SADLER MATHEMATICS

METHODS UNIT 3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 4 Area under a curve

Exercise 4A

Question 1

1
a By counting squares ≈ 19 squares
2
Each square = 0.1 × 0.1
= 0.01 units 2

19.5 × 0.01 = 0.195

∴ Approximately 0.2 units 2

b Underestimate :
= 0.1 × 0.54 + 0.1 × 0.64 + 0.1 × 0.7 4 + 0.1 × 0.84 + 0.1 × 0.94
= 0.1 × 1.4979
= 0.14979

Overestimate :
= 0.1 × 0.64 + 0.1 × 0.7 4 + 0.1 × 0.84 + 0.1 × 0.94 + 0.1 × 14
= 0.1 × 2.4354
= 0.24354

Mean :
0.14979 + 0.24354
=
2
= 0.196665
∴ Approximately 0.197

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 1

Question 2

1
a Estimate by counting squares ≈ 20 squares.
2
Each square = 0.2 × 0.4
= 0.08 units 2

20.5 × 0.08 = 1.64

∴ Approximately 1.7 units 2 .

b Underestimate :
= 0.2 × (4 − 1.2) 2 + 0.2 × (4 − 1.42 ) + 0.2 × (4 − 1.62 ) + 0.2 × (4 − 1.82 )
= 0.2 × 6.8
= 1.36 units 2

Overestimate :
= 0.2 × (4 − 1) 2 + 0.2 × (4 − 1.22 ) + 0.2 × (4 − 1.42 ) + 0.2 × (4 − 1.62 ) + 0.2 × (4 − 1.82 )
= 1.96 units 2

Mean :
1.36 + 1.96
=
2
= 1.66 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 2

Question 3

a Estimate by counting squares ≈ 33 squares.

Each square = 0.2 × 1
= 0.2 units 2

33 × 0.2 = 6.6
∴ Approximately 6.6 units 2 .

b Underestimate :
= 0.2 × 0.22 + 2(0.2) + 0.42 + 2(0.4) + 0.62 + 2.(0.6) + ... + 1.82 + 2(1.8) 
= 0.2 × 29.4
= 5.88 units 2

Overestimate :
= 0.2 × 0.22 + 2(0.2) + 0.42 + 2(0.4) + ... + 22 + 2(2) 
= 7.48 units 2

Mean :
5.88 + 7.48
=
2
= 6.68 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 3

Exercise 4B

Question 1

a At x = 5,
=y 2(5) + 5
= 15
At x = 9,
=y 2(9) + 5
= 23

1
=
Area × 4(15 + 23)
2
= 76 units 2

9
b ∫5
(2 x + 5)dx
9
=  x 2 + 5 x 
5

= ( 81 + 45 ) − ( 25 + 25 )
= 126 − 50
= 76 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 4

 Question 2

a At x = 4,
2y + 4 =
16
y=6
At x = 10,
2 y + 10 =
16
y=3

1
=
Area × 6(6 + 3)
2
= 27 units 2

b 2y + x = 16
2= y 16 − x
1
y= 8 − x
2
10  1 
∫4  8 − 2 x  dx
10
 x2 
= 8 x − 
 4 4
= (80 − 25) − (32 − 4)
= 27 units 2

