DERIVATIVES

d d 1
1. (xn ) = nxn−1 9. (arcsin(x)) = √
dx dx 1 − x2
d 1
2. (ln |x|) = d 1
dx x 10. (arctan(x)) =
dx 1 + x2
d
3. (sin(x)) = cos(x) d 1
dx 11. (arcsec(x)) = √
d dx |x| x2 − 1
4. (cos(x)) = −sin(x)
dx d x
d 12. (e ) = ex
5. (tan(x)) = sec2 (x) dx
dx
d x
d 13. (a ) = ax (ln(a))
6. (sec(x)) = sec(x) tan(x) dx
dx
d d
7. (cot(x)) = − csc2 (x) 14. (sinh(x)) = cosh(x)
dx dx
d d
8. (csc(x)) = − csc(x) cot(x) 15. (cosh(x)) = sinh(x)
dx dx

ANTIDERIVATIVES
Z
1
1. xn dx = xn+1 n 6= −1
Z n+1
dx
= ln(x), x > 0 or ln |x|, x 6= 0
x
Z
2. ex dx = ex
Z
3. sin(x) dx = − cos(x)
Z
4. cos(x) dx = sin(x)
Z
5. tan(x) dx = ln | sec(x)| = − ln | cos(x)|
Z
6. cot(x) dx = ln | sin(x)| = − ln | csc(x)|
Z x π
7. sec(x) dx = ln | sec(x) + tan(x)| = ln tan +
2 4
Z x
8. csc(x) dx = ln | csc(x) − cot(x)| = ln tan
2
Z
dx 1 x
9. = arctan
x2 +a 2 a a

Calculus August 31, 2009

ii

Z
dx 1 x
10. √ = arcsin ,a>0
a2 − x2 a a
Z
dx 1 x
11. √ = arcsec
|x| x2 − a2 a a
Expressions Containing ax + b
Z
1
12. (ax + b)n dx = (ax + b)n+1
a(n + 1)
Z
dx 1
13. = ln |ax + b|
ax + b a
−1
Z
dx
14. 2
=
(ax + b) a(ax + b)
Z
x dx b 1
15. 2
= 2 + 2 ln |ax + b|
(ax + b) a (ax + b) a
Z
dx 1 x
16. = ln
x(ax + b) b ax + b
−1
Z
dx a ax + b
17. 2
= + 2 ln
x (ax + b) bx b x
√
Z
2p
18. ax + b dx = (ax + b)3
3a
√ 2(3ax − 2b) p
Z
19. x ax + b dx = (ax + b)3
15a2
2√
Z
dx
20. √ = ax + b
ax + b a
Z √
√
Z
ax + b dx
21. dx = 2 ax + b + b √
x x ax + b
√ √
ax + b − b
Z
dx 1
22. √ = √ ln √ √ ,b>0
x ax + b b ax + b + b
Z r
dx 2 ax + b
23. √ = √ arctan ,b<0
x ax + b −b −b
√
− ax + b
Z Z
dx a dx
24. √ = − √
x2 ax + b bx 2b x ax + b
r √ √
ax + b cx + d ad − bc
Z Z
cx + d dx
25. dx = + √ √
ax + b a 2a ax + b cx + d
Expressions Containing ax2 + c, x2 ± p2 , and p2 − x2 , p > 0

August 31, 2009 Calculus

 Z
dx 1 p+x
26. = ln
−xp22 2p p−x
 1 pa

√ arctan x a > 0, c > 0


 ac c

Z  √ √
dx 
√1 x a−√−c
27. = ln √ a > 0, c < 0
ax2 + c   2 −ac x a+ −c
 √ √
 √1 ln √c+x√−a

a < 0, c > 0

2 −ac c−x −a

2n − 3
Z Z
dx 1 x dx
28. = + n>1
(ax2 + c)n 2(n − 1)c (ax2 + c)n−1 2(n − 1)c (ax2 + c)n−1
1 (ax2 + c)n+1
Z
29. x(ax2 + c)n dx = n 6= 1
2a n+1
Z
x 1
30. dx = ln ax2 + c
ax2
+c 2a
Z p
1 p 2 p 
31. x2 ± p2 dx = x x ± p2 ± p2 ln x + x2 ± p2
2
Z p  p  
2 2
1 2 2 2 x
32. p − x dx = x p − x + p arcsin
2 p
Z
dx p
33. p = ln x + x2 ± p2
x2 ± p2
Z
x 2  3p2 x p 3p4
 
x
2 2 3/2 2 3/2 2 2
34. (p − x ) dx = p −x ) + p −x + arcsin
4 8 8 p
Expressions Containing ax2 + bx + c
 √
√ 1 2ax+b−√b2 −4ac


 b2 −4ac
ln 2ax+b+ b2 −4ac
b2 > 4ac
Z 

dx   
35. = √ 2
arctan √2ax+b
b2 < 4ac
ax2 + bx + c   4ac−b2 4ac−b2


 −2

b2 = 4ac
2ax+b

2(2n − 1)a
Z Z
dx 2ax + b dx
36. 2 n+1
= 2 2 n
+ 2
(ax + bx + c) n(4ac − b )(ax + bx + c) n(4ac − b ) (ax + bx + c)n
2
Z Z
x dx 1 2 b dx
37. 2
= ln ax + bx + c − 2
ax + bx + c 2a 2a ax + bx + c

