CHEMISTRY

CARBON AND ITS

COMPOUNDS
By: SUNIL BHAIYA
TOPICS
1 What are Organic and Inorganic Compounds?

2 Introduction to Covalent Bond

3 Properties of Covalent Compounds

4 Versatile Nature of Carbon

5 Allotropes of Carbon
TOPICS
6 Introduction to Saturated and Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons

7 Functional Group, IUPAC Nomenclature and

Homologous Series

8 Isomers 9 Chemical Properties of Carbon

10 Important Carbon Compounds – Ethanol and

Ethanoic Acid

11 Esterification, Saponification and Soap Action

 EXTRA! EXTRA! EXTRA!

Apart from theory and concepts the below things are also covered:
(i) NCERT Activities Covered with Explanation
(ii) NCERT Intext + Exercise Questions Covered
(iii) NCERT Chipa Hua Gyaan Covered
(iv) CBSE Sample Paper Covered
(v) Some CBSE PYQs’ Covered
 What are Organic and
Inorganic Compounds?
 Early Theory – Organic and Inorganic Compounds

In the eighteenth century, compounds were divided into two classes, i.e.
Organic and Inorganic. The term organic means ‘pertaining to life’.

• Compounds such as urea, sugar, oils etc. which were obtained directly
or indirectly from living sources such as plants and animals are organic
compounds. The branch of chemistry dealing with it is called organic
chemistry.
• Compounds such as salt, marble, alum etc. which were obtained from
non-living sources such as rocks and minerals are called inorganic
compounds. The branch of chemistry dealing with it is called inorganic
chemistry.
 Vital Force Theory

• Until early nineteenth century, it was believed that organic compounds

cannot be prepared into laboratory but can only be isolated from
animals and plants.
• On the basis of this belief, Berzelius, a Swedish chemist in 1815,
proposed that organic compounds are produced only under the
influence of some mysterious force existing in the living organisms.
This mysterious force was called vital force.
 Wohler’s Synthesis

In 1828, Friedrich Wohler, a German chemist made an interesting

discovery. He accidently prepared urea, a well known organic compound
isolated from urine of humans and other mammals.
 Death Blow to VFT

• After urea, Kolbe prepared acetic acid in 1845 and Berthelot prepared
methane in 1856.
• With this vital force theory was rejected as no mysterious force was
required for the formation of organic compounds.
 Modern Definition of Organic Compounds

• Firstly, the term organic (pertaining to life) lost its original meaning
after downfall of vital force theory.
• The most acceptable definition till today is: Organic compounds are
hydrocarbons (compounds containing hydrogen and carbon) and their
derivatives.
• The branch of chemistry dealing with these compounds is called
Organic Chemistry.

EXCEPTIONS: Some carbon compounds like oxides of carbon (CO and CO2)
carbonates, bicarbonates etc. are still studied under inorganic chemistry.
Give a Thought

Why carbon and its compounds are important?

Other Facts About Carbon

(i) Earth’s crust has only .02% carbon in form of

minerals like carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, coal
and petroleum.

(ii) Carbon is present in atmosphere primarily in the

form of carbon dioxide (CO2) and in traces of
carbon monoxide (CO). Concentration of CO2 in
atmosphere is 0.03%.
 Give a Thought

Can you think of a method to test whether a compound contains

carbon or not? What would be the product if a compound
containing carbon is burnt? Do you know of any test to confirm
this?

On burning a compound containing carbon, it will produce an

odourless and colourless gas called carbon dioxide.

Confirmatory Test
Introduction to
Covalent Bond
Concept of Covalent Bonding
 Covalent Bonding in Hydrogen

Element Atomic or Number of Element Atomic or Number of

proton number electrons proton number electrons
Hydrogen 1 1 Hydrogen 1 1

Concept I: Each hydrogen atom shares 1

electron. It is monovalent and shows
monovalency.

Concept II: There is a single covalent bond

between two hydrogen atoms.
 Covalent Bonding in Oxygen

Element Atomic or Number of Element Atomic or Number of

proton number electrons proton number electrons
Oxygen 8 8 Oxygen 8 8

Concept I: Each oxygen atom shares 2

electrons. It is divalent and shows
divalency.