Question 3
4
∫ 1
3 x dx
4
 2 3
= 3 × x 2 
 3 1
 3

=  2 × 4 2 − 2 × 1
 
= 14

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 5

 Question 4

a
2
∫
1
4 x −2 dx
2
 4
= − 
 x 1
= (−2) − (−4)
=2

Question 5

2 x2
∫ 0 4
dx
2
 x3 
= 
12  0
8
=
12
2
=
3

Question 6

4 x2
∫ 2 4
dx
4
 x3 
= 
12  2
 43 23 
=  − 
 12 12 
2
=4
3

Question 7
3
∫ 10 x dx
1
3
= 5 x 2 
1

= (5 × 3 2
− 5 × 12 )
= 40

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 6

 Question 8
1
∫−1
(4 x + 5) dx
1
=  2 x 2 + 5 x 
−1

= ( 2 + 5) − ( 2 − 5)
= 7 − (−3)
= 10

Question 9
2
∫2
(4 − x 2 ) dx
=0

Question 10
3
∫2
3 x 2 dx
3
=  x 3 
2

= 27 − 8
= 19

Question 11
2
∫−1
(6 x 2 + 7) dx
2
=  2 x3 + 7 x 
−1

= (2 × 2 3
+ 14 ) − ( 2(−1)3 − 7 )
= 30 − (−9)
= 39

Question 12
3
∫0
(1 + x 2 ) dx
3
 x3 
= x + 
 3 0
 33 
= 3 +  − 0
 3
= 12

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 7

 Question 13
6
∫3
( x + x 2 ) dx
6
 x 2 x3 
=  + 
 2 3 3
 62 63   32 33 
=  + − + 
2 3 2 3
= 76.5

Question 14
3
∫2
(9 − x 2 ) dx
3
 x3 
= 9 x − 
 3 2
 23 
= (9 × 3 − 9) −  9 × 2 − 
 3
2
=2
3

Question 15
1
∫ (2 + x)
4
dx
0
1
 (2 + x)5 
= 
 5 0
35 25
= −
5 5
= 48.6 − 6.4
= 42.2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 8

 Question 16
1
∫ (2 + 5 x)
4
dx
0

1 1
=
5 ∫0
5(2 + 5 x) 4 dx
1
1  (2 + 5 x)5 
=  
5 5 0
1  7 5 25 
=  − 
5 5 5 
= 671

Question 17
1
∫ 12 x(1 + x ) dx
2 2
0
1
= 6 ∫ 2 x(1 + x ) dx 2 2
0
1
 (1 + x 2 )3 
= 6 
 3 0
 (1 + 1)3 (1 + 0)3 
= 6 − 
 3 3 
= 14

Question 18
3
∫3
(4 + x 2 ) 2 dx
=0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 9

Question 19
1
∫
−1
(1 + x 2 ) 2 dx
1
= ∫ −1
(1 + 2 x 2 + x 4 ) dx
1
 x5 2 
=  + x3 + x 
5 3  −1
1 2   1 2 
=  + + 1 −  − − − 1
5 3   5 3 
13  13 
= 1 −  −1 
15  15 
11
=3
15

Question 20
1
∫ ( x ) dx
2
a 0
1
 x3 
= 
 3 0
13
= −0
3
1
=
3
3
b
∫1
( x 2 ) dx
3
 x3 
= 
 3 1
33 13
= −
3 3
2
=8
3
3
c ∫0
( x 2 ) dx
3
 x3 
= 
 3 0
33
= −0
3
=9

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 10

Question 21
4
a ∫ 0
(4 x − x 2 ) dx
4
 2 x3 
= 2 x − 
 3 0
 43 
=  2 × 42 −  − 0
 3
2
= 10
3
5
b ∫4
(4 x − x 2 ) dx
5
 x3 
= 2 x2 − 
 3 4
 53   43 
=  2 × 52 −  −  2 × 4 2 − 
 3  3
1 2
= 8 − 10
3 3

1
= −2
3
5
c ∫0
(4 x − x 2 ) dx
5
 x3 
= 2 x2 − 
 3 0
 53 
=  2 × 52 −  − 0
 3
1
=8
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 11

Question 22
3
a ∫1
(3 x 2 + 2 x) dx
3
=  x3 + x 2 
1

= (33 + 32 ) − (1 + 1)
= 34
1
∫ (3x + 2 x) dx
2
b
3
1
=  x3 + x 2 
3

= (1 + 1) − (33 + 32 )
= −34

Question 23
3
a ∫0
( x 2 ) dx
3
 x3 
= 
 3 0
33
= −0
3
=9
3
b
∫0
(3 x 2 ) dx
3
=  x 3 
0

= 27

3
c ∫0
(4 x 2 ) dx
3
 4 x3 
= 
 3 0
 4 × 33 
=  −0
 3 
= 36

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 12

 Question 24
π
∫−π
(2 x + 3) dx
π
=  x 2 + 3 x 
−π

= ( π2 + 3π ) − ( π2 − 3π )
= 6π

Question 25
2
∫ 2
(2 x + 6 x 2 ) dx
2
=  x 2 + 2 x 3 
2

=( 2 2 + 2 × 23 ) − ( 2
2 + 2( 2) 2 )
= 18 − 4 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 13