1 √ √
Z
dx  √a ln 2ax + b + 2 a ax2 + bx + c a > 0

38. √ =
ax2 + bx + c 
 
 √1 arcsin √−2ax−b a<0
−a 2
b −4ac
√
ax2 + bx + c
Z Z
x dx b dx
39. √ = − √
2
ax + bx + c a 2a ax2 + bx + c

Calculus August 31, 2009

iv

4ac − b2
Z p Z
2
2ax + b p 2 dx
40. ax + bx + c dx = ax + bx + c + √
4a 8a ax2 + bx + c
Expressions Containing Powers of Trigonometric Functions
Z
x sin(2ax)
41. sin2 (ax) dx = −
2 4a
−1
Z
1
42. sin3 (ax) dx = cos(ax) + cos3 (ax)
a 3a

sin(n−1) (ax) cos(ax) n−1

Z Z
n
43. sin (ax) dx = − + sin(n−2) (ax) dx, n ≥ 2
na n
positive integer
Z
x sin(2ax)
44. cos2 (ax) dx = +
2 4a
Z
1 1
45. cos3 (ax) dx = sin(ax) − sin3 (ax)
a 3a

cos(n−1) (ax) sin(ax) n − 1

Z Z
46. cosn (ax) dx = + cos(n−2) (ax) dx, n ≥ positive
na n
integer
Z
1
47. tan2 (ax) dx = tan(ax) − x
a
Z
1 1
48. tan3 (ax) dx = tan2 (ax) + ln | cos(ax)|
2a a

tan(n−1) (ax)
Z Z
49. tann (ax) dx = − tan(n−2) (ax) dx, n 6= 1
a(n − 1)
Z
1
50. sec2 (ax) dx = tan(ax)
a
Z
1 1
51. sec3 (ax) dx = sec(ax) tan(ax) + ln | sec(ax) + tan(ax)|
2a 2a

sec(n−2) (ax) tan(ax) n − 2

Z Z
n
52. sec (ax) dx = − sec(n−2) (ax) dx, n 6= 1
a(n − 1) n−1
Z
dx 1  π ax 
53. = ∓ tan ∓
1 ± sin(ax) a 4 2
Expressions Containing Algebraic and Trigonometric Functions
Z
1 x
54. x sin(ax) dx = 2 sin(ax) − cos(ax)
a a
Z
1 x
55. x cos(ax) dx = 2 cos(ax) + sin(ax)
a a

August 31, 2009 Calculus

 −1 n
Z Z
n n
56. x sin(ax) dx = x cos(ax) + xn−1 cos(ax) dx n positive
a a
Z Z
1 n
57. xn cos(ax) dx = xn sin(ax) − xn−1 sin(ax) dx n positive
a a
− cos((a − b)x) cos((a + b)x)
Z
58. sin(ax) cos(bx) dx = − a2 6= b2
2(a − b) 2(a + b))
Expressions Containing Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Z
1
59. xeax dx = 2 eax (ax − 1)
a
1 bax
Z
60. xbax dx = 2 (a ln(b)x − 1)
a (ln(b))2
Z Z
1 n
61. xn eax dx = xn eax − xn−1 eax dx
a a
eax
Z
62. eax sin(bx) dx = 2 (a sin(bx) − b cos(bx))
a + b2
eax
Z
63. eax cos(bx) dx = 2 (a cos(bx) + b sin(bx))
a + b2
Z
64. ln(ax) dx = x (ln(ax) − 1)
Z  
n n+1 ln(ax) 1
65. x ln(ax) dx = x − n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
n+1 (n + 1)2
Z
(ln(ax))2 dx = x2 (ln(ax))2 − 2 ln(ax) + 2


66.

Expressions Containing Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Z
1p
67. arcsin(x) dx = x arcsin(ax) + 1 − a2 x2
a
Z
1p
68. arccos(x) dx = x arccos(ax) − 1 − a2 x2
a
Z
1 p
69. arcsec(x) dx = x arcsec(ax) − ln ax + a2 x2 − 1
a
Z
1 p
70. arccsc(x) dx = x arccsc(ax) + ln ax + a2 x2 − 1
a
Z
1
ln 1 + a2 x2


71. arctan(x) dx = x arctan(ax) −
2a
Z
1
ln 1 + a2 x2


72. arccot(x) dx = x arccot(ax) +
2a

Calculus August 31, 2009

vi

Some Special Integrals


1·3·5·7···(n−1) π
Zπ/2 Zπ/2 
 2·4·6·8···(n) 2 n even
73. sinn (x) dx = cosn (x) dx =
2·4·6·8···(n−1)
n odd


0 0 1·3·5·7···(n)

Z∞
2 √
74. e−x dx = π
−∞

August 31, 2009 Calculus