Solutions to exercises 13

Full worked solutions

Exercise 1. y 00 − 2y 0 − 3y = 6

Auxiliary equation (A.E.) from the homogeneous equation

y 00 − 2y 0 − 3y = 0 ,

is m2 − 2m − 3 = 0
i.e. (m − 3)(m + 1) = 0 i.e. m1 = 3, m2 = −1.

Real different roots : homogeneous equation has general solution

y = Aem1 x + Bem2 x

i.e. yCF = Ae−x + Be3x (complementary function).

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Solutions to exercises 14
f (x) = 6 suggests form of particular solution
yP S = C (C = undetermined constant)
yP00 S = yP0 S =0 when yP S = constant
substitute yP S = C : 0 + 0 − 3C = 6 i.e. C = −2.

General solution, y = yCF + yP S = Ae−x + Be3x − 2.

Return to Exercise 1

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Solutions to exercises 15

Exercise 2. y 00 + 5y 0 + 6y = 2x

A.E. is m2 + 5m + 6 = 0 i.e. (m + 2)(m + 3) = 0

i.e. m1 = −2, m2 = −3, yCF = Ae−2x + Be−3x .

f (x) = 2x suggests substitution of yP S = Cx + D (C, D are undeter-

mined constants)

yP0 S = C, yP00 S = 0, substitution gives

0 + 5C + 6(Cx + D) = 2x i.e. 5C + 6D + 6Cx = 2x

Constant term : 5C + 6D = 0
Coefficient of x: 6C = 2
1
i.e. C= 3
and D = − 5C
6 =
5
− 18

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Solutions to exercises 16

General solution, y = yCF + yP S

i.e. y = Ae−2x + Be−3x + 13 x − 5

18 .

Return to Exercise 2

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Solutions to exercises 17

Exercise 3. Parts (a)-(d) have same homogeneous equation

i.e. y 00 + 5y 0 − 9y = 0 with A.E. m2 + 5m − 9 = 0
 p 
i.e. m = 21 −5 ± 25 − (−36)
√
i.e. m = − 52 ± 12 61

Real different roots: yCF = Aem1 x + Bem2 x ,

√
where m1 = − 52 + 12 61
√
m2 = − 25 − 12 61 .

(a) y 00 + 5y 0 − 9y = x2

dyP S d2 yP S
Try yP S = Cx2 + Dx + E, dx = 2Cx + D , dx2 = 2C

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Solutions to exercises 18

Substitution: 2C + 5(2Cx + D) − 9(Cx2 + Dx + E) = x2

i.e. 2C + 5D − 9E = 0 (constant term)
10Cx − 9Dx = 0 (terms in x)
−9Cx2 = x2 (terms in x2 )
⇒ −9C = 1 i.e. C = − 19
10C
10C − 9D = 0 gives D= 9 = − 10
81

2C + 5D − 9E = 0 gives E = 19 (2C + 5D)

= 19 − 29 − 50 1
− 68



81 = 9 81

68
= − 729

General solution is:

y = yCF + yP S = Aem1 x + Bem2 x − 91 x2 − 10
81 x − 68
729 .

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Solutions to exercises 19

(b) y 00 + 5y 0 − 9y = cos 2x

Try yP S = C cos 2x + D sin 2x

yP0 S = −2C sin 2x + 2D cos 2x
yP00 S = −4C cos 2x − 4D sin 2x

Substitute: −4C cos 2x − 4D sin 2x + 5 · (−2C sin 2x + 2D cos 2x)

−9(C cos 2x + D sin 2x) = cos 2x

i.e. (−4C +10D−9C) cos 2x−(4D+10C +9D) sin 2x = cos 2x

i.e. (−13C + 10D) cos 2x − (13D + 10C) sin 2x = cos 2x

Coefficients of cos 2x: −13C + 10D = 1 (i)

Coefficients of sin 2x: 13D + 10C = 0 (ii)

