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    L18 Cranial Nerves

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    moshlingmomo
    The document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, including their names, locations, functions, and common lesions. It provides details on each nerve, such as their roles in smell, vision, eye movement, facial expression, hearing, taste, swallowing, and tongue movement. Lesions of nerves supplying facial muscles and their impacts are also reviewed.

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    L18 Cranial Nerves

    Uploaded by

    moshlingmomo
    6 views2 pages
    The document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, including their names, locations, functions, and common lesions. It provides details on each nerve, such as their roles in smell, vision, eye movement, facial expression, hearing, taste, swallowing, and tongue movement. Lesions of nerves supplying facial muscles and their impacts are also reviewed.

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    L18 Cranial nerves

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    The document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, including their names, locations, functions, and common lesions. It provides details on each nerve, such as their roles in smell, vision, eye movement, facial expression, hearing, taste, swallowing, and tongue movement. Lesions of nerves supplying facial muscles and their impacts are also reviewed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views2 pages

    L18 Cranial Nerves

    Uploaded by

    moshlingmomo
    The document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, including their names, locations, functions, and common lesions. It provides details on each nerve, such as their roles in smell, vision, eye movement, facial expression, hearing, taste, swallowing, and tongue movement. Lesions of nerves supplying facial muscles and their impacts are also reviewed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    L18 Cranial nerves


    LEARNING OBJECTIVES

    Learn names and locations of 12 cranial nerves

    Understand functions of cranial nerves

    Broad locations of cranial nerve nuclei and into to central connections

    Learn common lesions associated with cranial nerve dysfunction

    Cranial nerves
    There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves
    C.I Olfactory
    C.II Optic
    C.III Oculomotor
    C.IV Trochlear
    C.V Trigeminal
    C.VI Abducens
    C.VII Facial
    C.VIII Vestibulocochlear
    C.IX Glossopharyngeal
    C.X Vagus
    C.XI Spinal Accessory
    C.XII Hypoglossal
    Oflactory nerves are located outside the brain.
    The trochlear nerve exits from dorsal side, all the rest exit from ventro lateral side
    Cranial nerve functions are extremely well conserved among vertebrates. There are some cranial nerves associated with diencephalon
    Olfactory nerve (C.I)
    Carries special sensory info responsible for smell. Synapse within olfactory bulb.
    Optic nerve (C.II)
    Special sensory nerve of vision. Retina is in the CNS, optic nerve project back to optic chiasma. Partial decussate. Retina divided into two, nasal retina and temporal
    retina. After the chiasma the optic nerve is called the optic tract. This is important because if there is a lesion of the left optical nerve it would affect the left eye. If the optic
    tract is lesioned then sight is lost in both eyes as information is received from both eyes.
    Oculomotor, Trochlear. Abducens (C.III, IV, VI)
    Oculomotor nerve (C.III)

    Somatomotor - Primary source of innervation for 4 of eye extraocular muscles

    Parasympathetic - Pupillary muscle (constrict pupil in light reflex) and ciliary muscle (accomodation reflex)

    Trochlear nerve (C.IV)

    Innervates superior oblique muscle allowing eye to move eye down and out

    Abducens nerve (C.VI)

    Eyeball movement from side to side

    Trigeminal (C.V)

    Motor nucleus (muscles of mastication (for chewing))

    Spinal nucleus (sensory) for pain and temp from head and neck

    Principal nucleus (sensory) for touch and vibration

    Mesencephalic nucleus for jaw reflexes

    Facial (C.VII)

    Motor - muscles of facial expression (mimetic muscles)

    Sensory - Skin of external auditory meatus (outer canal of ear), eardrum

    Special sensory - taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue), palate

    Parasympathetic innervation of salivary glands and lacrimal glands involved in crying (NOT parotid in cheeks)

    Vestibulocochlear (C.VIII)
    Vestibular branch monitors balance, position and movement
    Cochlear branch monitors hearing

    Glossopharyngeal (C.IX)

    Special sensory - taste in posterior 1/3 of tongue

    L18 Cranial nerves 1


    Visceral sensory - blood pCO2/ H+ monitoring (carotid body)

    Sensory - Posterior 1/3 of tongue, oropharynx

    Motor - Upper pharynx

    Parasympathetic - parotid gland

    Vagus (C.X)
    A mixed sensory and motor nerve which is the MAIN parasympathetic nerve)
    Sensory

    Somatosensory

    Mucus membranes of laryngopharynx, larynx and upper trachea

    Visceral

    Trachea, lungs, carotid sinus, abdominal veins, gut

    Motor

    Somatic

    lower pharynx, upper oesophagus (swallowing and vomiting)

    Parasympathetic

    Cardiac muscle (depressing HR), smooth muscle in GIT (GI motility) trachea and bronchi (airway diameter)

    Spinal accessory (C.XI)


    Spinal accessory nerves are motor nerves. Have roots in cervical segments of spinal cord. Roots travel up through foramen magnum and join cranial fibres to form
    accessory nerve which then pass through jugular foramen to carry somatic motor information to skeletal muscles of neck and upper back.
    Innervation of muscles associated with shoulder and head movement eg. sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
    There is probably only a spinal root of C.XI Early texts refer to a cranial root but these are now thought to be aberrant fibres of C.X

    Hypoglossal (C.XII)

    Motor

    Intrinsic muscles of tongue

    Most extrinsic tongue muscles

    Lesions
    Lesions of nerves supplying facial muscles
    UMN vs LMN (Upper motor neuron vs Lower motor neuron)

    UMN
    UMN lesion of facial muscles, the upper face is fine because BOTH hemispheres contribute to movement of upper face. So unaffected hemisphere can compensate.

    Lesions involve face area of primary motor cortex or descending corticobulbar fibers.

    Called Central facial palsy or Corticobulbar palsy

    LMN
    LMN lesion to C.VII, the ENTIRE face is affected on one side

    Lesions involved the motor facial nucles or facial nerve in pons, cranial cavity, middle cavity or on its course of peripheral distribution

    Called Peripheral face palsy or Bells palsy

    Cranial nerve nuclei


    Oculomotor nucleus is in midbrain

    Trigeminal nucleus extends midbrain through pons down to medulla


    Vestibular and cochlear nuclei

    L18 Cranial nerves 2

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