cabinet – Officer Primarily Responsible
(COPR) for threats to peace and order such as civil disturbance, violent labor strikes, riots,
anarchy, disorderly mass demonstrations. The SILG acts also as the Vice Chairman on Disaster
Preparedness.

TYPES OF INCIDENTS
1. Man-Made Incidents – in the event of man-made incidents, the PNP shall respond to
two different situations:

a. To manage an incident that could be resolved by the responding policemen with-

out the involvement of CIMC (e.g. hostage-taking of a father to his son);

b. To manage an incident that needs a CIMC-directed operation that requires the

implementation of special tasks by one or more of the urgent services of the
Philippine government (e.g. raids or attacks by lawless elements on a commu-
nity). Both actions of the PNP in either situation follow the ICS operational proce-
dures.
2. Natural/Disaster Incidents – in the event of natural/disaster incidents, the PNP shall act
as the FR in the affected area in order to provide area security and support to the con-
duct of search and rescue operations to be spearheaded by the area DRRMCs. All ac-
tions of the PNP in addressing these critical incidents are in support to the POC – CMCs
and DRRMCs with common objectives of saving lives and properties, resolution of the
critical incidents at the earliest possible time and restoration of normalcy in affected ar-
eas.
FIVE P’s OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT
The 5 P’s are executives in three phases – proactive (predict, prevent, prepare); reactive
( perform); and post conflict (post action and assessment )

1. Proactive Phase – is designed to predict or prevent the probability of occurrence of

crises at the same time, prepare to handle them when such occur.

a. Predict – attempts to remove uncertainty. The predict component is undertaken

through
Strategic Operational and Tactical Situation Awareness (SOTSA) processes.
Strategic SA component scans the environment, identifying weak signals, drivers,
inhibitors, hazards, risks, opportunities and vulnerabilities, among others.
Operational and Tactical SA component produces detailed reports against a
specified threat, describing the operating environment where a threat or a crisis
could emerge; and the current efforts and capabilities of the agencies addressing
the threat.

b. Prevent - a deliberate action aimed at avoiding future harm by addressing its

causes. It is closely related to mitigation which accepts that a potentially harmful
incident cannot be prevented, but harmful consequences arising from it can be
minimized by precautionary measures.

c. Prepare – essential for effective response. It covers 6 essential activities: Plan,

Organize, Train, Equip, Exercise and Evaluate, and Improve. Simulation and table-
top exercises evaluate the effectiveness of preparations, bring out flaws and
weaknesses and enable corrections and remedies to be effected and to heighten
levels of readiness of systems.

2. Reactive Phase – is the institution of passive and active measures, remedy or solution to
destabilizing factors or flaws to such crisis, or emergency and alertness to signs or mani-
festations of developing crisis, or emergency and establishment of alert systems.

a. Perform – the actual implementation of contingency plans when a crisis occurs,

despite the proactive measures undertaken. Once a crisis occurs, priorities shift
from building or enhancing capabilities to employing resources to save lives, pro-
tect properties and environment.

3. Post-Conflict Phase – is the situation when the proactive and reactive phases were all
done.
 a. Post-Action and Assessment – a component which begins when the crisis has
been addressed and the situation deemed clear. It is in this phase where the or-
ganization is returning to business as usual. Post-Action activities seek ways to
evaluate and improve prevention, preparation and the actual execution.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM (ICS)

The PNP’s ICS, patterned under NCMCM (National Council on Mass Casualty Management)’s
ICS is structured on six major functional areas: Command, Operations, Planning, Logistics,
Finance/Administration and Intelligence/Investigation as an optional 6th functional area that is
activated on a case to case basis. Every level of the ICS has the corresponding role to play in
Critical Incident Management (CIM) operations.

ALERT LEVELS DURING HUMAN-INDUCED (MAN-MADE) CRITICAL INCIDENT

a) Level 1 (Low) – there is no information to suggest a specific man-made Critical Incident
may occur.

b) Level 2 (Moderate) – Man-made Critical Incident is possible, but not likely.

c) Level 3 (High) – there is a strong possibility that man-made Critical Incident may occur
within a short period of time.

d) Level 4 (Extreme) – A man-made Critical Incident has just occurred or has been pre-
empted; or incidents are expected.

