Week #2

Descriptive Statistics
Probability and Statistics Lecturer Team
2024
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Week #2 Online 2021

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 § 2.1
Frequency Distributions
and Their Graphs

Week #2 Online 2021

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Frequency Distributions
Data 1=7 Data 3=7
Data 2=7 Data 4=6 Data 5=6
A frequency distribution is a table that shows classes or
intervals of data with a count of the number in each class.
The frequency f of a class is the number of data points in the
class.

Class Frequency, f
Lower Class
Limits
1–4 4
Upper Class 5–8 5
Limits
9 – 12 3 Frequencies

13 – 16 4
17 – 20 2

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 Frequency Distributions

The class width is the distance between lower (or upper)

limits of consecutive classes.

Class Frequency, f MIDPOINT |Relative Freq. | Cumulative Freq. |

Class Boundaries
1–4 4
5–1=4
5–8 5
9–5=4
9 – 12 3
13 – 9 = 4
13 – 16 4
17 – 13 = 4
17 – 20 2
The class width is 4. total frequency : 18

The range is the difference between the maximum and

minimum data entries.
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Constructing a Frequency Distribution

Guidelines
1. Decide on the number of classes to include. The number of classes
should be between 5 and 20; otherwise, it may be difficult to detect
any patterns.
2. Find the class width as follows. Determine the range of the data,
divide the range by the number of classes, and round up to the
next convenient number.
3. Find the class limits. You can use the minimum entry as the lower
limit of the first class. To find the remaining lower limits, add the
class width to the lower limit of the preceding class. Then find the
upper class limits.
4. Make a tally mark for each data entry in the row of the appropriate
class.
5. Count the tally marks to find the total frequency f for each class.

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 Constructing a Frequency
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Distribution
Example:
The following data represents the ages of 30 students in a
statistics class. Construct a frequency distribution that has
five classes. Class width = (54-18)/5 = 36/5
Ages of Students = 7.2 ~ 8
Upper – Lower = 25-18=7
18 20 21 27 29 20 Class 1= 18 - 25
Class 2= 26 - 33
19 30 32 19 34 19 Class 3= 34 - 41
Class 4 =42 - 49
24 29 18 37 38 22 Class 5 = 50 - 57

30 39 32 44 33 46
54 49 18 51 21 21

Week #2 Online 2021 Continued.

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Constructing a Frequency Distribution

Example continued:
1. The number of classes (5) is stated in the problem.

2. The minimum data entry is 18 and maximum entry is 54, so

the range is 36. Divide the range by the number of classes
to find the class width.

36
Class width = = 7.2 Round up to 8.
5

Continued.

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Constructing a Frequency Distribution

Example continued:
3. The minimum data entry of 18 may be used for the lower
limit of the first class. To find the lower class limits of the
remaining classes, add the width (8) to each lower limit.

The lower class limits are 18, 26, 34, 42, and 50.

The upper class limits are 25, 33, 41, 49, and 57.

4. Make a tally mark for each data entry in the appropriate

class.

5. The number of tally marks for a class is the frequency for

that class.
Continued.

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Constructing a Frequency Distribution

Example continued:
Number of
Ages students
Ages of Students

Class Tally Frequency, f

18 – 25 13
26 – 33 8
34 – 41 4
42 – 49 3
Check that
50 – 57 2 the sum
equals the
number in the
sample.
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Midpoint

The midpoint of a class is the sum of the lower and upper

limits of the class divided by two. The midpoint is sometimes
called the class mark.
(Lower class limit) + (Upper class limit)
Midpoint =
2

Class Frequency, f Midpoint

1–4 4 2.5

Midpoint =

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Midpoint

Example:
Find the midpoints for the “Ages of Students” frequency
distribution.
Ages of Students

Class Frequency, f Midpoint

18 + 25 = 43
18 – 25 13 21.5 43 ÷ 2 = 21.5
26 – 33 8 29.5
34 – 41 4 37.5
42 – 49 3 45.5
50 – 57 2 53.5

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12 Relative Frequency
The relative frequency of a class is the portion or percentage
of the data that falls in that class. To find the relative
frequency of a class, divide the frequency f by the sample
size n.
Class frequency Class Frequenc
Relative frequency = y, f
Sample size
1–4 4
5–8 5
Relative
Class Frequency, f 9 – 12 3
Frequency
1–4 4 0.222 13 – 16 4
17 – 20 2
Relative frequency n = 18
Week #2 Online 2021

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13 Relative Frequency
Example:
Find the relative frequencies for the “Ages of Students”
frequency distribution.

