Computer System, Hardware

Computer System, Hardware

Chapter (1)
Introduction to Computer Science
Computer (uGey
f sLwm)
1/ uGefysLwmqkdonfrSm tcsuftvufrsm;ukd owif; (odkYr[kwf) tajztjzpfodkU
wGufcsufvkyfaqmifay;aompufjzpfygonf/ uGefysLwmonf ñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd wdwd
usus? vsifvsifjrefjrefESifh rSefrSefuefuefvkyfaqmifay;Ekdifaom tDvufxa&mepfESifh
pufrIqdkif&mpufypönf;[kvnf;t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdEkdifygonf/
Data → Processing → Information
GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)
Computer
Hardware Software
- Input Hardware System Software Application Software

- Output Hardware - Operating System ( Customize / Packages )
- Processing & Memory Hardware Utility Programs
- - Word Processing
- Secondary storage Hardware - Language Translators - Spread Sheet
- Communications Devices - Database
- etc. - Graphic , etc.
History of Computer Science (uGey

f sLwmody\HÜ ordik ;f )
2/ Computer Science \jzpfay:ajymif;vJro
I rkid ;f rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf-
pOf ckESpf Generation tokH;jyKaomypönf; tjrefEIef;
1/ 1200 - Decimal pepfut dk ajccHaom
ayoD;wGufcsufrI
2/ 1800 - Automatic Mechanical
Calculator
3/ 1896 - Punch Card Machine
4/ 1950 1 st Gen: Vaccum tube 1000 cal/sec
5/ 1960 2 nd Gen: Transistors 10×1 st Gen
6/ 1965 3 rd Gen: Integreated Circuit(IC) 100×2 nd Gen
7/ 1970 4 th Gen: Microprocessor 50×3 rd Gen
8/ 1980 5 th Gen: Artificial Intelligence(AI) Million Inst/sec
uGefysLwmvufpJG 2
Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;)
3/ Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;)udk pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIyrmP? tjrefEIef;ESifh
csdwfquftoHk;jyKEdkifaom Terminal ta&twGufwdkYtay: rlwnfjyD; uGefysLwmrsm;tm; tMurf;
tm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif; trsdK;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf-
(u) Super Computer / Super Computer rsm;onf tvG e f j rif h r m;aom
pGr;f aqmifEidk rf &I NdS y;D a':vmoef;aygif; rsm;pGmwefz;dk &Syd gonf/ Super Computer
rsm;tm; odyÜHqkdif&mvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom &moDOwkcefYrSef;jcif;? aq;okawoe
jyKvyk jf cif; ponfv h yk if ef;rsm;wGif tok;H jyKygonf/ ¤if;uGeyf sLwmrsm;wGif atmufyg
oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm; &Sdygonf-
(1) tjrifhqkH;tjrefEIef;ESifhpGrf;yum;
(2) BuD;rm;aomvkyfief;ESifhodkavSmifrIyrmP
(3) tBuD;rm;qkH; ½kyf0w¬Ktwkdif;twm
(4) tjrifrh m;qk;H wefz;dk
( c ) Mainframe Computer / t½G,ftpm; BuD;rm;aom uGefysLwmrsm; jzpfMu
onf/ Mainframe Computer rsm;onf Super Computer rsm;uJhodkY pGrf;&nf
rjrifrh m;aomfvnf; Bu;D rm;aompGr;f aqmifEidk rf I ESihf odak vSmifEikd rf I &Syd gonf/ Main-
frame rsm;tm; tzJ G U tpnf ; BuD ; rsm;wG i f Data rsm;tm; A[k d w G u f c suf r I
jyKvyk af y;&eftwGuf tok;H jyKonf/ bPfrsm;? avaMumif;vkid ;f rsm;? tmrcH vkyif ef;
rsm;?pmykv Yd yk if ef;rsm;?wuúov dk rf sm;?taumufceG Xf mersm;ponfww Ykd iG tf ok;H jyKonf/
( * ) Mini Computer / Mainframe Computer xuf csw d q
f ufEikd af omTerminal
ta&twGuf ESihf pGr;f aqmifEikd rf KS enf;onf/ uGeyf sLwmjzifh wGucf suv f yk af qmifjcif;
vkyfief;e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
(C) Micro Computer(Personal Computer PC) / t½G,ftpm;ao;i,fí
tvG,fwulo,faqmifEkdifNyD;? pm;yJGay:wGif wifaqmiftokH;jyKEkdifonf/ Micro
Computer rsm;tm; Network wpfco k Ydk csw f ufíTerminal tjzpf tok;H jyKjcif;
d q
jzifh Personal Computer ESihf Workstation tjzpf(2)rsKd ; tok;H jyKEidk o f nf/ Micro
Computer rsm;udk tdrfrsm;? ausmif;rsm;? ½kH;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;wGif
us,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh wpfOD;csif;tokH;jyK&aom pepfjzpfyg
onf/ Personal Computer rsm;tm; t½G,yf rmPay:rlwnfí atmufygtwkid ;f
cJGjcm;xm;ygonf-
(1) Desktops
(2) Laptops( 8-20 Pounds)
3 Computer System, Hardware
(3) Notebooks( 4-7.5 Pounds))
(4) Pocket PCs or Hand Held PC (1 Pound or Less)
(5) Palmtops(1 Pound or Less) Screen ay:wGif Pen jzifha&;í Data
rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;edkifonf/
Parts of Computer (uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;)
4/ uGefysLwmwpfvkH;wGif atmufygtpdwftykdif;rsm; yg0ifygonf-
(u) Hardware / uGeyf sLwm&Sd xdawGUukid w f ,
G í
f &aom ypön;f ud&,
d mrsm;ukd ac:qkd
ygonf/ Oyrm- Harddisk, Floppydisk, Monitor, Memory
( c ) Software / uGefysLwm&Sd xdawGUukdifwG,fír&aom tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd ac:qkd
ygonf/ Oyrm- System Software (pufvnfywf&ef tokH;jyKaomy½dk*&rf)?
Application Software (tokH;csy½dk*&rfrsm;)/
( * ) Firmware / Hardware ESifh Software aygif;pyfyg0ifaom ypönf;ukd ac:qdk
ygonf/ Oyrm- ROMBIOS
Program (y½dk*&rf)
5/ Program qkdonfrSm ñTefMum;csufrsm;tm; tpDtpOfwus pkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
¤if;ñTeMf um;csurf sm;ukd Programming Language rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;onf/
Generations of Programming Languages (uGefysLwmy½dk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;)

6/ Programming language generation rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;cJGjcm;xm;edkifygonf-
pOff Generation Language
(u) 1st Generation Machine language
( c) 2nd Generation Assembly language
( *) 3rd Generation High-level language
(C) 4th Generation Very high-level language
( i) 5th Generation Natural language
Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todÓPftwk)

7/ AI onf Computer Science \ tpdwftykdif;wpfck jzpfonf/ AI zefwD;&eftwGuf
Program a&;om;&mwGif uRrf;usifaom Programmer rsm;? Hardware qkdif&muRrf;usifol
uGefysLwmvufpJG 4
rsm;ESio
hf ufqidk &f mbmom&yf uRr;f usio f yl nm&Sirf sm;aygif;pyfí wnfaqmuf,&l ygonf/ AI onf
odyÜHenf;ynm Field wpfckjzpfonf/ AI ukd atmufaz:jyyg t"dutpdwftykdif;rsm;tjzpf
xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf-
(u) Expert System / bmom&yfqidk &f m uRr;f usio f l Expert rsm;\ tawG;tac:?
tawGUtBuKH ? A[kow k rsm;ukd Computer ynm&Sirf sm;\tultnDjzifh Program
rsm;a&;om;jcif;ESifh Hardware qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;aygif;pyf&ef wnfaqmuf
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þpepfonf Expert rsm;\ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;&efr[kwfyg/
Expert rsm;\tawGUtBuKH A[kow k rsm;ukd vlUywf0ef;usiw f iG f us,jf yefpY mG tok;H cs
Ekdif&ef jzpfygonf/
( c) Natural Language Processing (NLP) / Computer tokH;jyKolrsm;\
wwfuRrf;em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh Keyboard rS trdefYay;í Computer
tm; ckid ;f apjcif;? Computer ESihf tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G af qmif½u G jf cif;ukd pGr;f aqmif
Ekdifonfh enf;ynmjzpfygonf/ ¤if;enf;ynmtm; atmufaz:jyyg e,fy,f(2)ck
tjzpf xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf-
(1) Natural Language Understanding
(2) Natural Language Generation
( *) Speech(voice) Understanding(SU) / Computer tm; toHjzifh trdefYay;
vkyfaqmifapjcif;^tjyeftvSefqufoG,fjcif; enf;ynm jzpfygonf/
(C) Robotic and Sensory System / tm½kcH rH I enf;ynmESihf puf½yk ef nf;ynmrsm;ukd
aygif;pyftokH;jyKonfh enf;ynm jzpfygonf-
(1) Robotic System / puf½kyfwGif Electrical ESifh Electronic qkdif&m
ypönf;rsm;? Mechanical qkdif&mypönf;rsm; aygif;pyf yg0ifwnfaqmuf
xm;aom Electro Mechanical Device jzpfygonf/ ¤if; Robot tm;
Program rsm;xnfhoGif;í owfrSwfxm;onfh abmiftwGif;ü trsdK;rsdK;
vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/
(2) Sensory System / tjrifukd tm½kHcHjcif;? Mum;cHe,f\ajymif;vJrIukd
tm½kcH jH cif;? toHudk tm½kcH jH cif; ponfph epfrsm;tjzpf trsKd ;rsKd ;&SEd idk yf gonf/
Intelligence Robot rsm;onf ywf0ef;usif tajctaersm;tm; tm½kc H í
H
olUtvkdtavsmufvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh information qkdif&m tajzukd &&Sd
atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf; &Sdygonf/ ,if;tcsufonf Automatic
Machine rsm;ESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;csufjzpfonf/
( i) Computer Vision and Scene Recognition / Machine Sensor wpfckrS
&&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk Digitized vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tjrifqkdif&m
owif; tcsut f vufrsm;ukd Computer wGif xnfo h iG ;f xm;aom A[kow
k tajccH
onfh Programrsm; (Knowledge Base)jzifh aygif;pyfxm;onfh enf;ynmyif
jzpfonf/ ¤if;rS &&Sdaom Result onf puf½kyfrStp pufrIqkdif&mvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;?
Quality Control qkdif&mrsm;txd xdef;csKyfvkyfaqmif Ekdifonf/
( p) Intelligence Computer Aided Instruction(ICAI) / vlrsm;ukd enf;ynm
wpfckESifh ywfoufí enf;jyq&m wpfa,muf uJhokdY oifjyEkdifonfh enf;ynm
jzpfonf/ ,ck ICAI Program rsm;rSm tokH;jyKolESifh tjyeftvSef qufoG,f
aqmif½GufajzMum;Ekdifonfh tqifhokdYa&muf&Sdaejcif;rSm AI qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;
(Oyrm- Natural Language Interface) ESifh A[kokwqkdif&m tajccH( Knowl-
edge Base)Haygif;pyfí wnfaqmufxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodÓPftwk)
8/ Software enf;ynmtopfrsm; wk;d wufxe G ;f um;vmjcif;? Expert System rsm; wk;d wuf
xGef;um;vmjcif;? Software Development Tool rsm; ajrmufjrm;pGmay:xGufvmjcif;? Semi-
conductor Technology wk d ; wuf x G e f ; um;vmonf h t wG u f a Mumif h tvG e f j ref q ef j cif ; ?
pGrf;tm;aumif;jcif;wkdYjzifh jynhfpkHaom Microprocessor rsm; RAM Chip rsm; ponfh Hard-
ware qki d &f menf;ynmrsm;onfvnf; AI tm; tjrifqef;opfaom toGio f Ydk ykaYd qmif ay;aeygonf/
*syefEkdifiHonf AI tm; Computer Technology Fifth Generation \ &nfrSef;csuftjzpf
xm;&SdwnfaqmufaeaMumif;od&ygonf/ Computer Technology Fifth Generation \
&nf½G,fcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf-
(u) jrifhrm;aom todÓPf&Sdap&ef/
( c ) vlrsm;tm; ¤if;wkdYr&if;ESD;aom udpö&yfrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/
( * ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/
(C) tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/
( i ) pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/
( p ) vufawGUwnfaqmuf&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd Computer jzifh wkyaqmif½Guf&ef/
(q) ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; wkd;wufa&;twGuf taxmuftul jzpfap&ef/
( Z ) tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;ukefusrI oufomap&efwkdYjzpfygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 6
Chapter (2)
Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance
(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypönf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI)
Components of a Computer (uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;)