Stages in Disaster Management

a. Pre-Disaster Stage – Pro-Active Assessment (Level 1 – Green):
When there are no disasters or calamities:
1. Conduct of Risk Mapping and identification of disaster prone areas;
2. Identification of staging areas, evacuation routes and centers;
3. Conduct of disaster drills (earthquakes, fire, etc.) simulation exercises and train-
ings;
4. Holding of regular Task Groups and Sub-Task Groups meeting together with re-
spective levels of the NDRRMC;

5. Capability enhancement;
6. Production and distribution of Information Education Campaign materials; and
7. Conduct of community organizational work (e.g. sewerage clean-up; de-clogging
of waterways, canals, estuaries; clearing of squatter shanties and unauthorized
occupants in disaster prone areas; and other community mobilization activities).

b. Disaster Response Stage – Disaster Incident Management (Level 2 – Red):

 When there is an official forecast of an incoming natural disaster and when an
unexpected natural disaster suddenly occurs:

1. Activation of Disaster Incident Management Task Groups in areas expected to be

within 24- hours prior occurrence.

2. Employment of alarm and warning systems as stipulated under DILG MC 2009-

165, such as the use of police sirens and other portable warning systems capable
of producing loud wailing sound;

3. Activation of the PNP Disaster Incident Management Committee;

4. Coordination with NDRRMC to support its disaster response;
5. Activation of PNP Sub-Committee on Disaster Management (SCDM) National Dis-
aster Operations Center (NDOC) to be co-located at the NHQ PNP National Oper-
ations Center;

6. Activation of Command Post by Task Groups whose area is hit by the disaster;
7. Forced relocation/pre-emptive evacuation of residents in flood-prone areas in
coordination with corresponding LDRRMC;

8. Conduct of timely and rapid disaster response according to the needs in the dis-
aster/calamity area such as search & rescue operation, evacuation & relief oper-
ation, emergency medical services, and security & traffic management operation
in support and coordination with NDRRMC.

c. Post-Disaster Stage – Support to Recover Rehabilitation Efforts (Level 3 – White):

1. Get reports from concerned DRRMC the Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis
of the affected areas;

2. Deployment of relief personnel for relief operations;

3. Provide security and traffic assistance;
4. Submit Disaster Response Report to C, PNP copy furnished DRRMC; and
5. Deactivation of PNP SCDM by the C, PNP through the Chairman/Task Coordina-
tor, PNP SCDM when the Chairman/Task Coordinator, PNP SCDM when the situa-
tion is already manageable in disaster-stricken area.

CRITICAL INCIDENT MANAGEMENT TASK GROUP (CIMTG)

CRISIS ESCALATION PROTOCOL

The responsibility of addressing crisis can be transferred during an incident if it grows

beyond the capability of the established Critical Incident Management Technical Group (CIMTG)
in handling the growing needs of the incident or if there is jurisdictional change, when the
incident moves location or area of responsibility. Whatever the reason, the transfer of
responsibility during crisis must always include transfer of command briefing attended by key
members of the Critical Incident Management Council (CIMC)/CIMTG.

INVOLVE CIMC CONDITIONS OR SITUATIONS

Municipal/City
• Local PNP and CIMC are in control of the situation
• Appropriate resources are available and capable at Municipal/City level
Provincial
• Local PNP at the Municipal/City level are unable to resolve the crisis within their capabil-
ities
• Municipal/City CIMC recommends elevation of the crisis level
• Situation requires employment of security forces and utilization of resources of the pro-
vincial level organization and beyond

• Incident affects two or more municipalities within the same province Regional

• Situation requires employment of security forces and utilization of resources of the Re-
gional level organization and beyond

• Upon the recommendation of the Provincial CIMC

• Incident involves foreign nationals, either perpetrators or victims
• Crisis affects peace process, national tourism industry and other major industries
National
• Incident affects two or more region
• The highest terrorist threat level involving mass casualty attacks
• National issues are stake such as food, water, energy, security, critical transportation
and communication structure, and environment are threatened

• Upon the recommendation of the Regional CIMC

GENERAL RULES ON MEDIA RELATIONS DURING CRISIS

1. It is the responsibility of any Unit Head/Chief or GC to respond to queries raised by the press, as
well as decide on what media lines or press releases would be given out to the media, unless, he
delegates this responsibility to the Spokesperson (SPOX)

2. No information regarding the incident shall be released without clearance from GC.
 3. GC must designate/establish a media area for pooled coverage and ensure safety of all media
personnel covering the incident.