Concept II: There is a double covalent bond

between two oxygen atoms.
 Covalent Bonding in Nitrogen

Element Atomic or Number of Element Atomic or Number of

proton number electrons proton number electrons
Nitrogen 7 7 Nitrogen 7 7

Concept I: Each nitrogen atom shares 3

electrons. It is trivalent and shows
trivalency.

Concept II: There is a triple covalent bond

between two nitrogen atoms.
 Details About Carbon

Atomic or Proton Number (Z):

Number of Electrons:
Electronic Configuration:
Give a Thought

Why carbon cannot gain 4 electrons?

• Due to small size of carbon, repulsion between

electrons increases on addition of 4 more electrons
and it would become difficult for nucleus with 6
protons to hold on to 10 electrons.
 Give a Thought

Why carbon cannot lose 4 electrons?

• Not energetically feasible.

• C4+ is unstable as it has six protons in its nucleus
holding on to just two electrons.

CONCLUSION: Carbon shares its 4 electrons to attain stable nearest noble gas
configuration, i.e. neon (Ne).
 Give a Thought

A carbon atom can share all its 4 electrons with another carbon atom to
become stable.
A. YES
B. NO
Try This!

Draw the structure of H2O molecule?

Element Atomic Number/Proton Number of Electronic

Number (Z) Electrons Configuration
H 1 1 1
O 8 8 2, 6
Try This!

Draw the structure of CO2 molecule?

Element Atomic Number/Proton Number of Electronic

Number (Z) Electrons Configuration
C 6 6 2, 4
O 8 8 2, 6
Try This!

Draw the structure of NH3 molecule?

Element Atomic Number/Proton Number of Electronic

Number (Z) Electrons Configuration
H 1 1 1
N 7 7 2, 5
Kya Bolti Public?
Properties of Covalent
Compounds
 Made From Non-metals by sharing of electrons.
These exists as molecules.

Physical State Solid, Liquid and Gas

Electrical Generally, poor conductors of electricity

Conductivity Exceptions: Hydrochloric acid

Generally, soluble in organic solvents

Solubility and insoluble in water.
Exceptions: Sugar in water
Melting and Boiling Point Low

Is the covalent bond a weaker bond?

A. Yes
B. No
Versatile Nature of
Carbon
(i) Each –C atom shares 4 electrons to attain stable
noble gas configuration. It shows tetravalency
and –C atom is tetravalent.

(ii) Carbon has a tendency to form multiple bonds

like single, double and triple with different elements.
(iii) Carbon atom links with another carbon atoms to form long,
branched and closed carbon rings. This self-linking property is
known as catenation.
Give a Thought

Why carbon shows catenation to the maximum extent?

Carbon shows catenation to the maximum extent because of

its small size. This enables the nucleus to hold on to the shared
pairs of electrons strongly.
The bonds formed by elements having bigger atoms like Silicon
(Si-Si) are much weaker.
Try This!

Draw the structure of S8 molecule?

Element Atomic Number/Proton Number of Electroni
Number (Z) Electrons Configuration
S 16 16 2, 8, 6
Kya Bolti Public?
Allotropes of Carbon
 Allotropes

Same element exists in the different physical structures while being in the
same physical state are called allotropes and this phenomena is known as
allotropy or allotropism.
Diamond

(i) Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring

substance and the best conductor of heat.
(ii) In diamond, each –C atom is bonded to 4
other carbon atoms leaving no free electron.
Tetrahedral units combine to form a 3D rigid
structure of diamond.
(iii) Graphite when subjected to high
temperature and pressure in absence of oxygen
produces synthetic diamonds.
Graphite

(i) Graphite is an opaque, greyish black, brittle

and lustrous form of C.
(ii) Each layer of graphite is called Graphene and
alternate layers are same. Atoms are arranged in
layers of hexagonal array.
(iii) In graphite, each –C atom is bonded to 3
other carbon atoms leaving a free electron.
Hence, graphite conducts electricity.
Fullerene