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Solutions to exercises 20
(ii) gives D = − 10C
13 then (i) gives −13C − 100C
13 = 1
13·13−100
i.e. − 13 = C1
13
i.e. − 269 =C

then D = − 10 13 10


13 · − 269 = + 269
13 10
i.e. yP S = − 269 cos 2x + 269 sin 2x

General solution is:

1
y = yCF + yP S = Aem1 x + Bem2 x + (10 sin 2x − 13 cos 2x) .
269

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Solutions to exercises 21

(c) y 00 + 5y 0 − 9y = e4x

Try yP S = Ce4x
i.e. yP0 S = 4Ce4x
yP00 S = 16Ce4x

Substitute: 16Ce4x + 20Ce4x − 9Ce4x = e4x

i.e. (16C + 20C − 9C)e4x = e4x
i.e. 27C = 1
1
i.e. C = 27

(by comparing coefficients of e4x )

1 4x
i.e. yP S = 27 e

General solution is:

1 4x
y = yCF + yP S = Aem1 x + Bem2 x + e .
27
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Solutions to exercises 22

(d) y 00 + 5y 0 − 9y = e−2x + 2 − x

Try yP S = Ce−2x +Dx+E (i.e. sum of the forms “ kepx ” and

“linear in x ”)
0 −2x
i.e. yP S = −2Ce +D
yP00 S = +4Ce−2x

Substitute: 4Ce−2x −10Ce−2x +5D−9Ce−2x −9Dx−9E = e−2x +2 − x

Coeff. e−2x : 4C − 10C − 9C = 1 → 1

C = − 15
Coeff. x : −9D = −1 → D = 19
5 91 − 9E = 2


Coeff. x0 : 5D − 9E = 2 →
i.e. E = − 13
81

1 −2x
i.e. yP S = − 15 e + 19 x − 13
81

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Solutions to exercises 23

General solution is:

1 −2x 1 13
y = yCF + yP S = Aem1 x + Bem2 x − e + x− .
15 9 81

Return to Exercise 3

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Solutions to exercises 24

Exercise 4. y 00 − λ2 y = sin 2x

A.E. is m2 − λ2 = 0 i.e. m = ±λ (real different roots)

yCF = Aeλx + Be−λx
f (x) = sin 2x suggests trying yP S = A sin 2x + B cos 2x
i.e. yP0 S = 2A cos 2x − 2B sin 2x
yP00 S = −4A sin 2x − 4B cos 2x
Substitute:
−4A sin 2x − 4B cos 2x − λ2 A sin 2x − λ2 B cos 2x = sin 2x
i.e. (−4A − λ2 A) sin 2x + (−4B − λ2 B) cos 2x = sin 2x
Coeff. cos 2x : −4B − λ2 B = 0 i.e. B = 0
1
Coeff. sin 2x : −4A − λ2 A = 1 i.e. A = − 4+λ 2

i.e. yP S = − sin 2x
4+λ2 ;
general solution y = yCF + yP S = Aeλx + Be−λx − sin 2x
4+λ2 .
Return to Exercise 4
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Solutions to exercises 25

Exercise 5. y 00 − y = ex

A.E. is m2 − 1 = 0 i.e. m = ±1, yCF = Aex + Be−x

f (x) = ex suggests trying yP S = Cex BUT THIS ALREADY AP-

PEARS IN yCF , therefore multiply this trial form by x.

Try yP S = Cxex , yP0 S = Cxex + Cex = C(1 + x)ex

yP00 S = C(1 + x)ex + Cex = C(2 + x)ex
Substitute: C(2 + x)ex − Cxex = ex
1
Coeff. ex : C(2 + x) − Cx = 1 i.e. 2C = 1 i.e. C= 2

∴ yP S = 12 xex and general solution is

y = yCF + yP S = Aex + Be−x + 12 xex .