1/ Computer wpfvHk;wGif t"duyg0ifonfh tajccHtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm atmufyg
twdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) System Unit
( c) Monitor
( *) Keyboard ESifh Mouse
(C) Printer ponfhypönf;rsm;udk awGU&ygrnf/
System Unit
2/ System Unit wpfck\ twGif;ydkif;wGif atmufygypönf;rsm;yg0ifEdkifygonf-
(u) PSU (Power Supply Unit) [ AT/ATX ]
( c) FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)
( *) HDD (Hard Disk Drive) [IDE/EIDE/UDMA33/66/100/133,SCSI]
(C) CD Drive (Compact Disk Drive) [ IDE/SCSI ]
( i) Mother Board [ AT/ATX]
( p) Interface Card / Controller Card
(q) Sound Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)]
( Z) VGA Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)/AGP]
(ps) Fax Modem Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)]
(n) Main Memory [FPM/EDO/SDRAM/DDRRAM/RDRAM]
( #) Cache Memory
( X) CPU [Intel/AMD/Cyrix/TI/WinChip]
( !) ROM BIOS [AMI/AWARD/PHOENEX]
( ¡) Backup Battery
(P) Others
Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk)
System Unit
yHk (1)
Monitor
Speaker Speaker
Scanner Dot- Matrix Printer

Dot-matrix printer
Scanner Tower System
Mouse
uGefysLwm tpHkvdkuf wyfqifxm;onfhyHkxnfh&ef
Keyboard
Personal Pen
Computer Laptop
Computer PDA
trsK;d tpm;rsm;
Computer
Pen computer
(Per
(Personal
ersonal
PDA
Digital (Handheld
Digital computer)
Pocket organizer Laptop computer
Asistant)
Computer Casing Desktop

trsKd;tpm;rsm; Casing Tower
Desktop box Casing
Plotter
Tower box
Computer
Accessories Modem
Modem
uGeyf sLwmqufpyfypön;f rsm;
Laser printer
Plotter
Laser Printer
uGefysLwmvufpJG 8
Mother Board / Main Board
3/ Personal Computer wpfv;kH wGif ta&;Bu;D qH;k tpdwt
f ydik ;f rSm Main Board (odrYk [kw)f
Mother Board jzpfygonf/ 4if; Mother Board wGif CPU, Chip Set ESifh tjcm;vQyfpD;
ywfvrf;rsm; yg0ifygonf/ xdkYtjyif tjcm; Expension Card rsm; wyfqif&ef Slots rsm; yg0if
ygonf/ Mother Board wpfckudk a½G;cs,f&mwGifatmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;udkxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;
&rnf jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm -
(u) Processor trsKd;tpm;?
( c) Processor Socket/Slot trsKd;tpm;?
( *) Mother Board Speed
(C) Cache Memory yg0ifrI?
( i) Main Memory yrmP?
( p) BIOS trsKd;tpm;?
(q) Form Factor (Full Size AT, Baby AT, LPX, ATX)
( Z) Interface rsm;yg0ifrI (PCI, VL Bus, ISA, SCSI, USB, PS II, Serial,
Parallel, Interface ..... )
(ps) Plug and Play (PNP) pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI?
(n) Power Management jyKvkyfEdkifrI?
( #) Mother Board Chip Set
( X) Documentation / Manual Book ..... ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
Bus, Slot and I/O Card

4/ rnfonfh Computer System rqdk Mother Board onf ta&;Bu;D qH;k jzpfonf/ Mother
Board twGif; Hardware Devices tcsif;csif; tvkyfvkyf&mü Bus [kac:aom Wire BudK;
tpkta0;rsm;jzifh tjyeftvSef qufo, G í
f tvkyv
f yk yf gonf/ Mother Board \ Bus Design
EIdif;,SOfcsufudk yHk(2)wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;wGif atmufyg Bus
trsKd;tpm;rsm; yg0ifygonf-
(u) Processor Bus
( c) Address Bus
( *) Memory Bus
(C) I/O Bus
External Half (or) Full of CPU Speed

CPU Cache L2
CPU Back Side Bus
Cache
Processor Bus
480-528MBPS
Processor Bus
800-1064MBPS
60/66MHz
Front Side Bus
PC 100/133
Memory
Chipset Memory RAM

AGP Chipset Memory RAM
PC 66
Memory 528MBPS
I/O Bus
Classic Mother Pentium Pro/
I/O Bus
Board Design PII/PIII Design
(Dual Independend Bus)
yHk (2)
5/ tjcm; Device rsm;ESihf CPU tjyeftvSef qufo,

G af qmif½u
G Ef ikd &f ef I/O Bus (odrYk [kw)f
Expension Slots rsm;u aqmif½Gufay;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;&Sd Slots rsm;ü
atmufaz:jyyg I/O Cards rsm;wyfqifEdkifygonf-
(u) Sound Card
( c) Video Card
( *) Network Interface Card (NIC)
(C) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Host Adapter ...etc
ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;)

6/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;taejzifh jrifhrm;aompGrf;yum;jzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkif&ef I/O
Bus rsm;\ Speed jrefqef&efvdktyfygonf/ 4if;vdktyfcsufonf atmufaz:jyyg tcsuf(3)csuf
jzpfay:vm&ygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm -
(u) CPU rsm;jrefqefvmjcif;?
( c) Software rsm;\ Hardware qdkif&mawmif;qdkcsufrsm; jrifhrm;vmjcif;?
( *) Video ESifhywfoufí vdktyfcsufrsm; BuD;rm;vmjcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/
7/ t"du I/O Bus trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm wpfckESifhwpfck uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &SdEdkifygonf/ I/O

Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/
(u) ISA (8 bit / 16 bit) (Industry Standard Architecture)
( c) MCA (16 bit / 32 bit) (Micro Channel Architecture)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 10
( *) EISA (32 bit)(Extended Industry Standard Architecture)
(C) VL Bus (32 bit) (VESA Local Bus)
( i) PCI Bus (32 bit / 64 bit) (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
( p) PC-Card (Formerly PCMCIA)(Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association) (Note Book rsm;wGif toHk;jyKonf)
8/ Personal Computer wGiy f g&Sad om omref Mother Board wpfcw k iG f CPU, Chipset,
Memory, I/O Devices rsm;tcsi;f csi;f qufo, G af erIrmS yH(k 3)ygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf/
G af qmif½u
CPU
External
Processor
Cache
Bus
(High Speed)
Bus
Built-In I/O Bus Controller I/O Bus Slotted
I/O (Slow Speed) Chips (Slow Speed) I/O
Memory
Bus
(High Speed)
yHk (3)
RAM
Microprocessors (rdkufu½dky½dkqufqmrsm;)
9/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ Model udktqHk;tjzwfay;aom t"duypönf;rSm CPU
jzpfygonf/ CPU qdo k nfrmS A[dx
k ed ;f csKyo
f nfh ,lepfwpfcjk zpfNy;D Computer wpfv;kH \ OD;aESmuf
[kvnf; ac:qkEd ikd yf gonf/ CPU onf Computer wpfv;kH \ 'ór*Pef;qdik &f m wGucf surf rI t S y
tjcm;wGucf surf EI iS hf Processing qdik &f mrsm;udk vkyaf qmifay;Edik yf gonf/ 'ór*Pef;udk wGucf suf
Edkifaom FPU(Floating Point Unit) ESifh CPU wdkYudk Chip wpfcktwGif;wGifxnfhoGif;í
wnfaqmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh Microprocessor [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ 4if; Microprocessor udk
IBM, AMD, Cyrix, Nexgen, Intel, DEC ..... ponfhukrÜPDrsm;rS xkwfvkyfvQuf&Sdygonf/
Intel Processor Specifications
Processor CPU Std. Internal Data-Bus Address- Max- Multimedia
Clock Voltage Register Width Bus Memory Instructions
Size Width
8088 1x 5v 16-bit 8-bit 20-bit 1M
8086 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 20-bit 1M
286 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M
386SX 1x 5v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M
386SL 1x 3.3v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M
386DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
486SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
486SX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
487SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
486DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
486SL** 1x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
486DX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
486DX4 2-3x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
Pentium OD 2-5x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G
Pentium 60/66 1x 5v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4G
Pentium 75+ 1.5-3x 3.3v*** 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4G
PentiumMMX1.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4G MMX
Pentium Pro 2-3x 2.9v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G
Pentium II 3.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G MMX
Celeron 3.5-7x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G MMX
Pentium !!! 4.5-8x 1.8-2.2v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G SSE(MMX,3D)
MMX=Multi Media Extensions
eaming SIMD(Single Instr
SSE=Streaming
SSE=Str uction Multiple Da
Instruction ta) Extensions
Data)
Z,m; (1)
10/ Intel ukrÜPDrS xkwfvkyfonfh Intel Processor rsm;\ pufrIqdkif&mt&nftcsif;rsm;udk
Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGUEdkifygonf/
11/ Intel Processor rsm;\ vkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifaom Memory yrmPudk Theory t&

Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGUEdkifygonf/
12/ Processor rsm;\tjrefEeI ;f onf Mother Board \tjrefEeI ;f ESihf rwlnED ikd yf g/ Processor
\tjrefEIef;udk CPU Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU Internal Speed [kac:qdkNyD;? Mother Board
\tjrefEIef;udk Mother Board Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU External Speed (odkYr[kwf) FSB
Speed [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ CPU Speed ESifh Mother Board Speed jrefqefrIudk OD;pm;ay;
a&G;cs,frSom Performance aumif;rGefygrnf/ CPU Speed onfMother Board Speed xuf
tqrnfrQjrefqefonfudk Z,m;(2)ygtwdkif; awGUEdkifygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 12
CPU Type/Speed CPU Clock Motherboard Speed
Pentium 60 1x 60MHz
Pentium 66 1x 66MHz
Pentium 75 1.5x 50MHz
Pentium 120 2x 60MHz
Pentium 133 2x 66MHz
Pentium 166/P6 2.5x 66MHz
Z,m; (2) Pentium 180/P6 3x 60MHz
Pentium 200/P6 3x 66MHz
Pentium 233/PII 3.5x 66MHz
Pentium II 300 4.5x 66MHz
Pentium !!! 500 5x 100MHz
Pentium !!! 733 5.5x 133MHz
Memory (rSwfÓPf)
13/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ wGufcsufrIrsm;? Process rsm;vkyfaqmif&mwGif CPU
rSajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; rjyKrDüvnf;aumif;? ajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; jyKvkyfNyD;üvnf;aumif;?
tcsuftvufrsm;? ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk Memory wGif odrf;qnf;xm;&ef vdktyfygonf/
14/ Mother Board wGif wyfqifEdkifaom Memory Chip (odkYr[kwf) Memory Card
trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk yHko@mefESihfwnfaqmufyHkt& DIPs, SIMMs, SIPs, DIMMs [lí
cGJjcm;edkifygonf/
15/ Mother Board ay:wGif Memory rsm;udk wyfqif&mü Memory Bank wpfcktjynfh
wyfqifrSomvQif tvkyfvkyfaqmifrnf jzpfygonf/ Mother Board, Processor rsm;tvdkuf
Bank pepfowfrSwfcsufrsm;? uefYowfcsufrsm; &dSygonf/ Memory wyfqif&mwGif Memory
Card rsm;onf Speed ESifh Capactity rsm;wlnD&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif FPM, EDO, SDRAM,
DDRRAM, RDRAM ponfhwdkYvnf; wlnD&ef vdktyfygonf/
Monitor (armfeDwm)
16/ Monitor wGif CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube ) udkoHk;aom Monitor ESifh LCD ( Liquid
Crystal Display )udk oHk;aom Monitor [lí ESpfrsKd;½Sdygonf/ Monitor trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm
atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Monochrome/
( c) CGA ( Color Graphic Adaptor )/
( *) EGA ( Enhanced Graphic Adaptor )/
(C) VGA ( Video Graphic Array )/
( i) SVGA ( Super Video Graphic Array )/
( p) XVGA ( Extrasuper Video Graphic Array )/
17/ Monitor wGif Power On / Off Switch, yH&k yd \

f tvif;tarSmifEiS hf rsuEf mS jyifukd tay:
atmuf? ab;b,fnm tusOf;tus,fwdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifaom Button / Adjustment rsm;yg½SdNyD;?
aemufzufwGif Data Cable (9Pin,15Pin) Male Type ESifh Power Cord wdkYyg½Sdonf/
9 Pin 00000 15 Pin

0 0 0 0 00000
Mono, CGA, EGA 0 0 0 0 0 VGA, SVGA, XVGA
00000
Connector Connector
yHk (4)
18/ Monitor ESiw

hf zJG uftoH;k jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card wGirf rd t
d oH;k jyKvakd om
Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m;
Resolution 16 Colors 256 Colors 64K Colors 16.7M Colors

640 x 480(VGA) 0.15MB 0.29MB 0.59MB 0.88MB
800 x 600(SVGA) 0.23MB 0.46MB 0.92MB 1.37MB
1024 x 768(XGA) 0.38MB 0.75MB 1.5MB 2.25MB
1280 x 1024(SXGA) 0.63MB 1.25MB 2.5MB 3.75MB
1600 x 1200 0.92MB 1.83MB 3.66MB 5.94MB
VRAM Requirements for Various (VGA/SVGA/XGA/SXGA)Resolutions/Color Depths

Z,m;(5)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 14
½Sif;vif;csu f/ 1024 x 768 Resolution ESihf 16 Million Color az:jyEdik af om Frame wpfcu
k kd
Monitor ay:wGif az:jyEdkif&ef SVGA Card ü Memory yrmP 2.25MB
vdktyfrnfjzpfí vufawGUwGif VRAM 4MB wyfqif&ef vdktyfygonf/
Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifhñTefMum;csufxnfhoGif;onfhypönf;)

19/ Keyboard wGif XT Keyboard, AT Keyboard ( 101 Keys, 104 Keys, Windows'95
Keyboard, Windows'98 Keyboard )[lí awGU½SdEdkifygonf/
PS2 Keyboard Connector yHk (5) 101 Keyboard AT Keyboard Connector

( 6-Pin -Female ) ( 5-Pin -Female )
Mouse
20/ Mouse (3) rsKd;½Sdygonf/ Serial Mouse, Bus Mouse ESifh Inport Mouse jzpfygonf/
,cifpufrsm;wGif Serial Mouse toHk;rsm;cJhonf/ ,cktcg PS2 MouseudktoHk;rsm;vmonf/
USB Mouse, Optical Mouse ESifh Wireless Mouse wdkYudkvnf; toHk;jyKvmMuygonf/
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 Serial Mouse Connector
PS2 Mouse Connector
yHk (6) Mouse & Mouse Pad

Printer
21/ Printer qdo k nfrmS Data rsm;? ½kyyf rkH sm;udk Output (Hard Copy)taejzifh pm½Guaf y:odYk
xkw,f al ompufjzpfygonf/ Printer rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh atmufygtwdik ;f ESprf sK;d cJjG cm;Edik yf gonf-
(u) Impact Printer
( c) Non-impact Printer wdkYjzpfygonf/
Impact Printer
22/ Microcomputer oHk; Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif -
(u) Daisywheel Printer
( c) Dot-matrix Printer [líawGU½SdEdkifygonff/
23/ Impact Printerrsm;onf Hammer (or) Small Pin rsm;jzifh ½dkufESdyfaom Printer
trsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
Daisy Wheel Printer

24/ Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;xJwGif yg0ifonf/ Solid Character Printer [kvnf;
ac:onf/ vkyfaqmifrIonf Type Writer ESifhqifwlonf/ Daisy Wheel ac: A[dkrS jzmxGuf
aeaom vufwHtoD;oD;ay:wGif azgif;<upmvHk;rsm;yg½Sdonf/ rdrdtoHk;jyKaom pm½Guf\tus,f
wpfavQmufwGif Daisy Wheel onf vnfywfa½GUvsm;jcif;jzifh pmvHk;udk ½dkufESdyfonf/
Dot Matrix Printer

25/ Line Printer qdkonfrSm Ribbon udktoHk;jyKí Pin rsm;jzifh½dkufESdyfyHkazmfay;aom
pufjzpfonf/ Dot Matrix Printer [kvnf;ac:onf/ Dot Matrix Printer onf Pin
ta&twGufay:rlwnfNyD; 9 Pin , 24 Pin [lí trsKd;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/
24 Pin 9 Pin Dot Matrix Printer

Printer Head Printer Head
yHk (7)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 16
Non-Impact Printer
26/ Microcomputer oHk; Non-Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;wGif -
(u) Laser Jet Printer(Photocopying machineESifhqifwl)
( c) Ink Jet Printer (Nozzle rsm; toHk;jyKíyHkazmf)
( *) Thermal Printer(Special Paper toHk;jyK) [líawGU½SdEdkifygonff/
Laser Jet Printer
yHk (8)
Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)

(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;)
27/ AT System Unit yHk(9)wGif Computer ESifh qufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifyHkrSm atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfygonf -
(u) AT System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif; / System Unit wGi½f adS om
AC Inlet Port (A) wGif Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif;
(1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power Inlet
Port udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csw
d q
f uf wyfqifyg/ (odrYk [kw)f
(2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Cord wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf
wyfqifyg/
( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom VGA
Interface Card (C) wGif csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
(C) System Unit ½Sd Keyboard Input Port (D)wGif Keyboard Connector tm;
wyfqifyg/
( i) System Unit ½Sd Serial Port (E) wGif Mouse Connector tm; wyfqifyg/
( p) System Unit wGi½f dS Parallel Port (F) wGif Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/
(q) AC Source ESifh Printer Power Port tm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/
( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (G) ½Sd SPK Port wGif Speaker Connector
tm; wyfqifyg/
( ps) UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply ) csdwfquftoHk;jyKjcif;/ AC
Source rS UPS ? UPS rS System Unit odkY rSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfquf
wyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/
(n) Surge Protector csdwfquf toHk;jyKjcif; / Surge Protector udk AC Source
ESifh UPS tMum;xm;í toHk;jyK&rnf jzpfonf/
( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI ½Sd^r½Sd ppfaq;yg/
Rear Panel of AT System Unit
DB 25 PARALLEL PORT (F)

AC OUTLET (B)
○○○○○○○○○○○○○
( TO MONITOR)
○○○○○○○○○○○○
AC INLET (A)
DB 9 SERIAL PORT (E)

○ ○ ○ ○ ○
KEYBOARD INPUT (D)

VGA INTERFACE (C)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○
SERIAL 2
PARALLEL PORT (F)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○
.............
............
PARALLEL SERIAL 1 PARALLEL & SERIAL
.............
............ .....
.... INTERFACE
SERIAL PORT (E)
tjcm; Sound pepf wpfck rS
O/P udk 4if; PortwGifxnfh&ef
GAME IN SPK Speaker wyfqif&ef

........
....... SOUND CARD INTERFACE (G)
.....
MIC OUT
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY yHk (9)
..... O/P xkwf&ef ae&m
VGA Port
MIC wyfqif&ef
VGA INTERFACE (C)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 18
Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)
(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;)
28/ ATX System Unit yHk (10)wGif wyfqifyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-
(u) ATX System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif;/ AC Source rS System
Unit wGif½Sdaom PSU (Power Supply Unit) ½Sd AC Inlet Port (A) wGif
Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif;
(1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power Inlet
Port udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csw
d q
f ufwyfqifyg/ (odrYk [kw)f
(2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Port wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf
wyfqifyg/
Rear Panel of ATX System Unit
Keyboard (F)
PS/2
(E)
PS/2 Mouse
AC OUTLET (B)
AC INLET (A)
PORT
USB
o
o
yHk (10)
....
..... .....
○ ○ ○ ○○
.............
............
○○○○○○○○○○○○○
COM B
○○○○○○○○○○○○
LPT PORT (G)

....
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckrS

O/Pudk 4if; Port wGifxnfh&ef
o o
Speaker wyfqif&ef
.....
..... VGA INTERFACE (C)
SPK
○ ○ ○ ○○
Game Port IN
........ SOUND CARD
COM A
....... INTERFACE (D)

MIC OUT
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY

O/P xkwf&efae&m
o
o
MIC wyfqif&ef
( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGifwyfqifxm;aom

VGA/ SVGA/AGP Interface Card (C) &S d Interface wG i f
csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
(C)S System Unit ½Sd PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif PS2 Keyboard
Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)tjcm; Keyboard rsm;udk wyfqif
toH;k jyKvykd gu PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif Adapter cHí
toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
( i) System Unit ½Sd PS2 Mouse Input Port (E) wGif PS2 Mouse
Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ (odr Yk [kw)f tjcm; Serial Mouse wyfqif
toHk;jyKrnfqdkygu COM A wGif Mouse Connector tm;wyfqifyg/
( p) System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom LPT Parallel Port (G) wGif
Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/
(q) AC Source ESihf Printer Power Port tm; Power Cable jzifh wdu k ½f u
kd f
csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (D) rS SPK Port wGif Speaker
Connector tm;wyfqifyg/
( ps) UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC
Source rS UPS? UPS rS System Unit odkYrSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf
csdwfqufwyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/
(n) Surge Protector csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC Source rS txGufwGif
Surge Protector udkcHí UPS t0ifwGifwyfqiftoHk;jyK&rnf/
( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI½Sdr½Sd aocsmpGmppfaq;yg/
Starting The Computer (For Windows XP)
(Windows XP toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; pwiftoHk;jyKjcif;)

29/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm;
atmufygtwdkif;zGifhEdkifygonf-
(u) AC Source rS Switch udk On yg/
( c) System Unit a½SU&Sd Power On/Off Switch udk On yg/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 20
( *) Monitor Power Switch udk On yg/

(C) acwåtMumwGif Windows XP Desktop Screen ay:vmNyD;aemuf
Computer tm; pwiftoHk;jyKEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ (Windows 9x,
desktop screen rsm;ESifh tenf;i,fuGJjym;aeonfukdawGU&ygrnf/)
Shut Down The Computer (For Windows XP)