 Exercise 4C

Question 1

a, e, f

Question 2

a No

b No

c Yes

d No

e Yes

f Yes

g Yes

Question 3
2
∫ 0
(2 x + 1) dx
2
=  x 2 + x 
0

= (4 + 2) − 0
=6

At x = 0,
= y 2(0) + 1
=1
At x = 2,
= y 2(2) + 1
=5
1
=
Area (1 + 5) × 2
2
= 6 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 14

 Question 4

4 x4
∫ 2 4
dx
4
 x5 
= 
 20  2
45 25
= −
20 20
= 49.6 units 2

Question 5

∫ ( ( x − 2) + 3) dx
3
2
1
3
 x − 2)3 
=  + 3x 
 3 1
1   1 
=  + 9  −  − + 3
3   3 
2
= 6 units 2
3

Question 6

8 − 2 x2 =
0
2x2 = 8
x2 = 4
x = ±2
2
∫
−2
(8 − 2 x 2 ) dx
2
 2 x3 
= 8 x −
 3  −2
 2× 8   2× 8 
=− 16 −  −  −16 + 
 3   3 
1
= 21 unit 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 15

 Question 7
1
∫ (1 − x ) dx
3
0
1
 x4 
= x − 
 4 0
 1
=1 −  − 0
 4
3
= units 2
4

Question 8

∫ ( ( x + 1) + 1) dx
0
3
−2
0
 ( x + 1) 
4

=  + x
 4  −2
1  1 
=  + 0  −  + (−2) 
4  4 
= 2 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 16

 Question 9
2
∫
0
( x 2 − 1) dx
1
∫ (x − 1) dx
2
0
1
 x3 
=  − x
3 0
1 
=  − 1 − 0
3 
2
= −
3
2
∫
1
( x 2 − 1) dx
2
 x3 
=  − x
3 1
8  1 
=  − 2  −  − 1
3  3 
2  2
= −− 
3  3
4
=
3

4 2
∴ Area =+
3 3
= 2 units 2

Question 10
1 2
∫ (1 − x ) dx − ∫ (1 − x3 ) dx
3
0 1
1 2
 x4   x4 
= x −  − x − 
 4 0  4 1
  1     16   1  
=  1 −  − 0  −   2 −  − 1 −  
 4    4   4 
3  11 
= −− 
4  4
= 3.5 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 17

Question 11
−1 0
− ∫ ( x + 1)3 dx + ∫ ( x + 1)3 dx
−2 −1
−1 0
 ( x + 1)  4
 ( x + 1) 4 
=
−  + 
 4  −2  4  −1
 1 1 
= −0 −  +  − 0
 4 4 
1 1
= +
4 4
= 0.5 units 2

Question 12

− ∫ (12 x(1 − x 2 )3 ) dx + ∫ (12 x(1 − x 2 )3 ) dx

0 1

−1 0
0 1
 3   3 
=
−  − (1 − x 2 ) 4  +  − (1 − x 2 ) 4 
 2 1  2 0
 3  3   3  3 
=−  − × 1 −  − × 0   +  − × 0 −  − × 1 
 2  2   2  2 
 3 3
=−
 + 
 2 2
= 3 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 18

 Question 13

x-int :
2 − x2 =
0
x= ± 2

∫ ( 2 − x ) dx
2
2
− 2
2
 x3 
= 2 x − 
 3 − 2

 2  
3
(− 2)3 
= 2 2 −  −  2(− 2) − 
 2   3 
 
4 2  4 2
= −  − 
3  3 
8 2
= units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 19

Question 14

y = x2
x-i nt and y -i nt (0, 0)
y= 3 − 2 x
y -i nt : (0, 3)
x-int : (1.5, 0)

Points of intersection :
x2= 3 − 2x
By ClassPad, x = −3, 1
Intersection points (−3, 9) and (1, 1)

( 3 − 2 x − x ) dx
1
∫ 2
−3

2
= 10 units 2
3

( x − 3) 2 =x − 1
d
( x − 3) 2 = 2( x − 3)
dx
=0 2( x − 3)
x=3
∴ (3, 0) is a minimum turning point.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 20

Question 15

By ClassPad, x = 2, 5

∫ ( x − 1) − ( x − 3)  dx
5 2
2 
= 4.5 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 21

Question 16

d
= ( x 2 − 2 x + 3) = 2 x − 2
dx
=
0 2x − 2
x =1

At =
x 1, x 2 − 2 x + =
3 2
∴ (1, 2) is a minimum turning point.

d
(2 x 2 ) = 4 x
dx
0 = 4x
x=0
=
At x 0,= 2 x2 0
∴ (0, 0) is a minimum turning point.