Return to Exercise 5

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Solutions to exercises 26

Exercise 6. y 00 + y 0 − 2y = e−2x

A.E. is m2 + m − 2 = 0 i.e. (m + 2)(m − 1) = 0

i.e. m = 1 or m = −2 i.e. yCF = Aex + Be−2x

Try yP S = Ce−2x ? No. This already appears in yCF

Try yP S = Cxe−2x (i.e. multiply trial solution by
x, until it does not appear in yCF )

i.e. yP0 S = −2Cxe−2x + Ce−2x = (1 − 2x)Ce−2x

yP00 S = −2(1 − 2x)Ce−2x + (−2)Ce−2x = (−4 + 4x)Ce−2x

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Solutions to exercises 27
Substitute: (−4 + 4x)Ce−2x + (1 − 2x)Ce−2x − 2Cxe−2x = e−2x

Coeff. e−2x : −4C +4xC + C −2xC −2Cx = 1

i.e. C = − 13 , i.e. yP S = − 13 xe−2x

General solution is y = yCF + yP S = Aex + Be−2x − 13 xe−2x .

Return to Exercise 6

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Solutions to exercises 28

Exercise 7. y 00 − 2y 0 + y = ex

A.E. is m2 − 2m + 1 = 0 i.e. (m − 1)2 = 0

i.e. m = 1 (twice) i.e. yCF = (A + Bx)ex
Try yP S = Cex ? No, it’s in yCF
Try yP S = Cxex ? No. Also in yCF !
Try yP S = Cx2 ex .
yP0 S = 2xCex + Cx2 ex , yP00 S = (2+2x)Cex + (2x+x2 )Cex
i.e. yP0 S = (2x + x2 )Cex = (2 + 4 + x2 )Cex
Substitute: (2 + 4x + x2 )Cex − 2(2x + x2 )Cex + Cx2 ex = ex
1
Coeff. ex : (2 + 4x + x2 − 4x − 2x2 + x2 )C = 1 i.e. C = 2

∴ yP S = 12 x2 ex and general solution is

y = yCF + yP S = (A + Bx)ex + 12 x2 ex .
Return to Exercise 7

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Solutions to exercises 29

Exercise 8. y 00 + 8y 0 + 17y = 2e−3x ; π

y(0) = 2 and y 2 =0

1
√

A.E. is m2 + 8m + 17 = 0 i.e. m = 2 −8 ± 64 − 68 = −4 ± i
i.e. yCF = e−4x (A cos x + B sin x).

f (x) = 2e−3x , so try yP S = Ce−3x

i.e. yP0 S = −3Ce−3x , yP00 S = 9Ce−3x

Substitute: 9Ce−3x + 8 · (−3)Ce−3x + 17Ce−3x = 2e−3x

Coeff. e−3x : 9C − 24C + 17C = 2 i.e. C = 1
yP S = e−3x , general solution
y = yCF + yP S = e−4x (A cos x + B sin x) + e−3x .

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Solutions to exercises 30

Now use the boundary conditions.

y(0) = 2 means y = 2 when x = 0 i.e. 2 = e0 (A cos 0+B sin 0)+e0
i.e. 2 = A + 1 i.e. A = 1
3π
y( π2 ) = 0 means y = 0 when x = π
2 i.e. 0 = e−2π (A cos π2 +B sin π2 )+e− 2

cos π2 = 0
sin π2 = 1
3π
i.e. 0 = e−2π (0 + B) + e− 2

3π
i.e. 0 = e−2π B + e− 2

3π
(multiply both sides by e2π ) i.e. 0 = B + e− 2 · e2π
π π
i.e. 0 = B + e 2 i.e. B = −e 2
π
y = e−4x cos x − e 2 sin x + e−3x .


Required particular solution is

Return to Exercise 8

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Solutions to exercises 31

Exercise 9. y 00 + y 0 − 12y = 4e2x ; y(0) = 7 and y 0 (0) = 0

A.E. is m2 + m − 12 = 0 i.e. (m − 3)(m + 4) = 0

i.e. m = 3 or m = −4 i.e. yCF = Ae3x + Be−4x

Try yP S = Ce2x , yP0 S = 2Ce2x , yP00 S = 4Ce2x

Substitute: 4Ce2x + 2Ce2x − 12Ce2x = 4e2x

Coeff. e2x : 4C + 2C − 12C = 4 i.e. C = − 23

yP S = − 23 e2x , general solution is y = Ae3x + Be−4x − 23 e2x .