(Windows XP toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;)
30/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm;
atmufygtwdkif; ydwfEdkifygonf-
(u) rdrdtoHk;jyKpOf zGifhxm;aom Files rsm;? Folder rsm;? Application
Software rsm;tm; wpfqifhjcif; Close vkyy f g/
( c) Windows Desktop Screen atmufajc½Sd Task Bar ay:rS Start
Button udk Click vkyy f g/ (odrYk [kw)f Short Cut taejzifh Ctrl+Esc
Key ud k w G J í ES d y f y g/ (od k Y r [k w f ) Windows Keyboard rsm;wG i f
Windows Key udE k ySd yf g/
( *) Start Menu ay:vmrnf/ yHk(11)
(C) Shut Down Button tm; Click vkyy

f g/
( i) Shut Down Wimdows Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(12)? ykH(13)
( p) ATX System jzpfygu uGefysLwmonf tvdktavsmuf Turn Off

jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
(q) Monitor Power Switch ukd Off vkyy
f g/
( Z) AC Power Source rS Switch ukd Off vkyy
f g/
yHk(11)
yHk(12)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 22
yHk(13)
Startup Procedure for PC

(uGefysLwmwpfvkH;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh)
31/ uGeyf sLwmwpfv;Hk ukd rD;zGiv

hf u
dk o
f nfEiS hf atmufygtqifrh sm;twkid ;f aqmif&u
G Nf y;D
Ready toHk;jyKEdkifapygrnf-
(u) Power Supply Unit
( c) Motherboard/Mainboard
( *) Crystal (X'tal)
(C) Clock Generator
( i) Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse
( p) ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory- Basic Input Output System)

32/ tqdkygtqifhtoD;oD;\vkyfaqmifyHktao;pdwfrSmatmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Power Supply Unit (PSU) / Computer wpfvHk;pwiftoHk;jyK&eftwGuf

rD;zGifhvdkufonfESifh PSUonf AC Voltage vufcH &,lNy;D DC Voltage (4) rsKd;
(+5, -5, +12, -12 )udkjyefvnfxkwfay;onf/ PSU 4if; Output Voltage (4)
rsK;d udk ±5% Error twGi;f tNr&J adS eatmif Maintainvkyaf y;aejcif;jzifh Regu-
lated Outputudk pOfqufrjywf xkwaf y; ygonf/ PSU onf Switched Mode
Power Supply trsK;d tpm;wpfck jzpfonf/ ±5% Error qdo k nfrmS 5V Output
twGuf 4.75V tenf;qHk;&Sd &rnfjzpfNyD; 5.25V tjrifhqHk;&Sd&rnfjzpfovdk 12V
Output twGuf 11.4V tenf;qH;k &S& d rnfjzpfNy;D 12.6V tjrifqh ;kH &S&d rnfjzpfonf/
( c) Mother Board / Main Board (MB) / PSU rSxkwfay;aom Regulated
Output Voltage \ ± 5% Error &Sdr&Sdudk Mother Board rSppfaq;NyD; 4.7V
ESifh 5.25V \ tjyifa&mufaevQif Mother Board rSvufrcHyg/ 4.7V ESifh
5.25V twGi;f &Sr d o
S mvQif Power Good Signal (PG) udk PSU odjYk yefyaYkd y;onf/
PG onfvdar®mfa&mifBudK;jzpfNyD; 5V &Sdonf/ PG Signal jyefvnfr&vQif PSU
tvkyfrvkyfawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí PSU ESifh Mother Board onf wpfckESifhwpfck
Independent jzpfygonf/ PSU ysuw f ikd ;f Mother Board udk rxdcu kd af p&efEiS hf
Mother Board ysufwdkif; PSU udk rxdcdkufap&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
( *) Crystal (X'tal) / Crystal onf vIdif;xkwfonfhud&d,mjzpfonf/ ovif;
ausmufjym;yg;yg;udk pwD;bl;i,fwGifxnfhí wnfaqmufxm;onf/ 0ifvmonfh
AdkYtm;aMumifh Crystal &Sdovif;ausmufjym;wkefcgrIrS Analog vIdif; (14.31818
MHz)xkwaf y;onf/ 4if;vdi I ;f udk Digital Clock toGiaf jymif;,l&ef vdt k yfonf/
(C) Clock Generator / Crystal rSxkwfay;aom Analog vIdif;udk Clock
Generator IC odkY ay;ydkYNyD; 4if; IC rS Digital Clock odkYtoGifajymif;ay;onf/
( i) Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse / Digital Clock udkoufqdkif&m
Frequency rsm;odkY tqwifí Mother Board wGif&Sdaom IC , Memory,
Processor, ROM-BIOS, Chip Set ponft h pdwt
f ydik ;f toD;oD;odYk ay;ydoYk nf/
( p) ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System)/
Mother Boarday:wGif ROM Chip (Read Only Memory)yg&Sdygonf/ 4if;
twGi;f wGif Program udk puf½rkH x S w k v
f yk pf Ofuwnf;u owfrw S af y;vduk yf gonf/
ROM BIOS onf atmufaz:jyyg tqifh(3)qifhjzifh vkyfaqmifygonf-
uGefysLwmvufpJG 24
(1) Power On Self Test (uGey f sLwmrD;zGichf sed rf pS í pwifppfaq;rIjyKvyk jf cif;)
(2) Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efjyKvkyfay;jcif;)
(3) Low Level Interfaces (Hardware tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef qufo, G rf I
udk Interface jyKvkyfay;jcif;)
Power On Self Test (POST) (rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;)

33/ POST onfuGefysLwmudkpwifzGifhvdkufaomtcg uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk;wGifwyfqif
xm;aom Standard Devices (Memory, Monitor, Keyboard, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk,
CPU, Chip Set, ...)rsm;udk pwifppfaq;&ygonf/
34/ POST onfuGefysLwmwGif Disk Drive ta&twGuf rnfrQ&Sdonf? Serial Ports,

Parallel Ports rSwÓ f Pf (Memory) wdu Yk kd ppfaq;ay;ygonf/ Test vkyí f &&Sad om Hardware
tajctaersm;udk CMOS Setup ESifhEIdif;,SOf ppfaq;NyD; udkufnDrI&Sdygu POST tqifhrS Boot
Strap odYk a&muf&y
dS gonf/ tu,fírSm;,Gi;f rI&ydS gu Monitor ay:wGief yH gwfrsm;az:jyjcif;? Error
Message ay;jcif;? toHjrnfjcif;wdkYjzifh today;ygonf/
Start -Up Procedure For PC

(PCwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqih)f CMOS
MOTHER BOARD Internal

Regulated Battery
DC Output 3V
ROM-BIOS
(i) POST
→
(± 5% Error)
+5 Digital
(Power On Self
AC P →-5
Analog
Clock
Test)
→ →
Generator
1234567
+12 1234567
1234567
S
Clock
1234567 (ii) Boot Strap

230V/110V U →
-12
→PG
Crystal
→
Switched (Oscillator) (iii) Low Level
Mode Read Interface
Power
Supply → Other
Devices
Only
Memory
→ Basic
Input
Output
yH(k 14)
System
Boot Strap Boot Strap Program Code
Boot Strap
Program I/O.SYS
Main 2 3
Memory MSDOS.SYS
4
Seg F ROM-BIOS Program
Loader CONFIG.SYS
1 5
COMMAND.COM
yH(k 15) 6
Seg 2 7 AUTOEXEC.BAT
Seg 1
WIN.COM
Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;)
35/ Boot Strapping onf OS udk Memory ay:odkYwifay;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) Computer udk
toHk;jyKEdkifap&ef Ready jzpfapjcif;tydkif;udk aqmif½Gufay;onf/
36/ Boot Strapping (DOS) vkyfaqmifrItqifhqifhrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) ROM-BIOS Programs rsm;onf Memory \ Segment F wGif ae&m,lonf/
ROM-BIOS rS Program Loader ac: Loader Program onf uGefysLwm
pepfudk Boot vkyf&ef Drive A (System Disk) \ Boot Record (BR)
odrYk [kwf Drive C (Hard Disk) \yxr Track, yxr Sector wGif &Sad eaom
Master Boot Record (MBR) rS Boot Strap Program Code ud k
uGeyf sLwm\rSwÓ f Pf (Memory) ay:odYk wifyaYkd y;Ny;D 4if;wGiyf g&So
d nfh Instruc-
tion rsm;udk rdkufc½dky½dkqufqmu qufvuf vkyfaqmifay;onf/
( c) Boot Strap Program Code onf System Disk (or) Hard Disk xJ&Sd System
File (5) Files jzpfaom (1) IO.SYS (2) MSDOS.SYS (3) CONFIG.SYS
(4) COMMAND.COM (5) AUTOEXEC.BAT udk Memory ay:odYk quf
vufwifay;onf/
37/ Boot Strap Program onf Input/Output Operation udk ROM-BIOS ESifhwGJNyD;
vkyaf qmifay;aom IO.SYS File udyk xrOD;pGm Memory ay:odYk wifay;ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
IO.SYS onf Input/ Output Operations rsm;udk ROM-BIOS ESifhtwl aqmif&Gufay;onf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 26
38/ 4if;aemuf Memory ay:odaYk &muf&NdS yjD zpfaom IO.SYS onf DOS Request udak jz&Si;f
aqmif½Gufay;aom MSDOS.SYS File udk Memory ay:odkY wifay;onf/
39/ IO.SYS onfqufvufí CONFIG.SYS File udk &SmazGNy;D Memory ay:odYk wifay;
onf/ CONFIG.SYS File onf4if;wGif&Sdaom Instruction rsm;t&aqmif&GufNyD; uGefysLwm
pepf\ Configuration udk wnfaqmufay;onf/ DOS toHk;jyKuGefysLwmpepfwGif Hardware
Device topfwyfqifygu Device twGuf Instruction udk CONFIG.SYS zdi k w
f iG f xnfo
h iG ;f
ay;&rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh CONFIG.SYS onf Standard r[kwo f nfh Device rsm; wyfqif
xm;jcif;udk uGefysLwmpepfu odatmifaqmif&Gufay;jcif; jzpfonf/
40/ 4if;aemuf IO.SYS File onf COMMAND.COM zdik u f kd qufvuf&mS azGNy;D Memory
ay:odkY wifay;onf/ CONFIG.SYS zdkifwGif COMMAND.COM File onf rnfonfh
Directory wGif &Sad Mumif;udk Path vrf;aMumif;jzifh az:jyEdik o
f nf/ COMMAND.COM zdik o f nf
DOS \ Command Interpreter jzpfojzifh Command rsm;udkuGefysLwmem;vnfatmif
bmomjyefay;onf/ COMMAND.COM File r&Sv d Qif "Missing Command Interpreter"
[k owday;pmwef;ay:vmrnf/
41/ qufvufíaemufq;kH tqifw h iG f COMMAND.COM File onf AUTOEXEC.BAT

File udk&SmazGonf/ AUTOEXEC.BAT File onf uGefysLwm rD;zGifhNyD;aemuf aqmif½Gufapvdk
aom Instruction rsm;udk pDpOfppk nf;íxnfo h iG ;f xm;onfzh ikd f jzpfygonf/4if; Instruction rsm;udk
COMMAND.COM File uulnDajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufay;NyD; "C:\>-" odkYvnf;aumif;? Win 9x
pepfwGif WIN.COM udk Automatic Execute vkyfívnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmtm; tqifoifh
jzpfapygonf/
Low Level Interface

(trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;)
42/ BIOS onf Hardware Devices rsm;tcsi;f csi;f udk tjyeftvSef qufo, G af qmif½u
G rf u
I kd
OS ESifhtwl ulnDyHhydk;ay;ygonf/ Oyrm- Memory rS Hard Disk odkYvnf;aumif;? Hard Disk
rS Memory odkYvnf;aumif; Data rsm;tjyeftvSefay;ydkYqufoG,fjcif;rsm;udk ulnDay;ygonf/
Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP)

(Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;)
43/ Windows rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkif
ygonf-
(u) Start→All Programs → Accessories → System Tools → Disk
Defragmenter udkyHk(16)ygtwdkif;tpOfvdkuf Click vkyy
f g/ (odrYk [kw)f
yHk(16)
( c) Desktop ay:½Sd My Computer Icon udk Double Click vkyy
f g-
(1) My Computer Window ay:vmrnf/
(2) Defragmentation vkyfcsifaom Drive A: (or) Drive C:
ponfjzifha½G;í Right Click vkyyf g/
(3) Context Menu yHk (17) ay:vmrnf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 28
yHk(17)
(4) Context Menu rS Properties udk a½G;í Click vkyy f g/

(5) Properties Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(18)
(6) Properties Dialog Box rS Tools uda
k ½G;yg/
(7) Defragment Now, Button udk Click vkyy f g/
( *) Disk Defragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/yHk(19)-
(1) Disk Defragmenter Window wGif Drive rsm;udx k yfNy;D a½G;cs,f
Edkifygonf/
(2) a&G;cs,fNyD;ygu Defragment Button udk Click vkyyf g/
yHk(18)
yHk(19)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 30
(C) rdrda½G;cs,fxm;aom Drive udk Defragmenting vkyfaeaMumif; Disk
Defragmenter Window wGifvkyfaqmifcsufay:vmrnf/ yHk (20)
yHk(20)
( i) Defragmenting Window wGif cP&yfqdkif;vdkvQif Pause ? &yfqdkif;
vdkvQif Stop udk Click vkyyf g/
( p) teDa&mifonf wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaejcif; r&Sdaomzdkifrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? tjyma&mifonfwpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sad eaom zdik rf sm;udk
vnf;aumif;? tpdrf;a&mifonf a&TUír&aomzdkifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;?
tjzLa&mifonf Hard Disk &SdtoHk;rjyK&ao;aom Free Space
wdkYudk&nfñTef;ygonf/
(q) Defragmenting vkyfaejcif;NyD;qHk;oGm;ygu NyD;qHk;aMumif;udkaz:jyonfh
Disk Defaragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk(21)
yHk(21)
( Z) NyD;qHk;aMumif;az:jyonfh Disk Defaragmenter Window rSxGufvdk

ygu Close Button tm;a&G;cs,fNyD;? Defragmentation Report
I ykd gu View Report Button tm; a&G;cs,fvQif yHk(22) yg
udMk unf½h v
Defragmentation Report Window ay:vmrnfjzpfygonf/
yHk(22)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 32
(ps) Defragmentation Report yg tcsut f vufrsm;tm; odr;f qnf;vdyk gu
Save As... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? Hard Copy
xkwv f ykd gu Print... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? xGuf
vdyk gu Close Button udk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzifh Defragmenting vkyfaqmif
csuf atmifjrifpGm NyD;qHk;oGm;rnf jzpfygonf/
Disk Cleanup jyKvkyfjcif; (rvkdtyfonfh zkdifrsm;tm;&Sif;vif;jcif;)
44/ Disk Cleanup jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Start → Accessories → System Tools→Disk Cleanup udk Click
vkyfyg/
( c) Select Drive (Dialog box) ay:vmygrnf/ yH(k 23)
ykH (23)
( *) Select Drive (Dialog box) wGif Cleanup (&Sif;vif;jcif;)jyKvkyfvdkaom

Drive ukda&G;í OK udE k ydS yf g/
(C) &Sif;ypfvkdonfhzkdifrsm;ukd a&G;cs,fNyD; OK udEk ydS yf g/ ykH (24)
ykH (24)
( i) Delete (Cleanup) vkyfrnfhzkdifrsm;ukd yHk(24)ygtwdkif; a&G;cs,fí OKukd

Click vkyy f g/ Delete (Cleanup) vkyfrnfhzkdifrsm;qkdonfrSm Old Chkdsk
files, Recycle Bin, Catalog file for Content Indexer ponfrsm;xJwi G f
tpkvkduf a&muf&Sdaeaom toHk;jyK&ef rvdktyfonfh zkdifta[mif;rsm;ukd
qkdvkdygonf/
( p) Disk Cleanup for (C:) Dialog box ay:vmygrnf/ Delete (Cleanup)
jyKvyk v
f ykd gu Yes ukd Click vkyyf g/ yH(k 25)
45/ ykH(26)wGifjyxm;onfh Disk Cleanup Dialog box xyfrHay:vmygrnf/ ¤if;

Dialog box wGif rnfhonfh Button ukdrS ESdyf&efrvkdbJ cPapmifh&efom jzpfygonf/
rdr&d iS ;f vif;ypfvadk om zkid rf sm;ukd Drive C: xJrS &Si;f vif;Ny;D jzpfaeygrnf/ Disk Cleanup
udk tokH;jyKí rvkdtyfaomzkdifrsm; &dSvmygu &Sif;vif;ay;&ef vdktyfygrnf/
ykH (25)
ykH (26)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 34
46/ Computer Hardware rsm;onf atmufygtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh cRwf,Gif;rI^ysufpD;rI
rsm;½SdEdkifygonf-
(u) User Error (toH;k jyKorl sm;rS pufukd pepfwus zGi^hf ydwf rjyKvyk jf cif;? toH;k jyKpOf
ae&ma½TUajymif;jcif;? vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;)?
( c) Manufacture Fault (puf½kHrS Design ESifh Quality wdkYaMumifh jzpfjcif;)?
( *) Environmental Condition ( Dust-zk e f r I e f Y r sm;? Temperature -tyl c sd e f ?
Moisture-pdkxdkif;q? EMI = Electro Magnetic Interference-vQyp f pfovH ukd f
qdkif&maESmuf,SufrIrsm;? RFI = Radio Frequency Interference-a&'D,dkvdIif;
aESmuf,SufrIrsm;)?
(C) Electrical Power Problem rsm;rSm-
(1) Noise (rvdkvm;tyfaom Signal rsm;)?
(2) Spike (rD;tm; ½kwfw&ufjrifhwufrI)?
(3) Surge (rD;tm; jrifhwufoGm;jcif;)?
(4) Brown out (vQyfppf"mwftm; avsmhenf;usqif;jcif;)?
(5) Black out (vQyfppf"mwftm; vHk;0jywfawmufjcif;)?
(6) Unstable Frequency (BudrfEIef; rrSefjcif;)?
(7) Unstable Power (vQyfppfAdkYtm; rwnfNidrfjcif; )?
Protecting Electrical Power Problem

(vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;)
47/ Noise, Spike, Surge jzpfjcif;wdrYk u S muG,&f ef Noise Filter rsm;? Spike Killer rsm;ESihf
Surge Protector rsm;udk rdrdtoHk;jyKrnfhpuf\ yg0gt0ifrsm;wGif wqifhcHí toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
Brown Out jzpfjcif;ESifh Black Out jzpfjcif;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf UPS ( Uninterruptible
Power Supply) udw k qifch í
H toH;k jyK&rnf/ ,©Ktcg UPS rsm;onf Electrical Power Problem
rsm;udk umuG,fEdkifaom pepfrsm;yg0ifvmNyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vQyfppf"mwftm;qdkif&mjyóem
rsm;aMumifh uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk; rysufpD;apa&;twGuf UPS Mum;cHí toHk;jyKoifhygonf/
rSefuefaom Ground pepfxm;&Sd&efvkdtyfygonf/ csdwfqufyHkudk ykH(27)wGifazmfjyxm;ygonf/
Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System wkdYcsdwfqufwyfqiftokH;jyKjcif;
600VA
yH(k 27)
rSwfcsuf/ UPS onf Built In AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) ryg0ifyguExternal

AVR tm; UPS \t0ifwGif csdwfqufítoHk;jyKoifhygonf/ ukd,fykdifokH; uGefysLwm
pepfrsm; wGif UPS wyfqifvdkygu uGefysLwmwpfpkH(System Unit+14"Monitor)
twGuf yQrf;rQ (500VA~600VA) yrmP&Sd UPS qkdvQif vkHavmufrI&SdEkdifygonf/
48/ uGefysLwmpepfrsm;wGifvkdtyfaom Power yrmPukd wGufcsufvdkygu atmufygZ,m;&Sd
Rating rsm;jzifh wGufcsufEkdifygonf-
5v Power 20.0 Amps

Less Motherboard (5.0 amps)
4 slots filled at (2.0 amps)each (8.0 amps)
3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.5 amps)
3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (0.5 amps)
CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp)
=Remaining power 4.0 amps
12v Power 8.0 Amps

Less 4 slots filled at (0.175 amps)each (0.7 amp)
3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (1.0 amp)
3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.0 amp)
Cooling fan (0.1 amp)
CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp)
=Remaining power 4.2 amps
14" Monitor= (180VA~290VA) Dotmatrix Printer=(120VA~150VA)