Points of Intersection :
x2 − 2 x + 3 =2 x2
By ClassPad, x = −3, 1

∫ ( x − 2 x + 3) − ( 2 x ) dx
1
2 2
−3

= ∫ ( − x − 2 x + 3) dx
1
2
−3

2
= 10 units 2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 22

Question 17

y = x has no stationary points.

d 3
( x ) = 3x 2
dx
0 = 3x 2
x=0
=
At x 0,= x3 0
∴ (0, 0) is a stationary point)

d
(3 x 2 ) = 6 x
dx
=
At x 0,= 6x 0

−0.1 x = 0 0.1
3x 2
+ve 0 +ve
/ − /
∴ (0, 0) is a horizontal point of inflection.

x3 = x
x3 − x =0
x ( x 2 − 1) =
0
x = −1, 0, 1

∫ (x − x ) dx + ∫ ( x − x3 ) dx
0 1
3
−1 0

1 1
= +
4 4
= 0.5 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 23

 Question 18

=
y 2 x3 − 3x
y -int : (0, 0)
x-int : 2 x3 − 3 x =
0
3 3
By ClassPad, x = − , 0,
2 2

Points of intersection :
2 x3 − 3x =
7x
By ClassPad, x = − 5, 0, 5

∫ ( 2x − 3 x − 7 x ) dx + ∫ 7 x − ( 2 x3 − 3 x )  dx
0 5
3
− 5 0

∫ ( 2x − 10 x ) dx + ∫ (10 x − 2 x ) dx
0 5
= 3 3
− 5 0
0 5
 x4   x4 
= − 5 x 2  + 2 x2 − 
2 − 5  2 0
= 12.5 + 12.5
= 25 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 24

Question 19

10 ( 200 − x ) dx
2

∫ 0 50
100
=
3
100
∴ Area = 2×
3
2
= 66 units 2
3

2
Cost : 66 × 45
3
= $3000

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 25

Exercise 4D

Question 1

∫ ( 3x − 60 x + 500 ) dx
20
2
a
10

= 3000
$3000

∫ ( 3x − 60 x + 500 ) dx
50
2
b
40

= 39 000
$39 000

Question 2

250
100
∫25
x
dx

= 2500
$2500

Question 3

400
20
a ∫10 x + 1
dx

= 258.6509
⇒ $259

400
40
b ∫20 x + 1
dx

= 267.6199
⇒ $268

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 26

Question 4

∫ 40 ( 25 − t ) dt
8
a
5

40 ( 25 − t ) dt
8
∫5
8
 t2 
= 40  25t − 
 2 5
 82  52  
= 40  25 × 8 − −  25 × 5 −  
 2  2 
= 40 [ 200 − 32 − 125 + 12.5]
= 40 × 55.5
= 2220

Question 5

10 t 0.1
a ∫5 2
dt

b
10
10 t 0.1  t1.1 
∫5 2
dt = 0.5  
1.1  5
0.5 1.1 1.1
= 10 − 5 
1.1 
= 3.0528
≈ 3.1

Question 6

∫ ( 5.1 + 0.04t ) dt
28

20

= 48.48
⇒ 48.5 million

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 27

Question 7

∫ ( 20 − 0.15t ) dt =
10
2
a 150
0

150 kL

∫ ( 20 − 0.15t ) dt =
1
2
b 20
0

20 kL

∫ ( 20 − 0.15t ) dt =
10
2
c 6
9

6 kL

Question 8

 4 600 
a ∫0 600 +

 dt
(t + 1) 2 
= 2880
2880 sales

 5 600 
b ∫4 600 +

 dt
(t + 1) 2 
= 620
620 sales

Question 9

 4 600 
a ∫0150 −

 dt
(t + 2) 2 
= 400

 8 600 
b ∫4150 −

 dt
(t + 2) 2 
= 560

2 600 
c ∫1 150 −

 dt
(t + 2) 2 
= 100

4 600 
d ∫3 150 −

 dt
(t + 2) 2 
= 130

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 28

Miscellaneous exercise four

Question 1

A: y = 4
B : x = −5
C=: y 0.5 x + 2
D : y= x + 3
E :=y 2x − 4
F : y =− x − 1
G : y= x − 6
H: y =−2 x − 10