(i) The first fullerene (C60) was discovered in 1985

by H.W. Kroto, R. E. Smalley and R. F. Curl and was
named after a US architect Buckminster Fuller as
the structure of C60 was similar to the geodesic
dome designed by him.
(ii) It contains 20 six membered rings and 12 five
membered rings. The six membered rings make
bonds with five and six membered rings while five
membered rings only make bonds with six
membered rings. The structure is also known as
__________________________________.
 BREAK!
JAO BETA KHA PEELO. APNE PRIYATAM
KO MESSAGE MAT KARNE LAG JAANA.
Introduction to
Saturated and
Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons
 Introduction to Saturated and Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons

Alkane Alkene Alkyne

General formula CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2

(Defined for one double
and triple bond in a
hydrocarbon)
Covalent bond between Single Covalent One Double One Triple
–C atoms Bond Covalent Bond Covalent Bond

Type of hydrocarbon Saturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Suffix added -ane -ene -yne

Introduction to Saturated and Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons

Saturated Hydrocarbon: Carbon atoms are saturated with

maximum number of hydrogen atoms due to which no
multiple bonds (double/triple) are present between carbon
atoms.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: Carbon atoms are not saturated

with maximum number of hydrogen atoms due to which
multiple bonds (double/triple) are present between carbon
atoms.
 Prefix + Root Word + Primary Suffix + Secondary Suffix

ALKANE

ALKENE

ALKYNE
Give a Thought

Why the first member of alkene and alkyne family is ethene

and ethyne?

• Because minimum 2 C atoms are required for a

double/triple covalent bond.
• Valency of carbon won’t be satisfied.
Give a Thought

Why methane is a saturated hydrocarbon?

Methane is a saturated hydrocarbon because:

-C is saturated with maximum number of H atoms.
-No multiple bonds like double/triple bonds are present.
-Follows the general formula of alkanes.
ALKANE ALKENE ALKYNE
ALKANE ALKENE ALKYNE
 Trick to Calculate Number of Covalent Bonds

Alkanes No. of C + no. of H - 1

Alkenes No. of C + no. of H

Alkynes No. of C + no. of H + 1

 Straight Chain Hydrocarbon

In straight chains of hydrocarbons, carbon is attached to either one or

two other C atoms.
 Branched Chain Hydrocarbon

In branched chain hydrocarbons, carbon is attached to either one, two or

more than two other C atoms.
Think About It!
 Cyclic Chain Hydrocarbon

8FYZWFYJI(^QNH :SXFYZWFYJI(^QNH
-^IWTHFWGTSX -^IWTHFWGTSX

Cycloalkane Cycloalkene Cycloalkyne

,JSJWFQ CnH2n CnH2n-2 CnH2n-4

+TWRZQF
One double and one triple covalent
bond
 Cyclic Chain Hydrocarbon

Cyclopropane

Cyclopropene

Cyclopropyne
 Cyclic Chain Hydrocarbon

Cyclohexane Cyclohexene Cyclohexyne

 Structure of Benzene

August Kekulé claimed to have pictured the ring structure of

benzene after dreaming of a snake eating its own tail.

Formula:
Give a Thought

Is there any difference between benzene and cyclohexene?

Kya Bolti Public?
 Functional Group,
IUPAC Nomenclature
and Homologous Series
 Heteroatom/Functional Group

Hydrogen atom/atoms can be replaced by any other elements like Cl, S, N, O

and provides completely different properties regardless of the the length and
the nature of C chain.
 Give a Thought

What is an alkyl group?!

Also called:

Represented by:

General Formula:
Formula of Functional
Prefix/Suffix
Group
Give a Thought

Are alcohol, aldehyde, ketone derivates of hydrocarbons?

A. YES
B. NO
Try This!
 IUPAC Rules to Write Name of Compounds
Containing Functional Group – Till Our Syllabus

Rule I: Select the longest C chain (if functional group contains C consider it in the
longest C chain).