15" Monitor= (300VA~340VA) Laser Jet Printer = (360VA~400VA)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 36
Notice of the Computer Users (uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;)
49/ uGeyf sLwmtoH;k jyKorl sm; owdjyKvu kd ef m&rnft h csurf sm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf-
(u) uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm;tm; aeYpOfoefY½Sif;rIjyKvkyfyg/
( c) uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH tm; rzGirhf D Cable rsm; csw d qf ufxm;rI rSerf rSef udk ppfaq;yg/
( 110V / 230V ) wdkYudk rSefuefrI&dSatmif *&kpdkufítoHk;jyKyg/
( *) UPS ESifhcsdwfqufxm;ygu AC Switch udk ON NyD;aemuf UPS udk ON yg/
(C) uGeyf sLwm ON/OFF jyKvyk jf cif;rsm;udk Procedure twdik ;f pepfwus vkyaf qmifyg/
( i) Application Software, Utilities Software rsm; Installation vkyf&mwGif
puf\ Operating System ESifhudkufnDrI½Sd^r½Sd? Version udkufnDrI &dS^r&dS wdkYudk
ppfaq;NyD;rSom Installation jyKvkyf&rnf/
( p) uGefysLwmwGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom ta&;BuD;onfh Data rsm;? Files rsm;udkyHkrSef
Back Up jyKvkyfxm;yg/
(q) uGefysLwmtm; BuHhcdkifrI½Sdap&eftwGuf Hard Disk tm; Scan Disk or Norton
Disk Doctor ESifh Defragmenting or Speed Disk vkyfjcif;wdkYudk vdktyfygu
tywfpOf aqmif½Gufyg/
( Z) uGeyf sLwmtm; Virus tEÅ&m,fru S if;a0;ap&eftwGuf aemufq;kH ay: Anti Virus
Program tm; uGefysLwmpwif rD;zGifhonfhtcsdefrSpwifí Auto Run Edkif&efESifh
rSwfÓPfwGif apmifhMuyfppfaq;Edkif&ef(TSR) pDpOfaqmif½Gufxm;yg/
( ps) jyifyrS,al qmifvmaom Diskettes rsm;? CD Disks rsm;tm; Virus ygrygppfaq;
NyD;rS toHk;jyK&rnf/ jyifyESifhcsdwfquftoHk;jyKvQifvnf; Virus owdjyKyg/
(n) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKaepOf a½TUajymif;jcif;? uGefysLwmwifxm;aom pm;yGJtm;
vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;? System Unit a&SU&dS Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf ydwfjcif;
rsm;udk rjyKvkyf&yg/
( #) uGefysLwmcsKdU,Gif;rIjzpfay:ygu Service Centerrsm;okdY Online Help jzifhaqG;aEG;Ekdifygonf/
( X) Utilities Software rsm;udk toH;k jyK&mwGif aocsmpGmzwf½aI vhvmNy;D rS toH;k jyKyg/
( !) System ydik ;f qdik &f mESihf Computer Peripheral rsm;udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJprf;oyfrrI sm;
udk uRrf;usifem;vnfjcif;r&dSbJ wpfpHkwpf&mjyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; rjyKvkyf&/
( ¡) CRT Monitor twGif;&dS tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; jyifqifjcif;? vQyfppf"gwftm;ESifh
ywfoufí jyKjyifjcif;rsm;onf touftEÅ&m,fxdcdkufapEdkifojzifh toHk;jyKol
taejzifh (vHk;0) rvkyfaqmif&/
udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm; jypfcsuf½SmazGjcif;
50/ uGeyf sLwm\ vkyaf qmifrt I qifrh sukd atmufygvG,u
f &l iS ;f vif;aomyHjk zifh rnfonft
h ydik ;f
wGif csKdU,Gif;aeaMumif;udk pOf;pm;awG;ac:Edkifygonf-
(u) Hardware (PSU, CPU , Memory,
Keyboard, HardDisk, FloppyDisk, Application
Monitor ponfwdkY yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/ O/S
( c) POST vkyf^rvkyf/ (rD;pzGifhvQif Key- Firmware(ROMBIOS)
board rD;ESpfBudrf vif;jcif;) Hardware
( *) Operating System yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/
(C) Application rsm; aumif;rGefpGm vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &dS^r&dS/
( i) tjzpfrsm;aomtjypfvu©PmtcsKUd udk atmufygtwdik ;f jypfcsu&f mS azGEikd yf gonf-
pOf tjypfvu©Pm csKdU,Gif;Edkifonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;
1/ Power rD;rvif;jcif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY)
Power Switch (odkY) PSU raumif;jcif;/
2/ Monitor rD;rvif;jcif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY)
Power Switch (odkY) Monitor raumif;jcif;/
3/ POST rvkyfjcif; PSU rSAdkYtm;rrSefuef(odkY) Memoryraumif;
(odkY) ROMBIOS rvkyfjcif;/
4/ Monitor ray:jcif; Monitor Cable (odkY) Memory raumif; (odkY)
VGA raumif; (odkY) Monitor raumif; (odkY)
Mother Board/ CPU raumif;jcif;/
5/ Memory Error Memory raumif; (odkY) Memory trsKd;tpm;
rwlnjD cif;/
6/ Hard Disk Error CMOS Setup wGif HD type rSm; (odkY)Hard
Disk raumif; (odkY) HD Controller raumif;
(odkY) Backup Battery tm;enf;jcif;/
7/ Non System Disk or System File rsm;ysuf (odkY) Boot Disk ysuf
Disk Error (odkY) Virus zsufqD;jcif;/
8/ Missing Command COMMAND.COM File ysuf (odkY) Virus
interpreter zsufqD;jcif;/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 38
Chapter (3)
PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading
Typical ATX Motherboard & Rear Panel Connectors
51/ PII/PIII ATX Motherboard wpfck\ Layout Diagram ESifh Built-in Connector
rsm;tm; atmufaz:jyyg ykH(28)ESifhyHk(29)wdkYtwkdif; Type trsKd;rsKd;awGY½SdEkdifygonf-
Floppy Disk Connector
ATX Power Supply Hard Disk
..........
..........
Connector }
Connector South
Bridge
Backup
DIMM Battery
} Memory
Bank AGP Slot
North
ISA Slots
ISA Slots
Bridge
PCI Slots
PCI Slots
PCI Slots
PCI Slots
Slot 1(CPU)
A C
F H
B D E G I J K
A PS2/ mouse E Serial Port A I Audio Line Out (optional)
B PS2/ keyboard F Parallel Port J Audio Line in (optional)
C USB Port 1 G Serial Port B K Audio Mic in (optional)
D USB Port 2 H MIDI/Game Port (optional)
Slot Type PII/PIII ATX Motherboard
yHk (28)
Desktop Board Components
A BCDE
G
H
Y I
USB Line
Device In X J
W
UT S R Q P O NM L K
Socket Type Intel DX15EEA Motherboard

ykH (29)
A. CNR (Communication and Networking Riser) connector (optional)
B. AGP universal connector C. Chassis fan connector (Fan 2)
D. Legacy CD-ROM connector E. ATAPI-style CD-ROM connector
F. Auxiliary line in, ATAPI-style connector G. Processor fan connector (Fan 3)
H. Digital video output connector I. Processor socket
J. DIMM sockets K. Power connector
L. Diskette drive connector M. Primary IDE connector
N. Secondary IDE connector O. Serial port B connector
P. BIOS configuration jumper block Q. Front panel USB connector
R. Front panel connector S. Front panel power LED, alternate
T. Wake on LAN technology connector U. Chassis fan connector (Fan 1)
V. Battery W. SCSI LED connector
X. Speaker Y. PCI expansion
The Intel Desktop Board D815EEA supports the following processors:

Processor Socket Processor System Bus L2 Cache
Type Type Designation (MHz) Freq. (MHz) Size (KB)
Intel FC-PGA 866, 800EB, 733, 667, 133 256
Pentium 600EB, and 533EB
Processors FC-PGA 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 100 256
600E, 550E, and 500E
Intel FC-PGA 700, 667, 633, 600, 566, 66 128
Celeron 533A, and 500A
Processors
Celeron PPGA 533 and 500 66 128
Processors
For the latest information on processors supported by the Desktop Board D815EEA, refer to the Intel web site at:
Z,m;(3)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 40
Intel’s Microprocessor
52/ Computer wpfv;Hk \ Model ukd ¤if;wGif wyfqifxm;aom CPU \ Model jzifh
owfrw S q
f ;Hk jzwfMuygonf/ ¤ifCPU
; rsm;rSm CISC (Complex Instruction Set Code) ESihf
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Code) enf;ynmrsm;ukd tok;H jyKMuonf/RISC enf;ynm
ok;H Microprocessor rsm;ukd Motorola, Digital ponfh ukrP Ü D rsm;rS xkwv
f yk Mf uNy;D Special
?
Purpose Computer rsm;wGif tok;H rsm;Muonf/CISC enf;ynmok;H Microprocessor rsm;ukd
Intel, AMD, Cyrix ukrP Ü rD sm;rS tjyKd it f qkid x
f wk vf yk v
f m&m ,cktcgwGif3500 MHz
(3.5GHz) tjrefEeI ;f txd a&muf½v dS mNyjD zpfonf/ az:jyygZ,m;rsm;onfIntel rSxw k v
f yk af om
Microprocessor rsm;ESihf tjcm;ukrP Ü rD sm;rS xkwv f yk af om Processor rsm;\ pufrq I idk &f m
tcsut
f vufrsm;? pGr;f aqmifEidk rf rI sm;ukd EIid ;f ,SOaf z:jyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ Z,m;(3)t&
atmufaz:jyyg txl;od½Sd&eftcsufrsm;ukd avhvmawGY ½SdEkdifygonf-
(u) 486 DX Processor rSpwifí Microprocessor twGi;f 'ór*Pef;rsm;ukd
wGucf suaf qmif&u G Ef idk o
f nfFPU
h (Floating Point Unit) (okUd ) Co-Math
Processor rsm;ukd Built-in wnfaqmufxm;onf/
( c) 386 rSpí Internal 32-bit vkyaf qmifEidk o f nft
h wGuaf Mumif32-bith OS rsm;ukd
tok;H jyKEidk o f nf/
( *) Classics Pentium ukd MMX enf;ynm ( 57 MMX Instructions ) aygif;pyf
wnfaqmufvu dk af omtcg Pentium MMX [kjzpfay:vmjy;D ? Multimedia
qkid &f mñTeMf um;csurf sm;ukCPU d rSajz½Si;f aqmif&u G v f mEkid o
f nf/
(C) P6 Architecture ud k MMX Instruction Set (57 Instruction)
aygif;vdu k af omtcg PII Processor [líjzpfay:vmonf/
( i) P II Processor wGif 3D Instruction, 70 Instructions (SSE-Streaming
SIMD) aygif;pyfv f ukd af omtcg PIII Processor [líjzpfay:vmum 3D
Instruction rsm;udk CPU rSajz&Si;f aqmif ½Guv f mEdik o f nf/Socket Type PIII
rsm;wGif L2 Cache \tjrefEeI ;f rSmCPU \tjrefeeI ;f twkid ;f aqmif&u G Ef idk o
f nf/
( p) Pentium Pro (P6) Microprocessor twGi;f L2 Cache udk Built-in
wnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzifh L2 Cache rS access vkyo f nfh Performance udk
wd;k wufapygonf/
(q) Pentium Pro (P6) rSpí L2 Cache ESihf CPU wdYk \Access vkyo f nfh EIe;f udk
CPU Core Speed \wpf0uf (odr Yk [kw)f tjynfjh zifh aqmif½u G af pjcif;jzifh
Performance udk ydr kwkd ;kd wufaponf/
( Z) P4 wGif Internet ESio hf ufqidk af om nTeMf um;csurf sm;ukd jrefqefpmG aqmif&u G f
Ekid jf cif;? jrifrh m;aom FSB Speed ESiv hf yk af qmifEidk Nf cif;tjyifHT Technology
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Intel Processor Specifications
Internal Data L1 L2
CPU Register Bus Max L1 Cache L2 Cache Integral Multimedia No. of Date
Processor Clock Voltage Size Width Memory Cache Type Cache Speed FPU Instructions Tsransistors Introduced
8088 1x 5v 16-bit 8-bit 1MB - - - - - - 29,000 Jun'79
8086 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 1MB - - - - - - 29,000 Jun'78
286 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 16MB - - - - - - 134,000 Feb'82
386SX 1x 5v 32-bit 16-bit 16MB - - - Bus - - 275,000 Jun'88
386SL 1x 3.3v 32-bit 16-bit 16MB 0KB 1 WT - Bus - - 855,000 Oct'90
386DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 4GB - - - Bus - - 275,000 Oct'85
486SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 8KB WT - Bus - - 1.185M Apr'91
486SX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 8KB WT - Bus - - 1.185M Apr'94
487SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 8KB WT - Bus Yes - 1.2M Apr'91
486DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 8KB WT - Bus Yes - 1.2M Apr'89
486SL 2 1x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 8KB WT - Bus Opt - 1.4M Nov'92
486DX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 8KB WT - Bus Yes - 1.2M Mar'92
486DX4 2-3x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 16KB WT - Bus Yes - 1.6M Feb'94
486Pentium OD 2.5x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 4GB 2x16KB WB - Bus Yes - 3.1M Jan'95
Pentium 60/66 1x 5v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 2x8KB WB - Bus Yes - 3.1M Mar'93
Pentium 75-200 1.5-3x 3.3-3.5v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 2x8KB WB - Bus Yes - 3.3M Oct'94
Z,m; (4)
Pentium MMX 1.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 2x16KB WB - Bus Yes MMX 4.5M Jan'97
41
Pentium Pro 2-3x 3.3v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x8KB WB 256KB Core Yes - 5.5M Nov'95
512KB
1MB
Pentium II 3.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB 512KB 1/2Core Yes MMX 7.5M May'97
Pentium II PE 3.5-6x 1.6v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB 256KB Core3 Yes MMX 27.4M Jan'99
Celeron 3.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB 0KB - Yes MMX 7.5M Apr'98
Celeron A 3.5-8x 1.5-2v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB 128KB Core3 Yes MMX 19M Aug'98
Celeron III 4.5-9x 1.3-1.6v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB 128KB Core3 Yes SSE 28.1M Feb'2000
Pentium III 4-6x 1.8-2v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB 256KB 1/2Core Yes SSE 9.5M Feb'99
Pentium III E 4-9x 1.3-1.7v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB 512KB Core3 Yes SSE 28.1M Oct'99
1MB
2MB
Pentium II Xeon 4-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB 512KB Core Yes MMX 7.5M Apr'98
1MB
2MB
Pentium III Xeon 5-6x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB 512KB Core Yes SSE 9.5M Mar'99
1MB
2MB
Pentium III E Xeon 4.5-6.5x 1.65v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB 256KB Core3 Yes SSE 28.1M Oct'99
1MB 84M May2000
2MB 140M
Intel Compatible Processors
Internal Data L1 L2
Processor CPU Register Bus Max L1 Cache L2 Cache Integral Multimedia No. of Date
Introduced Clock Voltage Size Width Memory Cache Type Cache Speed FPU Instructions Tsransistors
AMD K5 1.5-1.75x 3.5v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 16+8KB WB - Bus Yes - 4.3M Mar'96
uGefysLwmvufpJG
AMD K6 2.5-4.5x 2.2-3.2v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 2x32KB WB - Bus Yes MMX 8.8M Apr'97
AMD-K6-2 3.5-5x 2.2-2.4v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 2x32KB WB - Bus Yes 3DNow 9.3M May'98
AMD-K6-3 4.5x 2.2-2.4v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 2x32KB WB 256KB Core Yes 3DNow 21.3M Feb'99
AMD-Athlon 5-10x 1.6-1.8v 32-bit 64-bit 8TB 2x64KB WB 512KB 1/2-1/3CoreYes Ench.3DNow 22M Jun'99
3
AMD-Duron 5-10x 1.5-1.8v 32-bit 64-bit 8TB 2x64KB WB 64KB Core Yes Ench.3DNow 25M Jun'2000
AMD-Athlon 4 5-10x 2.5-3.5v 32-bit 64-bit 8TB 2x64KB WB 256KB Core3 Yes Ench.3DNow 37M Jun'2000
Cyrix 6x86 2x 2.5-3.5v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 16KB WB - Bus Yes - 3M Feb'96
Cyrix 6x86MX/MII 2.3-5x 2.9v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 64KB WB - Bus Yes MMX 6.5M May'97
Cyrix III 2.5-7x 2.2v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 64KB WB 256KB Core3 Yes 3DNow 22M Feb'2000
42
Nexgen Nx586 2x 4v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 2x16KB WB - Bus Yes - 3.5M Mar'94
IDT Winchip 3.4x 3.3-3.5v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 2x32KB WB - Bus Yes MMX 5.4M Oct'97
Z,m; (5)
IDT Winchip2/2a 2.33-4x 3.3-3.5v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 2x32KB WB - Core3 Yes 3DNow 5.9M Sep'98
Rise mP6 2-3.5x 2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 4GB 2x8KB WB - Bus Yes MMX 3.6M Oct'98
FPU = Floating Point Unit (internal math coprocessor)