Question 2

a f ′( x)= 2 − 9 x 2

b f ′(5) =
2 − 9(5)2 =
−223

c f ′′( x) = −18 x

d f ′′(−5) =−18(−5) =90

Question 3
3
a ∫1
(2 x) dx
3
=  x 2 
1

= 9 −1
=8

∫ ( x ) dx
4
b
1
4
2 3 
=  x2 
 3 1
3
2 2 3
= × (2 ) 2 − × 12
2

3 3

16 2
= −
3 3
14
=
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 29

Question 4

dy
= ( x + 5) × 1 + ( x − 3) × 1
dx
= x +5+ x −3
= 2x + 2

Question 5

dy
= ( x + 5)(−1) + (3 − x) × 1
dx
=− x − 5 + 3 − x
= −2 x − 2

Question 6

dy
= (2 x + 1) × 1 + ( x + 5) × 2
dx
= 2 x + 1 + 2 x + 10
= 4 x + 11

Question 7

dy
= (5 − 2 x) × 2 + (2 x + 1)(−2)
dx
= 10 − 4 x − 4 x − 2
= 8 − 8x

Question 8

dy
=( x + 1) 2 × 2 + (2 x + 7) × 2( x + 1)
dx
= 2( x + 1) 2 + 2( x + 1)(2 x + 7)
= 2( x + 1) [ x + 1 + 2 x + 7 ]
=2( x + 1)(3 x + 8)

Question 9

dy
= (2 x + 5)3 × 5 + (5 x + 6) × 3(2 x + 5) 2 × 2
dx
= (2 x + 5) 2 [5(2 x + 5) + 6(5 x + 6) ]
=+
(2 x 5) 2 (40 x + 61)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 30

Question 10

dy
a = 2(3 x + 1) × 3
dx
= 6(3 x + 1)
When x = −1,
dy
= 6(3(−1) + 1)
dx
= −12
Tangent is of the form y =
−12 x + c

Using (−1, 4)
4 =−12(−1) + c
c = −8
∴ Equation of tangent is y =
−12 x − 8

dy
b = −1(4 x) −2 × 4
dx
4
= −
(4 x) 2

1
When x = ,
4
dy 4
= − 2
dx  1
 4 × 
 4

= −4
Tangent is of the form y = −4 x + c
Using (0.25, 1)
1= −4(0.25) + c
c=2
∴ Equation of the tangent is y = −4 x + 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 31

 dy
c = 4(3 x − 5)3 × 3
dx
= 12(3 x − 5)3
When x = 2,
dy
= 12(3(2) − 5)3
dx
= 12
Tangent is of the form=
y 12 x + c

Using (2, 1)
=1 12(2) + c
c = −23
∴ Equation of tangent is y =
12 x − 23

dy ( x − 3)(2) − (2 x − 1) × 1
d =
dx ( x − 3) 2
2x − 6 − 2x +1
=
( x − 3) 2
−5
=
( x − 3) 2

When x = 4,
dy 5
= −
dx (4 − 3) 2
=5
Tangent is of the form y = −5 x + c
Using (4, 7)
7= −5(4) + c
c = 27
∴ Equation of tangent is y =−5 x + 27

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 32

Question 11

dy
= (2 x − 3)(2 x) + ( x 2 − 1)(2)
dx
= 4 x2 − 6 x + 2 x2 − 2
= 6 x2 − 6 x − 2
6 x 2 − 6 x − 2 =−2
6 x2 − 6 x =0
6 x( x − 1) =
0
∴ x= 0, x= 1

When x = 0,
y = (2(0) − 3)(02 − 1)
=3

When x = 1,
y = (2(1) − 3)(12 − 1)
=0
∴ Points are (0, 3) and (1, 0)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 33