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Solutions to exercises 32

Apply boundary conditions to general solution (as always)

y(0) = 7 means y = 7 when x = 0 i.e. 7 = Ae0 + Be0 − 23 e0

2
i.e. 7 = A + B − 3

i.e. 21 = 3A + 3B − 2 (i)

y 0 (0) = 0 means y 0 = 0 when x = 0,

dy
where y 0 ≡ dx = 3Ae3x− 4Be−4x−34 e2x
i.e. 0 = 3Ae0 − 4Be0 − 43 e0
4
i.e. 3 = 3A − 4B (ii)

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Solutions to exercises 33

Solve equations (i) and (ii) simultaneously to find A and B

4 4 1


(i)-(ii) gives 21 − 3 = 7B − 2 i.e. 23 − 3 · 7 =B
65 1 65
i.e. 3 · 7 =B i.e. B = 21 ,

4 4 260 288
then (ii) gives 3A = 3 + 4B i.e. 3 + 21 = 21 = 3A
96 32
i.e. A = 21 = 7 .

Particular solution is
32 3x 65 −4x 2 2x
y= e + e − e .
7 21 3
Return to Exercise 9

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Solutions to exercises 34

Exercise 10. y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = 10 cos 2x ; y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 0

A.E. is m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 i.e. (m + 2)(m + 1) = 0

i.e. m = −2 or m − 1 i.e. yCF = Ae−2x + Be−x

Try yP S = C cos 2x + D sin 2x i.e. yP0 S = −2C sin 2x + 2D cos 2x

yP00 S = −4C cos 2x − 4D sin 2x

Substitute:
−4C cos 2x − 4D sin 2x + 3(−2C sin 2x + 2D cos 2x)
+ 2(C cos 2x + D sin 2x) = 10 cos 2x

Coeff. cos 2x: −4C + 6D + 2C = 10 i.e. −2C + 6D = 10 (i)

Coeff. sin 2x: −4D − 6C + 2D = 0 i.e. −2D − 6C = 0 (ii)

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Solutions to exercises 35

Solve (i) and (ii) for C and D

(−3) times (i) gives +6C − 18D = −30 (i)

ADD −6C − 2D = 0 (ii)
3
− 20D = −30 i.e. D = 2 ,

3


(ii) then gives −2 2 − 6C = 0 i.e. −3 − 6C = 0
i.e. C = − 12 .

∴ yP S = − 12 cos 2x + 3
2 sin 2x ;

general solution is: y = Ae−2x + Be−x − 1

2 cos 2x + 3
2 sin 2x
1
Boundary condition y(0) = 1 gives 1 = A + B − 2 i.e. A+B = 32 (iii)

y 0 = −2Ae−2x − Be−x + sin 2x + 3 cos 2x

∴ y 0 (0) = 0 gives 0 = −2A − B + 3 i.e. 2A+B=3 (iv)

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Solutions to exercises 36
3 3
Solve (iii) and (iv) to find A and B (iv)-(iii) gives A = 3 − 2 = 2 .

Then, (iv) gives 2 32 + B = 3 i.e. B = 0

Particular solution is y = 32 e−2x − 1

2 cos 2x + 3
2 sin 2x .