WT = Write - Through Cache (caches read only)
WB = Write-Back cahce (caches both reads and writes)
Bus = Processor external bus speed (motherboard speed)
Core = Processor internal core speed (CPU speed)
MMX = Multimedia extensions, 57 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing
3DNow = MMX plus 21 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing
Enh.3DNow= 3DNow plus 24 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing
SSE = Streaming SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) Extensions, MMX plus 70 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing
1
= The 386SL contains an Itegral-cache controller, but the cache memory must be provided outside the chip.
2
= Intel later marketed SL Enhance version of the SX, DX, and DX2 processors.These processors were available in both 5 v and 3.3 v versions and
included power-management capabilities.
3
= On-die integrated L2 cache-runs at full-core speed.
4
= 128 KB functional L2 cache (265 KB total, 128 KB disabled), use same die as Pentium 333 E.
Intel Pentium 4 Processors rsm;
BRAND AND CORE SPEED PRODUCT CODE PROCESS BUS SPEED CACHE PACKAGE UPC CODE
Intel Pentium 4 Processor 3.00 GHz BX80532PG3000D 0.31 micron 800 MHz 512KB ECC OD 478-pin FC-PGA2 7 35858 16038 4
Supporting Hyper-Threading Technology
Pentium 4 Processor 2.80C GHz BX80532PG2800D 0.31 micron 800 MHz 512KB ECC OD 478-pin FC-PGA2 7 35858 16037 7
Pentium 4 Processor 3.06 GHz BX80532PE3066D 0.31 micron 533 MHz 512KB ECC OD 478-pin FC-PGA2 7 35858 15777 3
43
Z,m; (6)
Pentium 4 Processor 2.40B GHz BX80532PE2400D 0.31 micron 533 MHz 512KB ECC OD 478-pin FC-PGA2 7 35858 15429 1
Pentium 4 Processor 2.60 GHz BX80532PC2600D 0.31 micron 400 MHz 512KB ECC OD 478-pin FC-PGA2 7 35858 15695 0
Pentium 4 Processor 2A GHz BX80532PC2000D 0.31 micron 400 MHz 512KB ECC OD 478-pin FC-PGA2 7 35858 15247 1
Intel Celeron Processors rsm;
uGefysLwmvufpJG
BRAND AND CORE SPEED PRODUCT CODE PROCESS BUS SPEED CACHE PACKAGE UPC CODE
Intel Celeron Processor 2.40 GHz BX80532RC2400B 0.31 micron 400 MHz 128KB ECC OD 478-pin FC-PGA2 7 35858 16053 7
Celeron Processor 2.30 GHz BX80532RC2300B 0.31 micron 400 MHz 128KB ECC OD 478-pin FC-PGA2 7 35858 15966 1
Celeron Processor 2.20 GHz BX80532RC2200B 0.31 micron 400 MHz 128KB ECC OD 478-pin FC-PGA2 7 35858 157.3 2
Celeron Processor 2.10 GHz BX80532RC2100B 0.31 micron 400 MHz 128KB ECC OD 478-pin FC-PGA2 7 35858 15940 1
Celeron Processor 2 GHz BX80532RC2000B 0.31 micron 400 MHz 128KB ECC OD 478-pin FC-PGA2 7 35858 15702 5
Celeron Processor 1.80 GHz BX80531P180G128 0.18 micron 400 MHz 128KB ECC OD 478-pin FC-PGA2 7 35858 15464 5
44
Z,m; (7)
Celeron Processor 1.70 GHz BX80531P170G128 0.18 micron 400 MHz 128KB ECC OD 478-pin FC-PGA2 7 35858 15463 5
rSwfc suf/ txufygZ,m;(6)ESifh (7)t& HT Technology jzifhaqmif&G ufEkdifaom P4 CPUtrsKd;tpmrsm; rSm

Bus Speed 533 MHz/800 MHz &Sdygonf / ¤if; HTpGrf;aqmif Ekdifaom CPUrsm;ukd tokH;jyKvQif
Mother Board wGif Chipset ESifh BIOS wkdYrSm HT yHhykd;aqmif&GufEkdif&ef vkdtyfovkd OSrSmvnf; HT
pGrf;aqmifEkdif&nf&Sdaom OS (Oyrm- Windows XP )jzpf&efvkdtyfygonf/
Intel Desktop Board D875PBZ (Pentium 4 Mother Board) \tao;pdwf

tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
1000Mbps
Network
Interface
(Gigabit
Ethernet)
480Mbps tjrefEIef;pGrf;aqmifEkdifonfhU SB
yHk (30)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 46
Intel Desktop Board D875PBZ (Pentium 4 Mother Board) \ tao;pdwf
HTukp
d rG ;f aqmifEidk jf cif;ESihf FSB 800MHz pGr;f aqmifEidk jf cif;
1. Support for the Intel Pentium 4 processor supporting Hyper- Threading Technology and 800-
MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pin package. Also supports the Intel Pentium 4 processor
with 533-MHz system bus in the mPGA478 package.
PATenf;ynmaMumifh Memoryrsm;ukd jrefqefpGm Access jyKvkyfEkdifjcif;
2. Intel 875P Chipset featuring Intel Performance Acceleration Technology (Intel PAT) to boost
overall system performance by reducing memory latencies.
Main Memoryukd Channel ESpc
f ck í
JG f nf; Access vkyEf idk jf cif;
wpfNyKd iw
3. Dual-Channel DDR4003 SDRAM support: Four DIMM sockets designed to support up to 4
GB of DDR 400 SDRAM memory (also supports DDR333). Flexible support for either single or
dual-channel operation.
I ;f 8X(≈ 2GBpsEIe;f )jzif¤h if;? 4X(≈ 1GBpsEIe;f )jzif¤h if; Imagersm;ukad y;ykv
AGP \tjrefEe Yd yk af qmifEidk jf cif;
4. AGP 8X/4X graphics interface: For high-end AGP graphics cards.
Parallel ATA UDMA/100 xuf 50% ykrd jdk refqefonfh Serial ATA enf;ynmtjyif RAID jzifh vkyaf qmif&ef
RAID Controller yg&Sdjcif;
5. Serial-ATA 150 (1.5 Gb/s) featuring Intel RAID Technology and Ultra ATA/100 connectors:
Flexible support of new generation SATA 150 (2 ports) and current generation ATA (2 channels)
storage devices. Also includes Intel RAID Technology for support of up to 300 MB/s of
maximum bandwidth on RAID 0 configurations with Serial-ATA HDDs.
tqufrjywfay;ykEYd idk Nf y;D 1000Mbps tjrefEeI ;f jzifh vkyaf qmifEidk o
f nfhGigabit Ethernet Cardyg&Sjd cif;
6. Integrated Intel PRO/1000 CT Desktop Connection LAN: Onboard Gigabit Ethernet LAN
connectivity using the Communication Streaming Architecture (CSA) interface.
PCI Slot (5)ckyg&Sjd cif;
7. Five PCI slots: Expansion slots for custom system configurations and future add-in card
upgrades.
480 Mbps tjrefEe
I ;f jzifh f nfh USB 2.0 Port (8)ckyg&Sjd cif;
ay;ykEYd idk o
8. Eight Hi-Speed USB 2.0 ports: Six rear ports and header for two front-panel USB ports.
System Temperature ay:rlwnfí Cooling Fan \tjrefEe
I ;f ukd xde;f csKyEf idk jf cif;ESihf Power ok;H pGrJ u
I dk a>cwmNy;D
Noise xkwfvTifhrIukd avsmhenf;apjcif;
9. Intel Precision Cooling Technology: Advanced management ASIC supports temperature-based
fan control. Fan speeds adjust real time according to system temperatures to help reduce
unnecessary noise and energy consumption.
vQifjrefpGm Ready jzpfatmif jyKvkyfEkdifjcif;
10. Intel Rapid BIOS Boot: Accelerates Power on Self Test (POST) for faster system access.
11. Not pictured: Instantly AvailableC(suspend-to-RAM):Enables advanced power savings.
Processor
Processors Supported ¿ Intel Pentium 4 processors supporting Hyper- Threading Technology
with 800-MHz or 533-MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pin package
¿ Intel Pentium 4 processors with 533 MHz in the mPGA478-pin package
Chipset
Intel 875P Chipset ¿ Intel 82875P Memory Controller Hub (MCH) with Accelerated Hub
Architecture bus
¿ Intel 82801 EA I/O Controller Hub with Accelerated Hub Architecture
bus
¿ Intel 82802AC Firmware Hub (FWH)
Memory Controller ¿ Designed to support up to 4 GB of system memory using DDR400/333
Hub (MCH) SDRAM memory
Intel ICHSR I/O ¿ 2 Serial-ATA 150 ports with Intel RAID 0 support
Controller Hub ¿ Ultra ATA 100/66
I/O Feetures Integrated super I/O LPC bus controller
¿ Five PCI local bus slots
¿ Power management support for ACPI1.0b
¿ Designed for PC2001
USB 2.0 Integrated IntelICH5A controllers:
¿ Six back-panel ports (one quad and one dual stack)
¿ Two front-panel ports (via header requiring cabling to front panel)
Firmware Hub
System BIOS ¿ 8-Mb Fiash EEPAOM with Intei/AMr BIOS featuring Plug and Play,
IDE drive auto-configure
¿ Advanced configuration and power Interface V1..0b, DMI 2.0, multi-
lingual support
Intel Rapid BIOS Boot ¿ Accelerated POST for faster access to PC from power-on
System Memory
Memory Cepacity ¿ Four 184-pin DIMM connectors supporting up to four double-sided
DIMMs
Memory Types ¿ DDR400 SDRAM Memory (when used with Intel processor with 800-
MHZ system bus)
¿ DDR333 SDRAM Memory (when used with Intel processor with 800-
MHZ or 533-MHz system bus)
¿ ECC or Non-ECC RAM
Memory Modes ¿ Dual- and single-channel operation support
Memory Voltage ¿ 2.5V
Hardware Management Features