Question 12

The y-int (0, 30) gives d = 30

dy
= 3ax 2 + 2bx + c
dx
dy
When x =0, =−1 ⇒ c =−1
dx

dy
When x = 1, = −17
dx
−17 =
3a + 2b − 1 ⇒ 3a + 2b =−16 → Equation 1
2
d y
When x = 1, = −10
dx 2
d2y
= 6ax + 2b
dx 2
−10 = 6a + 2b → Equation 2

Solving Equations1and 2 simultaneously

=
a 2, b − 11
y= 2 x3 − 11x 2 − x + 30
0= 2 x3 − 11x 2 − x + 30
By ClassPad x = −1.5, 2, 5
(−1.5, 0), (2, 0) and (5, 0)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 34

 Question 13

∫ 20 x dx
3
a
20 x 4
= +c
4
= 5x4 + c
1
b
∫ 6 x 2 dx
3
2
= 6x 2 × +c
3
3
= 4x 2 + c

∫ ( x + 3) dx
4
c
( x + 3)5
= +c
5

∫ (2 x + 3) dx
4
d
1
=
2 ∫ 2(2 x + 3) 4 dx

1 (2 x + 3)5
= × +c
2 5
(2 x + 3)5
= +c
10

∫ 60 x (1 + x ) dx
2 3 4
e
= 20 ∫ 3 x (1 + x ) dx 2 3 4

(1 + x3 )5
= 20 +c
5
=4(1 + x 3 )5 + c

∫ (1 + x ) dx
2 2
f

= ∫ (1 + 2 x + x 2 4
)dx
2 x3 x5
=x + + +c
3 5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 35

Question 14

a =
Profit Revenue − Cost
= 25.5 x − (6000 + 18 x)
P=
( x) 7.5 x − 6000

b P( x) =7.5 x − 6000 =0
7.5 x = 6000
x = 800

c =
Marginal cost, C ′( x) 18 ⇒∴ $18 per unit
Marginal revenue, R′= ( x) 25.5 ⇒ ∴ $25.50 per unit
=
Marginal profit, P′( x) 7.5 ⇒∴ $7.50 per unit

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 36

 Question 15

=
a 6(t + 1) m/s 2
v = ∫ adt
= ∫ 6(t + 1)dt
(t + 1) 2
= 6 +c
2
= 3(t + 1) 2 + c
x = ∫ vdt
= ∫ ( 3(t + 1) + c ) dt
2

(t + 1)3
= 3 + ct + d
3
= (t + 1)3 + ct + d

When=
t 1,=
x 3
x = (1 + 1)3 + c + d
3 = 8+c+ d
c+d = −5 → Equation 1

When=t 2,=
x 19
x = (2 + 1)3 + 2c + d
19 = 27 + 2c + d
2c + d = −8 → Equation 2

Equation 2 − Equation 1
2c + d =−8
c+d = −5
c = −3
d = −2
∴ x = (t + 1)3 − 3t − 2

When t = 3,
x =(3 + 1)3 − 3(3) − 2
= 53 m
v = 3(t + 1) 2 − 3
= 3(3 + 1) 2 − 3
= 45 m/s

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 37

 Question 16

= ∫ (2 p − 1) dp
3
a A
1
2 ∫=2(2 p − 1)3 dp

1 (2 p − 1) 4
= × +c
2 4
(2 p − 1) 4
= +c
8

When p = 0
(2(0) − 1) 4
=0.5 +c
8
3
c=
8

( 2 p −1)
4
3
=A +
8 8

b = ∫ 8 p( p − 1) dp
2 3
A
= 4∫ 2 p ( p − 1) dp
2 3

( p 2 − 1) 4
= 4 +c
4
= ( p 2 − 1) 4 + c

45 = (22 − 1) 4 + c
c = −36
∴ A= ( p 2 − 1) 4 − 36

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 38

Question 17
2
a ∫ 0
(−3 x 2 ) dx
2
=  − x 3 
0

= ( −8 − 0 )
= −8
∴ Area =
8 units 2

b 3 − 3x 2 =
0
3x 2 = 3
x2 = 1
x = ±1
1 1
Area = ∫ (3 − 3 x 2 ) dx + ∫ (3 − 3 x 2 ) dx
0 2