Return to Exercise 10

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Solutions to exercises 37

Exercise 11. y 00 + 4y 0 + 5y = 2e−2x ; y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = −2

1
√

A.E. is m2 + 4m + 5 = 0 i.e. m = 2 −4 ± 16 − 20 = −2 ± i

i.e. yCF = e−2x (A cos x+B sin x)

Try yP S = Ce−2x , yP0 S = −2Ce−2x , yP00 S = 4Ce−2x

Substitute: 4Ce−2x − 8Ce−2x + 5Ce−2x = 2e−2x
Coeff. e−2x : 4C − 8C + 5C = 2 i.e. C =2.
−2x
yP S = 2e , general solution is

y = e−2x (A cos x + B sin x) + 2e−2x

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Solutions to exercises 38
Boundary condition y(0) = 1: 1 = A cos 0 + B sin 0 + 2
i.e. 1=A+2 i.e. A = −1

y 0 = −2e−2x (A cos x + B sin x) + e−2x · (−A sin x + B cos x) − 4e−2x

y 0 (0) = −2 gives

−2 = −2 · (−1 + 0) + (0 + B) − 4
i.e. −2 = 2 + B − 4 i.e. B = 0 .

Particular solution is

y = e−2x · (− cos x + 0) + 2e−2x

i.e. y = e−2x (2 − cos x) .
Return to Exercise 11

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Solutions to exercises 39
d2 x −3τ
Exercise 12. dτ 2 + 4 dx
dτ + 3x = e ; x= 1
2 and dx
dτ = −2 at τ = 0

A.E. is m2 + 4m + 3 = 0 i.e. (m + 3)(m + 1) = 0

i.e. m = −3 or m = −1 i.e. xCF = Ae−3τ + Be−τ

Try xP S = Ce−3τ ? No. Already in xCF

dxP S
Try xP S = Cτ e−3τ , dτ = Ce−3τ − 3τ Ce−3τ
= (1 − 3τ )Ce−3τ .
d2 xP S
= −3Ce−3τ − 3(1 − 3τ )Ce−3τ
dτ 2
= (9τ − 6)Ce−3τ

Substitute: (9τ − 6)Ce−3τ + 4(1 − 3τ )Ce−3τ + 3Cτ e−3τ = e−3τ

Coeff. e−3τ : 9τ C − 6C + 4C − 12τ C + 3Cτ = 1
i.e. C = − 21

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Solutions to exercises 40
xP S = − 21 τ e−3τ , general solution is
x = xCF + xP S = Ae−3τ + Be−τ − 12 τ e−3τ

1 1
Boundary conditions x = 2 when τ = 0 : 2 =A+B (i)
dx
dτ = −3Ae−3τ − Be−τ + 32 τ e−3τ − 12 e−3τ
dx 1
dτ = −2 when τ = 0 : −2 = −3A − B − 2

i.e. − 32 = −3A − B (ii)

Solve (i) and (ii) for A and B: (i)+(ii) gives 12 − 32 = A−3A i.e. A = 1
2

Then, (i) gives B = 0.

Particular solution is
1 1 1
x = e−3τ − τ e−3τ = (1 − τ )e−3τ .
2 2 2
Return to Exercise 12
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Solutions to exercises 41
d2 y dy
Exercise 13. dτ 2 + 4 dτ + 5y = 6 sin τ

1
√

A.E. is m2 + 4m + 5 = 0 i.e. m = 2 −4 ± 16 − 20 = −2 ± i

yCF = e−2τ (A cos τ +B sin τ )

[Since e−2τ multiplies sin τ in yCF , sin τ is an independent function

with respect to the components of yCF ].

Try yP S = C cos τ + D sin τ

yP0 S = −C sin τ + D cos τ
yP00 S = −C cos τ − D sin τ (each dash denoting d
dτ , here)

Substitute: −C cos τ − D sin τ +4(−C sin τ + D cos τ )

+5(C cos τ + D sin τ ) = 6 sin τ

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Solutions to exercises 42
Coeff. cos τ : −C + 4D + 5C = 0 i.e. C +D =0 (i)
Coeff. sin τ : −D − 4C + 5D = 6 i.e. −C + D = 32 (ii)
3
ADD 2D = 2
3
i.e. D= 4 and
C = − 34

General solution: y = e−2τ (A cos τ + B sin τ ) − 43 (cos τ − sin τ ) .

Return to Exercise 13

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