Rule II: We will start numbering in such a way that the functional group gets the
lowest number – First Locant Rule or First Point of Difference Rule.
After functional group, substituents/side chains/branches will be given priority.

Rule III: Prefix + Root Word + Primary Suffix + Secondary Suffix

Important: After ‘e’ of the primary suffix, if there is ‘a’, ‘i’, ‘o’, ‘u’, ‘y’ in secondary
suffix then eliminate that ‘e’ of the primary suffix.
IUPAC Nomenclature

Prefix + Root Word + Primary Suffix + Secondary Suffix

IUPAC Nomenclature

Prefix + Root Word + Primary Suffix + Secondary Suffix

IUPAC Nomenclature

Prefix + Root Word + Primary Suffix + Secondary Suffix

 Homologous Series

Is there any common difference between the successive members of the same
family?
Homologous Series
Kya Bolti Public?
Isomers
 Analogy

You and your brother have same number of ligo blocks and you
both created different patterns as:
The phenomena of having two or more different structures having
different properties but same molecular formula is known as
isomerism.

Isomers

Constitutional Stereo
(Structural) (Spatial)

Chain

Position

Functional
 I. Chain Isomers

Molecular Formula

Functional Group

Main Chain -C atoms

 I. Chain Isomers

Molecular Formula

Functional Group

Main Chain -C atoms

II. Position Isomers

Molecular Formula

Functional Group

Main Chain -C atoms

Position of
Functional Group
(iii) Functional Group Isomers

Molecular Formula

Main Chain -C atoms

Functional Group
(iii) Functional Group Isomers Aldehyde Ketone

General Formula

Also, be written as:

Molecular Formula

Main Chain -C atoms

Functional Group
(iii) Functional Group Isomers Carboxylic acid Ester

General Formula

Also, be written as:

Molecular Formula

Main Chain -C atoms

Functional Group
Kya Bolti Public?
 BREAK!
JAO BETA KHA PEELO. APNE PRIYATAM
KO MESSAGE MAT KARNE LAG JAANA.
Chemical Properties of
Carbon
 Oxidation Reaction

Oxidation is a process in which oxygen is added and hydrogen is

removed.
In other words, the substance that is oxidised has loss of electrons.

Oxidant/Oxidising Agent
 Oxidation Reaction

There are some oxidising agents which are used with organic
compounds like:
Acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
Alkaline potassium permanganate (KMnO4)

So, that these substances lose

Why these mediums? oxygen easily and it is added to
another substance.
 Oxidation Reaction

When alcohols are heated in the presence of oxidising agents like

acidified K2Cr2O7 or alkaline KMnO4 they are converted to carboxylic
acids.

2[O]
More About This!
 Combustion Reaction

Combustion is a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with

oxygen to produce heat and light energy along with different products.

On the Basis of Type of Light Energy

Flame Burning Smouldering Glow

Substance converts Flameless form

into vapours of combustion
 Combustion Reaction

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water-vapour + Heat + Light

Complete Combustion
(Good amount of oxygen)

Incomplete Combustion
(Lack of oxygen)

With even less oxygen

 Types of flames – On the basis of
amount of light produced

Luminous Flame Non-luminous Flame

 Saturated Hydrocarbon

Good amount Lack of oxygen

of oxygen
Incomplete
Complete Combustion
Combustion

Clean blue flame CO Unburnt C

Gives YELLOW Becomes

colour to the flame hot and
and leaves as soot. glows
 Give a Thought

Light a bunsen burner and adjust the air hole at the base to get
different types of flames/presence of smoke. n When do you get
a yellow, sooty flame? n When do you get a blue flame?
 Give a Thought

Take some carbon compounds (naphthalene, camphor, alcohol)

one by one on a spatula and burn them. Observe the nature of
the flame and note whether smoke is produced. Is there any
deposition on plate in case of any compounds?
 Give a Thought

Take some carbon compounds (naphthalene, camphor, ethanol)

one by one on a spatula and burn them. Observe the nature of
the flame and note whether smoke is produced. Is there any
deposition on plate in case of any compounds?

Camphor and Napthalene: Burns with a yellow sooty flame.