4. Media practitioners shall be confined to an area designated by the Incident Commander (IC) and
never in the process of hostage-taking incident, be allowed live-air coverage of unfolding event.

5. Suspect/s arrested for any violation of the law shall in case be presented in a ‘firing line’ to the
media and must maintain a limit of disclosure.

6. In cases when information must be denied/withheld to the press, the basis for such shall be fully
and courteously explained.

7. Ranking officer at crime or incident scenes may provide factual information to the media subject
to the limitation by existing policies.

8. In cases of inter-agency operations, the department/agency with primary jurisdiction will deter-
mine the dissemination of appropriate media lines.

CHAPTER 6: SCENE OF THE CRIME OPERATIONS

PROCEDURES IN THE CONDUCT OF CRIME SCENE OPERATIONS
EVIDENCE SEARCH METHODS

1. Line/Strip Search Method – In this search method, investigators begin at one end of the area
and move straight to the other. The strategy is beneficial when the crime scene borders are
properly defined, as the limits show where the crime scene begins and ends. One or two
searchers should thoroughly inspect the area to ensure no evidence is left behind. This is done
by searchers following each other in a beeline with the foremost searcher spotting the evidence
and the second searcher taking notes of the evidence time of discovery and such other func-
tions.

2. Grid Method – Only two individuals can accomplish the searches by going through different
strips and then switching strips for more precision. It is a great strategy for vast crime scenes,
both indoors and out.

3. Link Method – is based upon the linkage theory, almost common and productive method. In this
method one type of evidence leads to another item. This is logical, and systemic method which
works with large and small, indoor or outdoor scenes.

4. Zone Method – is best used on scenes with defined zones or areas; effective in houses or build-
ings with rooms; teams are assigned small zones for searching; often combined with other
methods; good
 for search warrants. The crime scene is essentially split into several zones using this strategy.
The number of zones is determined by the crime scene’s size and complexity. This technique
may be used to investigate both interior and outdoor crime sites. Teams will search their zones
meticulously for evidence using both traditional methods and advanced tools. After they’ve
completed their searches in their individual zones, the zones will be swapped to ensure accuracy
and to double-check for any missing objects. This strategy is ineffective in crowded and
complicated crime scenes like elevators or stairwells.

5. Wheel or Ray Method – this approach is only suitable for larger outside sceneries such as fields,
deserts or other vast spaces. It is similar to the zonal approach, except the wheel is divided into
different zones based on the size of the crime scene. The wheel search pattern involves numer -
ous people looking in a straight line from the scene’s center or focal point to the limits, or from
the boundaries to the scene’s focal point.

6. Spiral Method – it is either inward or outward spirals; best used on crime scenes without physi -
cal barriers (e.g. open water, walls); it requires the ability to trace a regular pattern with fixed di -
ameters; has limited application.

From the boundaries to the center of the crime scene, or from focal point of the scene, the
investigator advances inward in a spiral with increasing circumference until the whole crime
scene is covered. Two investigators can work together to search, one moving from the center to
the perimeter and the other vice versa. Because the searcher proceeds from the region with the
least evidence to the area with the most evidence. A spiral search from perimeter to center is
beneficial. In most bomb blast incidents, the spiral method is used.

• Inward Spiral Search – using the spiral movement strategy, the CSI team begins their in-
vestigation at the edges and works inward.

• Outward – this strategy involves the CSI team working from the center of the scene
working its way outward in a spiral pattern.

7. Random Search Method – a search technique that uses no special pattern, and the investigator
can search for evidence randomly as the name implies. Due to its adaptability, to any setting,
this is the method that investigators use the most frequently. The investigating officer is free to
begin looking for evidence in whatever way they see appropriate given the crime scene. It is also
a good idea to take this approach into account for complex crime scenes.

PROCEDURE
1. Upon arrival on the scene, the investigator shall take note of the time of arrival and the scene as
either indoor or outdoor. If outdoor, the investigator must take note of the weather condition. A
raining weather (or imminence of it) is an obstruction to the conduct of the crime scene and
must be done immediately.
 2. Secure the scene to prevent any outsider from contaminating the area. Establish a command
post preferably near the designated entrance to the crime scene for convenience.