Relative Portion of
Class Frequency, f Frequency students
18 – 25 13 0.433
26 – 33 8 0.267
34 – 41 4 0.133
42 – 49 3 0.1
50 – 57 2 0.067

Week #2 Online 2021

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14 Cumulative Frequency
The cumulative frequency of a class is the sum of the
frequency for that class and all the previous classes.
Ages of Students

Cumulative
Class Frequency, f Frequency
18 – 25 13 13
26 – 33 + 8 21
34 – 41 + 4 25
42 – 49 + 3 28
Total number
50 – 57 + 2 30 of students

Week #2 Online 2021

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 Frequency Histogram
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A frequency histogram is a bar graph that represents

the frequency distribution of a data set.
1. The horizontal scale is quantitative and measures the
data values.
2. The vertical scale measures the frequencies of the
classes.
3. Consecutive bars must touch.
Class boundaries are the numbers that separate the classes without
forming gaps between them.

The horizontal scale of a histogram can be marked with either the class
boundaries or the midpoints.
Week #2 Online 2021

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16 Class Boundaries
Example:
Find the class boundaries for the “Ages of Students” frequency
distribution. Ages of Students

Class
Class Frequency, f Boundaries
The distance from 18 – 25 13 17.5 − 25.5
the upper limit of
the first class to the 26 – 33 8 25.5 − 33.5
lower limit of the 34 – 41 4 33.5 − 41.5
second class is 1.
42 – 49 3 41.5 − 49.5
Half this 50 – 57 2 49.5 − 57.5
distance is 0.5.
Week #2 Online 2021

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17 Frequency Histogram
Example:
Draw a frequency histogram for the “Ages of Students” frequency distribution. Use the class boundaries.

14 13 Ages of Students
12
10
8
8

f 6
4 4
3
2 2

0
17.5 25.5 33.5 41.5 49.5 57.5
Broken axis
Week #2 Online 2021 Age (in years)
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18 Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon is a line graph that emphasizes the continuous change in frequencies.

14 Ages of Students
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10
Line is extended
8
to the x-axis.
f 6
4
2
0
13.5 21.5 29.5 37.5 45.5 53.5 61.5
Broken axis
Age (in years) Midpoints
Week #2 Online 2021

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 Relative Frequency
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Histogram
A relative frequency histogram has the same shape
and the same horizontal scale as the corresponding
frequency histogram.

0.5
0.433
(portion of students)
Relative frequency

Ages of Students
0.4

0.3
0.267
0.2
0.133
0.1
0.1 0.067
0
17.5 25.5 33.5 41.5 49.5 57.5
Week #2 Online 2021 Age (in years)
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 Cumulative Frequency
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Graph
A cumulative frequency graph or ogive, is a line graph
that displays the cumulative frequency of each class
at its upper class boundary.

30 Ages of Students
(portion of students)

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Cumulative
frequency

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The graph
ends at the
12 upper
boundary of
6 the last class.
0
17.5 25.5 33.5 41.5 49.5 57.5
Week #2 Online 2021 Age (in years)
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 § 2.2
More Graphs and
Displays
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Week #2 Online 2021

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 35 people are subjected to health
22 research with the following weight in kg
create the frequency distribution !
48 21 50
1. number of the data : 35 (n)
Class kg frequency / Mid-point
32 42 21 2. find the max - data : 74
3. find the min - data: 16
1 16 - 25 5 20.5
46 47 56 4. range: max - min (X)
74 - 16 = 58
Class-baundary 27 55 55
15.5 - 25.5 1. Total class : 1 + 3.3 log n
43 60 25 1+ 3.3 log 35
2 26 - 35 4 30.5 46 58 74 1 + 5.09 = 6.09 = 6
CB→ 1. Width = Range / Total Class
25.5 - 35.5 25 46 43
58 / 6 = 9.6 = 10
3 36 - 45 8 40.5
41 44 34
40 63 51
4 46 -55 10 50.5 58 66 53
16 28 39
5 56 - 65 6 60.5
36 56
6 66 - 75 2 70.5

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 23 Find the mean!
score freq mid point f x mp
score freq mid point f x mp
31-40 3 35.5 106.5 41 - 45 3 43 129
41-50 5 45.5 227.5 46-50 6 48 288
51-60 10 55.5 555 51-55 10 53 530
61-70 11 65.5 720.5 56-60 12 58 696
71-80 8 65.5 604 61-65 5 63 315
81-90 3 85.5 256.5 66-70 4 68 272
Total 40 2470
Total 40 2230
Average : 2230 / 40 = 55.75
Average 2470/ 40 = 61.75

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24 Exercises
The Statistics Exam Results of 30 students in this Class are
presented below.
85, 92, 78, 88, 95, 92, 78, 90, 88, 92,
75, 85, 82, 88, 95, 78, 90, 88, 92, 85,
82, 88, 90, 78, 92, 88, 85, 95, 82, 88
❏ Create a frequency distribution table showing the scores and their
corresponding frequencies.
❏ Create a histogram to visually represent the frequency distribution.
❏ Calculate the cumulative frequencies and create a cumulative
frequency distribution table.
❏ Create a cumulative frequency polygon based on the cumulative
frequency distribution.
❏ Calculate the mean, median, and mode of the exam scores.

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