Ethanol: Burns with a clean blue flame.
 Give a Thought

Why a mixture of ethyne and oxygen is preferred for welding

rather than ethyne and air?
 Addition Reaction

When an unsaturated hydrocarbon combines with (hydrogen,

bromine, etc.) to give a single product in the presence of a catalyst.

Need for catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oil: Vegetable oils turns

rancid when exposed to hot and humid weather. To reduce rancidity
this is being done.
 Saturated Vs Unsaturated Fats

Saturated fats present in vegetable ghee increase the level of bad

cholesterol (LDL, low density lipoprotein) in blood which sticks to the
walls of arteries and thus cause coronary heart disease.

Therefore, vegetable oils containing unsaturated fats should be used

for cooking.
Addition Reaction

Br2 in CCl4 Test

 Q. CBSE 2017 – 5 Marks

Why are certain compounds called hydrocarbons? Write the general formula
for homologous series of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes and also draw the
structure of the first member of the each series. Write the name of reaction
that converts alkenes into alkanes and also write a chemical equation to show
the necessary conditions for the reaction to occur.
(a) Those compounds are made from hydrogen and carbon.
(b) General formula of alkanes (CnH2n+2), alkenes (CnH2n) and alkynes (CnH2n-2).
(c) Methane, Ethene and Ethyne
(d) Catalytic hydrogenation is used to convert alkene to alkane.
 Substitution Reaction

One atom or group of atoms is displaced by another atom or group of

atoms without any change in the rest of the molecule.

Alkanes are also known as __________.

Substitution Reaction
 Q. CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24 - 1 Mark

Rehmat classified the reaction between Methane and Chlorine in presence of

sunlight as a substitution reaction. Support Rehmat’s view with suitable
justification and illustrate the reaction with the help of a balanced chemical
equation.
Rehmat observation is correct as hydrogen of methane are replaced or
substituted by heteroatom, i.e. chlorine (Cl).
 Important Carbon
Compounds – Ethanol
and Ethanoic Acid
 Important Carbon Compounds – Ethanol and
Ethanoic Acid

Physical Property Ethanol Ethanoic Acid

Physical State, M.P. and Colourless Liquid, -114 ° C and Colourless Liquid, 17 ° C
B.P. 78 ° C and 118 ° C

Smell and Taste Sweet smell and burning taste Pungent smell and sour
taste
Solubility in Water Miscible in water in all Miscible in water in all
proportions proportions
Action on Blue Litmus No change in colour of Changes colour of blue
Paper red/blue litmus paper litmus paper to red.
 Breakdown of a
Molasses Fermentation carbohydrate in absence
of O2.
Sugarcane Solution

Heat

Saturated Solution

Allow to Cool

Sugar Crystals

Molasses
Sugar syrup left after crystallisation
Important Carbon Compounds – Ethanol and
Ethanoic Acid

Ethanol + Blue dye +

95% ethanol + 5% water Methanol/Pyridine/Copper
sulphate

When acetic acid is cooled below

100% ethanol 17 degree Celsius, it forms
glacier-like crystals and hence
known as glacial acetic acid.
Give a Thought

Why denaturated alcohol or methanol are unfit for drinking?

Give a Thought

Why denaturated alcohol or methanol are unfit for drinking?

• Methanol is oxidised to methanal inside the liver. Methanal

reacts rapidly with the components of cells and coagulates the
protoplasm (nucleus and cytoplasm).
• Methanol also affects the optic nerve, causing blindness.
Chemical Properties of Ethanol
Uses of Ethanol

(i) Used to make rectified spirit (95% ethanol and 5% water).

(ii) Used to manufacture paint, medicine, dye, perfume, varnish etc.

(iii) An active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks like beer, whisky etc.

(iii) Used to make blended petrol.

 Chemical Properties of Ethanoic Acid

(i) Reaction with metal bicarbonate/hydrogen carbonate

 Chemical Properties of Ethanoic Acid

(ii) Reaction with sodium

(iii) Reaction with base

Uses of Ethanoic Acid

(i) Used to manufacture cellulose acetate, i.e. rayon.