3. Check for any victims. If a victim is present, check for vital signs. Usually by placing the index and
the middle finger to the carotid artery

a. If the victim is alive, provide first aid and call an ambulance to transport the victim to
the nearest hospital for medical care.

b. If the victim is dead, do not alter the position of the victim and leave it as it is for crime
scene processing.
4. A photographer will take the general view of the crime scene. A sketcher will also provide for
the rough sketch of the crime scene showing the location of all evidences.

5. Conduct the search. A searcher will lead the search team with a secondary person as a note-
taker that will take note of the time of discovery and the description of the evidence.

a. The photographer will take a photo of the evidence in close-up view without markings
b. Takes another close-up photo of the evidence with a marking
c. Lastly, a photo in medium view showing the relationship of the evidence in connection
to the victim (if present).

6. A triangulation of the evidence will be conducted in which the first reference point will be based
on the nearest immovable object and the body of the victim.

7. The body of the victim will be photographed next after the evidences.
a. First in extreme close-up view, showing the visible injuries of the victim (if any).
b. Next, in close-up view of all the visible injuries of the victim.
c. Lastly, in medium view, showing all visible injuries of the victim in one photograph.
8. A secondary search will be conducted to ensure all evidences present in the crime scene is dis-
covered and properly marked.

CONDUCT OF CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) starts from the arrival of the PNP First Responder (FR) to the arrival of
the Duty Investigator (DI)/Invest and the SOCO Team until the lifting of the security cordon and release
of the crime scene.

1. The first police officers to arrive at the crime scene are the FRs who were dispatched by the local
police station/unit after receipt of incident;

2. Immediately, FR will conduct a preliminary investigation of the crime scene. This evaluation
should include the scope of the incident, emergency services required, scene safety concerns,
administration of life-saving measures, and establishment of security and control of the scene;
 3. The FR is mandated to save and preserve life by giving the necessary first-aid measures to the in-
jured and their medical evacuation necessary. The FR shall likewise secure and preserve the
crime scene by cordoning off the area to prevent unauthorized entry of persons;

4. The FR shall take the dying declaration of severely injured person/s, if any. Requisites of a “Dying
Declaration” are:

a. Death is imminent and declarant is conscious;

b. Declaration refers to the cause and surrounding circumstances of such death;
c. Declaration relates to facts which the victim is competent to testify to; and
d. Declaration is offered in a case where in the declarant’s death is subject of the injury.
5. The FR shall make the initial assessment on whether a crime has actually been committed and
shall conduct the preliminary interview of witnesses to determine what and how the crime was
committed;

6. If there is a suspect, the FR must arrest, detain and remove the suspect from the area;
7. The FR, upon the arrival of the DI, shall turn over the crime scene to the DI after briefing the
same of the situation. The FR will accomplish CSI Form 1 – First Responder’s Report;

8. The FR shall stay at the crime scene to assist the DI in the maintenance of security, crowd con-
trol, preservation of evidence, and custody of witness/suspect until such time the investigation
is completed and temporarily turned over to the local COP for the continuance of crime scene
security;
9. DI may conduct his own CSI if there is no Forensic Unit in the province. DI must ensure that the
proper procedures in the collection of evidence are observed to ensure admissibility of the evi-
dence;

10. It shall be the responsibility of the Provincial/City Operations Center to facilitate the request for
SOCO Team;

11. Upon arrival at the SOCO, the DI shall accomplish CSI Form 2 and submit the same to the SOCO
Team Leader. The DI will brief the SOCO Team upon their arrival at the crime scene shall not en-
ter the same unless the DI makes an official written request wherein he assures the SOCO team
of his presence and support;

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE

1. After ensuring that all evidences are discovered and properly marked, the collection of the evi -
dence will commence shortly thereafter.

2. The collection of the evidence will start from the last evidence discovered to the first evidence
discovered.

3. The evidence custodian must wear gloves and utilize picking tools (such as tongs) to prevent
contamination of evidence.
 4. In the case of blood stains or other fluids, evidence will be collected through the use of cotton
swabs and effectively placed in an evidence vial that can be sealed.

5. During collection, the evidence being collected shall be photographed individually.

6. Upon placing the evidence in the evidence bag/receptacle, the evidence will be marked with the
following information:

a. Case Number
b. Evidence Number
c. Description
d. Time of Discovery
7. All of the evidence collected will be displayed in the command post to be photographed by the
media (if any).