3 1 1
= 3x − x  + 3x − x3 
0 2

= ( (3 − 1) − (0 − 0) ) + ( (3 − 1) − (6 − 8) )
= 2 + ( 2 − (−2) )
= 6 units 2

Question 18

 3x + 1 
a
∫  x 
 dx

 1 
= ∫  3 x+  dx
x
3
2
= 3x 2 × +2 x +c
3
3
=2 x 2 + 2 x + c

5 3x + 1
b
∫4
x
dx
5
=  2 x3 + 2 x 
 4
= (2 125 + 2 5) − (2 64 + 2 4)
= 12 5 − 20

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 39

Question 19

a y =x3 − 5 x 2 − 6 x
= x( x 2 − 5 x − 6)
= x( x − 6)( x + 1)

x3 − 5 x 2 − 6 x cuts the x-axis at (−1, 0), (0, 0) and (6, 0) and the y -axis at (0, 0).

y = x 2 − 9 x − 10
=−( x 10)( x + 1)

x 2 − 9 x − 10 cuts the x-axis at (−1, 0) and (10, 0) and the y -axis at (0, −10).

b x3 − 5 x 2 − 6 x = x 2 − 9 x − 10
x3 − 6 x 2 + 3 x + 10 =
0

When x =−1, (−1)3 − 6(−1) 2 + 3(−1) + 10 =0

x= 2, 23 − 6(2) 2 + 3(2) + 10= 0
x= 5, 53 − 6(5) 2 + 3(5) + 10= 0

Alternatively,
x3 − 6 x 2 + 3 x + 10 = ( x + 1)( x 2 + bx + 10)
−6 x 2 = 1x 2 + bx 2
b = −7
∴ x3 − 6 x 2 + 3 x + 10 = ( x + 1)( x 2 − 7 x + 10)
=( x + 1)( x − 5)( x − 2)
( x + 1)( x − 5)( x − 2) =0
x = −1, 2, 5

When x = −1,
a =(−1) 2 − 9(−1) − 10
=0

When x = 2,
b =22 − 9(2) − 10
= −24

When x = 5,
c =52 − 9(5) − 10
= −30

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 40

c

(-1,0) (0,0) (6,0) (10,0)

(2,-24)

(5,-30)

∫ ((x − 5 x 2 − 6 x) − ( x 2 − 9 x − 10) ) dx =
2
d 3
20.25
−1

∫ ((x − 9 x − 10) − ( x 3 − 5 x 2 − 6 x) ) dx =
5
2
20.25
2

Area enclosed = 40.5 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 41

Question 20

a Given C ( x) = ax 3 − bx 2 + cx
=
Average cost per unit Cost for x units ÷ x
ax3 − bx 2 + cx
x
= ax − bx + c
2

To determine when the average cost is a minimum,

find the derivative of the average cost function,
put it equal to zero and solve.
d
dx
( ax 2 − bx + c )= 2ax − b= 0

b
x=
2a

b
When x = ,
2a
Average cost per unit
2
 b   b 
= a  −b  + c
 2a   2a 
2 2
b b
= − +c
4a 2a
b 2 − 2b 2 + 4ac
=
4a
−b + 4ac
2
=
4a
Marginal cost = C ′( x) = 3ax 2 − 2bx + c
b
When x = ,
2a
Marginal cost
2
 b   b 
= 3a   − 2b   + c
 2a   2a 
2 2
3b 2b
= − +c
4a 2a
3b 2 − 4b 2 + 4ac
=
4a
−b + 4ac
2
=
4a

b
When x = , the average cost per unit = marginal cost
2a

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 42

 f ( x)
b Given C = f ( x) , then the average cost per unit is .
x

The minimum point for the average cost function:

d  f ( x) 
 
dx  x 
xf ′( x) − f ( x).1
=
x2
xf ′( x) − f ( x)
=
x

Solving for x when the derivative is equal to zero:

xf ′( x) − f ( x)
=0
x
xf ′( x) − f ( x) = 0
xf ′( x) = f ( x)

Average cost per unit = marginal cost

f ( x)
= f ′( x)
x
f ( x) = xf ′( x) as required

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 43