(ii) Used to manufacture acetone, dyes, perfume etc.

(iii) Used to make vinegar (diluted form of acetic/ethanoic acid)

5-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar and is used
widely as a preservative in pickles.
 Q CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24 - 4 Marks
.
The table given below shows the hints given by the quiz master in a quiz.

Based on the above hints answer the following questions:

(a) Give the IUPAC names of A and F
 Q CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24 - 4 Marks
.
The table given below shows the hints given by the quiz master in a quiz.

Based on the above hints answer the following questions:

(b) Illustrate with the help of chemical equations the changes taking place. (A
→ C and A → F) 2[O]
 Q CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24 - 4 Marks
.
Name the chemical reactions which occur in steps 2 and 5. Identify the
compounds formed in these steps if ‘A’ is replaced with its next homologue.
 Q. CBSE 2019 – 5 Marks

Write the chemical formula and name of the compound which is an active
ingredient of all alcoholic drinks. List its two uses. Write chemical equation and
name of the product formed when this compounds reacts with:
(a) Sodium metal
(b) Hot concentrated sulphuric acid
• Name and formula of compound: Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
• Uses of ethanol: (i) Used to make rectified spirit. (ii) Used to make blended
petrol.
(a)

(b)
 Esterification,
Saponification and Soap
Action
Esterification Reaction

R-COOH + R’-OH ⇌ R-COOR’ + H2O

Esters are sweet smelling liquids.

The fragrance in flowers and fruits is
largely due to esters.
Esterification Reaction

Conc. H2SO4
Heat
Esterification Reaction
Esterification Reaction
Alkaline Hydrolysis of Esters – Saponification
Reaction

R-COOR’ + NaOH ⇌ R-COONa + R’-OH

Heat
 Q. CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24 - 5 Marks

Raina while doing certain reactions observed that heating of substance ‘X’ with
vinegar like smell with a substance ‘Y’ (which is used as an industrial solvent) in
presence of conc. Sulphuric acid on a water bath gives a sweet-smelling liquid
‘Z’ having molecular formula C4H8O2. When heated with caustic soda (NaOH),
‘Z’ gives back the sodium salt of and the compound ‘Y’. Identify ‘X’, ‘Y’, and ‘Z’.
Illustrate the changes with the help of suitable chemical equations.
X: CH3COOH (Ethanoic Acid) Conc. H2SO4
Y: CH3CH2OH (Ethanol) Heat
Z: CH3COOC2H5 (Ethyl ethanoate)
Heat
 Cleansing Agents DETERGENTS

Soapless Soap
SOAPS

Sodium or potassium salts of Sodium salt of long

long chain carboxylic acids chain sulphonic acids
(long chain fatty acids)
Cleansing action is
similar to soap.

GENERAL
FORMULA
Structure of Soap Molecule
 Structure of Soap Molecule

Short ionic head

Long hydrocarbon
chain tail
Polar

Non-polar
Soluble in water
(polar)
Soluble in oil (non-
polar) Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic
Cleansing Action of Soap
How Cluster Maintains Its Shape?
 Give a Thought

Take about 10 mL of water each in two test tubes. Add a drop of

oil (cooking oil) to both the test tubes and label them as A and B.
To test tube B, add a few drops of soap solution. Now shake both
the test tubes vigourously for the same period of time. What do
you observe when they are left for sometime?
 Advantages of Detergents
Over Soaps Temporary Hardness:
Bicarbonates of Ca and Mg
(a) Soaps do not work well with hard water. Permanent Hardness:
Chlorides and Sulphates of
Ca and Mg

(b) Detergents can be used in acidic medium but soaps cannot be.
 Advantages of Soaps Over
Detergents

(a) Soaps are 100% biodegradable while detergents are not.

Soaps are straight chain Detergents are branched

hydrocarbons and hence are chain hydrocarbons and
easily decomposed by hence bacteria takes a longer
bacteria. time to decompose them.
Kya Bolti Public?
Thank
You
Keep Fighting Warriors…