8. Afterwards, it will be transferred to the custody of the evidence custodian, taking note of all the
evidence in the Evidence Custody Form, with all the information included.

9. Evidences will be stored in a secure environment which only the evidence custodian has the ac-
cess within a temperature-controlled environment. Evidences that are considered ‘perishable’
shall be stored in a cool environment to prevent degradation of the evidence.

CHAPTER 7: CRIME MAPPING

CRIME MAPPING
It is very important in police planning regarding crime suppression or prevention. It can readily pinpoint
to police managers where and when crimes happen within the area of responsibility (AOR) of a certain
police unit or station. By just looking at their crime mapping, they could be immediately provided with
information necessary for planning rather than going over their police blotter or compilations of reports.
This is because crime mapping is essential for planning, it has a time span. It could represent the crimes
committed within a week, month, quarter, semester or year.

Crime mapping consists of its title, the map of the AOR of a certain police unit or station, the crime clock
and the legend. The title indicates the number of days that it covers whether it is for a week, month,
quarter, semester or year. Inside the map are shown the types and numbers of crimes that happen at
specific locations.
As shown in the legend, colored plastic pellets could be used to show the type of crimes committed
which are pasted in the map to show where the crimes actually happen and the legend helps the police
manager understand the crime mapping easily.

BACKGROUND OF CRIME MAPPING

Mapping law enforcement report data can be an effective way to analyze where crime occurs. The
resulting visual display can be combined with other geographic data (such as the locations of schools,
parks, and industrial complexes) and used to analyze and investigate patterns of crime and help inform
responses.
The past decade, in particular, has seen advances in analytical capabilities within the criminal justice
community, making it possible to add more geographic and social dimensions to statistical analyses to
forecast where crimes are likely to occur.

In 1829, Adriano Balbi and André Michel Guerry produced maps showing the relationships between
educational level and violent and property crime in France. This is often cited as the first instance of
crime mapping. Following this work, Joseph Fletcher, in 1849, and Henry Mayhew, in 1861, produced
maps that showed rates of male incarceration and county crime, respectively.

In the 1950s, Jane Jacobs examined the built (urban) environment and the needs of city dwellers. In her
work, she introduced constructs that are still used in today’s place-based research, such as “eyes on the
street” and “social capital.” Although Jacobs did not attempt to forecast crime, her work led to later
research positing that crime has spatial patterns and thus should be able to be forecast.

In the 1970s, criminologists began to emphasize the importance of place. Lawrence Cohen and Marcus
Felson’s routine activities theory (RAT) described how routine activities affect crime. According to RAT,
for a crime to occur, three things must coincide at the same place and time: a person motivated to
commit a crime, a suitable target, and a lack of capable guardianship. Due to the consistency in our
routines, Cohen and Felson argued, we should be able to forecast crime: “The spatial and temporal
structure of routine legal activities should play an important role in determining the location, type and
quantity of illegal acts occurring in a given community or society.”

Similarly, Paul and Patricia Brantingham put forward the environmental criminology theory, positing
that crime is a complex event in which four things intersect at one time: a law, a person motivated to
commit a crime, a target, and a place. They defined this fourth dimension — place — as a discrete
location where the other three dimensions intersect and provided seven propositions describing how,
where, and why people decide to commit crimes. These propositions provide a framework to argue that
crimes may spatially cluster because either a criminal has already spent time and energy staking out a
neighborhood (a form of “capital”) or the learned behavior may result in a peripatetic cycle. The
propositions lead to the idea that place — not people — is the key element in crime. As such, the
Brantinghams believe that “it should be possible to predict the spatial distribution of crime and explain
some of the variation in volume of crime between urban areas and between

cities.”

In 1979, Herman Goldstein proposed a problem-oriented policing approach. This approach advocated
for law enforcement officers to follow a scanning, analysis, response, and assessment process (now
known as the SARA approach) to identify, analyze, and solve problems. In the 1990s, Compstat emerged
as an alternative policing practice to reduce crime. Made famous by then-Chief Bill Bratton while at the
New York City Police Department, Compstat is a truly data-driven approach to creating accountability
for the police department. Although these practices and strategies did not necessarily rely on
criminological theory, they used statistical analysis to solve problems associated with crime, indicating
that they relied on either spatial or temporal patterns.

