BLOCK CHAIN

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION

Blockchain is a shared, immutable ledger that facilitates the process of recording

transactions and tracking assets in a business network. Business runs on information. The
faster it’s received and the more accurate it is, the better. Blockchain is ideal for delivering
that information because it provides immediate, shared and completely transparent
information stored on an immutable ledger that can be accessed only by permissioned
network members.

HASH AND BLOCK

Hashing refers to the transformation and generation of input data of any length into
a string of a fixed size, which is performed by a specific algorithm. In particular, the Bitcoin

hash algorithm is SHA-256 or Secure Hashing Algorithm 256 bits. A blockchain is “a

distributed database that maintains a continuously growing list of ordered records, called
blocks.” These blocks “are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic
hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data.

DISTRIBUTED BLOCKCHAIN

Blockchain, which bundles transactions into blocks that are chained together, and
then broadcasts them to the nodes in the network, is the best-known type of DLT. It
powers bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

TOKEN BLOCKCHAIN

Token” is a word that you hear a lot in cryptocurrency. In fact, you might hear
Bitcoin described as a “crypto token” or something similar, because — technically — all
crypto assets can also be described as tokens.

COINBASE BLOCKCHAIN

Coinbase Wallet is a self-custody wallet, giving you complete control of your crypto.

Tools in block chain

Hyperledger Fabric
Ethereum
Solidity
Truffle
Remix
Geth
Web3.js
Embark
Metamask
 Ganache
HYPERLEDGER FABRIC
Fabric is the extendable opensource system for arranging and operating allowed
block chains and it is hosted by Linux Foundation. Fabric is the only first extendable block
chain system for running distributed applications and these applications written in standard
manner. This is immutable ledger for transactions, recording and maintain with in distributed
network with untrusting equals.

FEATURES

 Private and Permissioned

 Smart Contract Functionality
 Simpler consensus Mechanism
 Programming language flexibility
 Interaction of client side assets with the fabric compose.

ETHEREUM
Ethereum is type of tool in blockchain that has shown potential in providing the next
generation of decentralized platform beyond by crypto payments. Ethereum provide a
secure platform for developing decentralized application.These application running on the
Ethereum platform help to exploit by creating fake accounts and transactions.

SOLIDITY
Solidity is an object Oriented, high level language for applying smart contracts and
which is impacted by python ,C++, javascript and last is intended to aim at the Ethereum
Virtual Machine [EVM] . In solidity syntax is explained simply and similar to OOPS concept.
This concept is used to create smart contracts that implements in business logic and
generate a chain of transaction records in blockchain system.
FEATURES

 Ether: This is Ethereum’s cryptocurrency.

 Smart contracts: Ethereum allows the development and deployment of these types of
contracts.

 Ethereum Virtual Machine: Ethereum provides the underlying technology—the

architecture and the software—that understands smart contracts and allows you to interact
with it.

 Decentralized applications (Dapps): A decentralized application is called a Dapp (also

spelled DAPP, App, or DApp) for short. Ethereum allows you to create consolidated
applications, called decentralized applications.

 Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs): Ethereum allows you to create these for
democratic decision-making.

TRUFFLE
Truffle is a complete blockchain development environment used for compiling ,
testing and deploying smart contracts . It creating decentralized application . Truffle is well
equipped with required libraries and built in procedures for developing smart contracts. This
the popular choice for dApp development.

 It has built-in support for compiling, deploying and linking Smart Contracts.

 It allows for automated contract testing with Mocha and Chai

 The Truffle Console allows you to work with your compiled contracts in a hassle-free manner.

 It has a configurable build pipeline that supports both console apps and web apps.

 It comes with built-in support for JavaScript, CoffeeScript, SASS, ES6, and JSX.
REMIX
Remix Project is a platform for an development tools which is used a plugin
architecture. It encompasses sub-projects including Remix Plugin Engine, Remix Libraries,
and of course Remix IDE. Remix IDE is an open source web and desktop application.

GETH
Geth is short for Go Ethereum. In this generation data is the one of the most assests
that can be obtained many application on data to generate useful service, only few number
of companies control in certralized manner a large amount of data. Geth is the Ethereum
execution client meaning it handles transaction ,development and execution of smart
contracts and it contain an embedded computer known as (EVM) Ethereum virtual machine .

 It comes with a JavaScript console that you can run with "geth console."

 The client can work with other JavaScript clients (web3js).

 The Rinkeby test net is built in (or build your own private Ethereum network)

 It is usually thought of as the standard for other Ethereum nodes.

EMBARK
Embark is the Ethereum development framework by Status. A fast, easy to use, and
powerful developer environment to build and deploy decentralized applications. Embark that
provide a set of tools boilerplate code and the framework does not do full work themselves
which leave you only a few tasks.

FEATURES

 Compatible with any build pipeline

 Supports contracts TDD using javaScripts
 Manages deployed contracts,deploy only when needed
 Manages different chains (eg – testnet , private net , livenet)

GOALS

 Facilitate communications between dapps

 Make it easy to store and access decentralized data
 More deployment options
 Facilitate distribution.

WEB3.JS
Blockchain is a decentralized distributed platform. Which contains collections of
library that allows you to interact with local or remote Ethereum node using HTTP, IPC or
Websocket.

FEATURES

 Ethereum foundation
 More popular among old web3 project
 Compromises on performance and speed due to more size
 Works by bundling wallets and node providers, thereby creating complexities
METAMASK

Metamask is the cryptocurrency wallet that is available as a browser extension to

help you store application, tokens and trade Ethereum . It is most popular blockchain wallet
today,metamask browser extension provide a vital utility for crypto gamers, developer and
new comer to thr blockchain space. Metamask application available in both mobile and
desktop platform.

GANACHE

Ganache is a private Ethereum blockchain environment . it provide adavantage mining

control and build block explorer . ganache is blockchain for testing your solidity contracts.
Which provide more features when compared to remix. The big advantages of using
ganache contract development would refer to the facility for developing , testing and safe
environment.

REFERENCE

1. A Distributed operating system for permissioned Blockchain, ELLI ANDROULAKI ARTEM

BARGER VITA BORTNIKOV IBM,CHRISTIAN CACHIN KONSTANTINOS CHRISTIDIS
ANGELO DE CARO DAVID ENYEART IBM
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perspectives of applications, challenges, and opportunities.IEEE Access7 (2019), 117134ś117151
ELNAZ RABIEINEJAD, Cyber Science Lab,University of Guelph, Canada
3. Smart contracts using solidity , Dr.Santhosh Kumar Singh , Dr.Varun Tiwari , Dr.Vikas RaoVadi,
(Assistant Proffessor, Department of CS & IT, Directory,DBIT , New Delhi , India.
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Khalid , Retail level Blockchain transformation for product supply chain using truffle
development platform.
5. https://github.com/ethereum/remix-ide .
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Zhang ,Muhammed Ali Imran , james watt school of engineering , university of Glasgow .
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8. https://web3js.readthedocs.io/en/v1.8.2/

9. https://originstamp.com/blog/metamask-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work/#:~:text=MetaMask
%20is%20the%20most%20popular,newcomers%20to%20the%20blockchain%20space
10. https://101blockchains.com/ganache-blockchain/