EXAMPLES OF CRIME MAPPING

 As shown in the example, this is a chloropleth crime map that shows the NCR Incidence Rate of
Murder and Physical Injury in Metro Manila.

FIVE CRIME MAPPING TECHNIQUES

STATISTICAL maps use proportional symbols, pie charts, or histograms to visualize the quantitative
aspects of the data. Typically, the statistical symbols are placed in each subdivision on the map, such as
patrol areas, census tracts, neighborhoods, or wards. Such maps can be quite difficult to read if they
contain a large amount of detail, particularly when many geographic subdivisions and several attributes
of the information are being mapped. Nominal data, such as the race of victims as proportions in
precinct-based pie charts, can be represented on a statistical map.

POINT (PIN) maps use points to represent individual incidents or specific numbers, such as when five
incidents equal one point. (Aggregating multiple incidents to single points would be done only on a
small-scale map.) A map showing locations of drug markets by types of drugs prevalent in each is an
 example of a point map with nominal scale data. Point maps are probably the most frequently used
maps in policing, as they can show

incident locations quite precisely if address-level data

re aused.

CHOROPLETH maps show discrete distributions for particular areas su ch as beats, precincts, districts,
provinces, or regional blocks. Although point data can
vegius the best detail in terms of where events happen,
information may be needed for areas in summary form
that has meaning in terms of planning, management,
investigation, or politics. Note that point data and ch
oropleth representations can both be put on the same

map, if it is appropriate and the result is not a ga

rbled mess. For example, burglary (point) data could be
put
over neighborhood boundaries (choropleth data) or any
areas representing police geography. Also, choropleth
maps can be given a three-dimensional appearance by maki
ng each area into a raised block, with the height of
the block representing the relevant data value. It may
also be represented with colored or shaded areas the
magnitude of an attribute.
ISOLINE OR SURFACE maps are derived from “iso,” the Greek prefix for equal, and refers to maps with
lines that join points of equal value. Physical geography is replete with isoline maps that use the
following: isobars (equal barometric pressure), isohyets (equal rainfall), isotherms (equal temperature),
isobaths (equal depth), and, in a rare departure from use of the iso prefix, contour lines to join points of
equal elevation. The form most likely to be used in crime analysis is the isopleth (equal crowd), in which
data for areas, such as crimes per neighborhood or population density, are calculated and used as
control points to determine where the isolines will be drawn.

LINEAR maps show streets and highways as well as flows using linear symbols, such as lines proportional
in thickness to represent flows. Apart from base maps of streets and highways, crime mappers use
linear maps infrequently—the most common application is vehicle theft investigation showing
connections between the place of theft and place of recovery.
IMPORTANCE OF CRIME MAPPING
The importance of crime mapping is to allow shift commanders to place patrol units where they can be
the most effective. It is also used for public relations purposes. Maps and geographic data provide work
groups with information critical to identifying, understanding and responding to crime problems.
Sharing such information among members of work groups provides a basis for developing consensus
and cooperationg among police, other public agencies and the community.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CRIME MAPPING

• ADVANTAGES
o Crime mapping is an exceptional tool for hearts and minds between the police force and
general public.

o Crime mapping permits police forces to determine which locations require additional
support in means of allocating man-power or security systems. Crime mapping enables
police forces to inform public of any changes within the community.

o It provides convenience to the law enforcement because it supports some of their al-
ready existing roles such as convenience in responding to calls, collect data from crime
scenes and share information with stakeholders, reassure the public, analyze and gener-
ate intelligence, deploy patrols and target responses.

o Crime mapping reduces police workload and make law enforcement more effective and
efficient in preventing crime.

• DISADVANTAGES
o Crime mapping is an open source information which anyone can access online, adver-
saries included. Crime mapping may aid adversaries in planning and earmarking criminal
activities based on the information provided. Adversaries can clearly see where police
forces are most active and which locations are targeted more often.

o Crime mapping is manpower extensive and requires additional support in updating the
system with real time information.

o Crime maps may have weighted anecdotal information. This can sometimes result in
crime mapping having a bias on historical problems as opposed to emergent patterns
and may therefore, cause deployment errors on the part of the law enforcement.

o Some crime maps may contain very limited facts. This is problematic because it may
only reflect a few facts about a small area and not necessarily a large area.