¿ System chassis fan speed control
¿ Voltage and temperature sense
¿ Fan-sensor inputs used to monitor fan activity
uGefysLwmvufpJG 48
Wake-up From Network
¿ Wired for Management (WfM) 2.0 compatible
¿ Support for system wake-up using an add-in network interface
card with remote wake-up capability or integrated LAN
Expansion Capabilities
¿ Five PCI bus add-in card connectors
¿ One universal 1.5V or 0.8V AGP 3.0 connector supporting up
to AGP8X
Jumpers and Front-Panel Connectors
Jumpers ¿ Single configuration jumper design
¿ Jumper access for BIOS configuration mode
Front-Panel Connectors ¿ Reset, HD LED, Power LEDs, power on/off, standby header
¿ Two front-panel USB headers
¿ Front-panel audio header
Mechanical
Board Style ATX 2.03-compliant
Board Size 11.5” x 9.6”
Power Requirements
ATX 12V
Environment
Operating Temperature 0ºC to +55ºC
Storage Temperature -40ºC to +70ºC
Regulations
Safety Regulations
U.S. and Canada UL 1950, 3rd ed.- CAN/CSA C22.2 No.950-95 w/U.S. and
Canadian recognized component marks
Europe Nemko certified to EN 60950
International Nemko certified to IEC 60950 (CB report w/CB certificate)
EMC Regulations (tested in representative chassis)
U.S. FCC Part 15, Class B
U.S. FCC Part 15, Class B open chassis (cover off) testing
Canada ICES-003, Class B
Europe EMC directive 89/336/EEC; EN 55022:1998 Class B; EN
55024:1998
Australia/New Zealand AS/NZS 3548, Class B
Taiwan CNS 13438, Class B
International CISPR 22:1997, Class B
Power requirements vary. Complies with U.S. CRF via EN55022 + 6 db in system configurations with
an open chassis and EU Directive 89/336/EEC and use via EN55022 and EN50082-1 in a representative
chassis.
Intel Desktop Boards D865GBF and D865GLC ( Pentium 4 Mother
Board) \tao;pdwf tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
Pentium 4-Intel 865 Chipset Mother Board

yHk (31)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 50

1. Support for the Intel Pentium 4 processors featuring Hyper-Threading
Technology and 8OO-MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pin package.Also
supports the Intel Pentium 4 processors (1.60a, 1.80a, 2a, 2.20 GHz or higher) with
533-MHz or 400-MHz system bus in the mPGA478 package.
Cost oufomNyD; ykHxGuf pGrf;tm;aumif;onfh Graphic Inteface yg&SdNyD;jzpfjcif;
2. Intel 865G Chipset featuring Intel Extreme Graphics 2 using Dynamic Video
MemoryTechnology (DVMT).Low-cost, high-performance graphics solution.
Main Memory ukd Channel (2)ckcGJí wpfNydKifwnf; Access jyKvkyfEkdifjcif;
3. Dual-Channel DDR4002 SDRAM support: Four DIMM sockets designed to
support up to 4 GB of DDR400 SDRAM memory (also supports DDR333 and
DDR266). Flexible support for either single or dual-channel operation.
4. AGP 8X/4X graphics interface: Flexibility toupgrade via a high-end AGP graphics
card.
5. SATA150 and Ultra ATA100 connectors: Flexible support of new-generation
SATA 150 (2 ports) and current generation ATA (2 channels) storage devices.
Gigabit Ethernet (okdYr[kwf) Fast Ethernet Interface yg&Sjd cif;
6. Integrated Intel PRO/1000 CT Desktop Connection or Intel PRO/100 LAN
(optional):On-board Gigabit Ethernet LAN connectivity using the Communication
Streaming Architecture (CSA) interface or 10/100-Mbps LAN.
Channel (6)ck pGrf;aqmifEkdif AC’97 Sound Card yg&Sjd cif;
7. AC’97 6-channel Audio: SoundMAX* 4 XL AudioESP (Audio Enumeration
and Sensing Process) enabling either 6-channel or 2-channel audio.
PCI Slot (6)ck yg&Sdjcif;
8. Six PCI slots (Desktop Board D865GBF) or three PCI slots (Desktop Board
D865GLC): Expansion slots for custom system configurations and future add-in
card upgrades.
9. Eight Hi-speed USB 2.0 ports: Four rear ports and headers for four front-panel
USB ports.
10. Intel Precision Cooling Technology: Advanced management ASIC supports
temperature-based fan control. Fan speeds adjust real time according to system
temperatures to help reduce unnecessary noise and energy consumption.
11. Intel Rapid BIOS Boot: Accelerates Power on Self Test (POST) for faster system
access.
12. Instantly-Available PC (suspend-to-RAM): Enables advanced power savings
(not pictured).

Processor
Processors Supported ¿ Intel Pentium 4 processors supporting Hyper- Threading Technology with
800-MHz or 533-MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pin package
¿ Intel Pentium 4 processors (1.60a, 1.80a, 2a, 2.20 GHz or higher) with 533-
MHz or 400-MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pin package
¿ Intel Celeron processors (2 GHz or higher) in the mPGA478-pin package
Intel 865G Chipset ¿ Intel 865G Graphics Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) with Accelerated
Hub Architecture bus
¿ Intel 82801EB I/O Controller Hub (ICH5) with Accelerated Hub
Architecture bus
¿ Intel 82802EB Firmware Hub (FWH)
Graphics Memory Designed to support up to 4 GB’ of system memory using DDR400/333/266
Controller Hub (GMCH) SDRAM memory
Intel ICH5 I/O ¿ Ultra ATA 100/66
Controller Hub ¿ Six PCI request-grant pairs for support of six PCI bus masters
¿ Two SATA 150 (1.5 Gbps) ports
¿ Intel PRO/1000 GT network connection (optional)
¿ Intel PRO/100 network connection (optional)
I/O Features Integrated super I/O LPC bus controller
¿ Six (Desktop Board D865GBF) or three (Desktop Board D865GLC) PCI
local bus slots
¿ Designed for PC2001
USB 2.0 Integrated Intel ICH5 controllers.
¿ Four back-panel ports (two dual stack)
¿ Four front-panel ports (via 2-headers requiring cabling to front panel)
Firmware Hub
System BIOS ¿ 4 Mb Flash EEPROM with Intel/AMI BIOS featuring , Plug and Play, IDE
drive auto-configure
¿ Advanced configuration and power interface V1.0b, DMI 2.0, multi-linguai
support
Intel Rapid BIOS Boot ¿ Optimized POST for faster access to PC from power-on
System Memory
Memory Capacity ¿ Four 184-pin DIMM connectors supporting up to four double-sided DIMMs
Memory Types ¿ DDR400 SDRAM Memory (when used with Intel processor with 800-MHz
system bus)
¿ DDR333 SDRAM Memory (when used with Intel processor with 800-MHz
or 533-MHz system bus)
¿ DDR266 SDRAM Memory
¿ Non-ECC RAM (ECC memory will run in non-ECC mode)
Memory Modes ¿ Dual- and single-channel operation support
Memory Voltege ¿ 2.5V
Hardware Management Features

¿ System chassis fan speed control
¿ Voltage and temperature sensing
¿ Fan sensor inputs used to monitor fan activity
¿ Power management support for ACPI 1.0b
uGefysLwmvufpJG 52

Wake-Up From Network
¿ Wired for Management (WfM) 2.0-compatible
¿ Support for system wake-up using an add-in network interface card
with remote wake-up capability or integrated LAN
Expansion Capabilities
¿ Six (Desktop Board D865GBF) or three (Desktop Board D865GLC) PCI
bus add-in card connectors
¿ One universal 1.5V AGP 3.0 connector supporting up to AGP 8X
Front-Panel Connectors ¿ Reset, HD LED, Power LEDs, power on/off, standby header
¿ Two front-panel USB headers
¿ Front-panel audio header
Mechanical
Board Style Desktop Board D865GBF-ATX 2.03-compliant
Desktop Board D865GLC-MicroATX 1.0-compliant
Board Size Desktop Board D865GBF-11.6" x 9.6"
Desktop Board D865GLG-9.6" x 9.6"
Baseboard Power
Requirements Desktop Board D865GBF-ATX12V
Desktop Board D865GLC-ATX12V or SFX12V
Environment
Operating Temperature 0º C to +55º C
Storage Temperature -40º C to +70º C
Regulations
Safety Regulations
U.S. and Canada UL 1950, Third edition- CAN/CSA C22.2 No.950-95 with recognized U.S.
and Canadian component marks
Europe Nemko certified to EN 60950
International Nemko certified to IEC 60950 (CB report with CB certificate)
EMC regulations (tested in representative chassis)
U.S. FCC Part 15, Class B
U.S. FCC Part 15, Class B open-chassis (cover off) testing Canada ICES-003,
Class B
Europe EMC directive 89/336/EEC; EN 55022:1998 Class B; EN 55024:1998
Australia/New Zealand AS/NZS 3548, Class B
Taiwan CNS 13438, Class B
International CISPR 22:1997, Class B
Power requirements vary. Complies with US CRF via EN55022 + 6 db in system configurations with
chassis.
Intel Desktop Board D865PERL (Pentium 4 Mother Board) \tao;pdwf

Pentium 4 - Intel D865PERL Mother Board

yHk (32)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 54
1. Support for the Intel Pentium 4 processor: Supports Pentium 4 processor
mPGA478 (478 pin) packaging supporting Hyper-Threading Technology,
including an 800-MHz, 533-MHz, or 400-MHz system bus
2. Intel 865PE chipset featuring dual-channel DDR400 non-ECC support:
Designed to take full advantage of the power of the Pentium 4 processor, delivers
enhanced features and increased bandwidth for maximum performance
3. Four DDR DIMM* Sockets: Supports DDR400/333/266 memory in a dual-
channel configuration from 128 MB to 4 GB
4. AGP 8X/4X 1.5V connector: Supports the latest graphics technology
5. Serial ATA 150 (1.5Gb/s) (2 ports) featuring Intel RAID Technology

(optional): Enables faster disk I/O for transfers to storage devices
6. Integrated Intel PRO/1000 network connection via CSA (Communication
Streaming Architecture) bus or Intel PRO/100 LAN connection (optional):
On board Gigabit Ethernet LAN connectivity via the CSA bus solutions
7. Five PCI slots: Expansion slots for custom system configurations and future
add-in card upgrades
8. Eight Hi-Speed USB 2.0 ports: Two dual-stack rear connectors and header
for four front panel USB connectors
9. Intel Precision Cooling Technology: In coordi-nation with Intel Active Monitor,
allows user to monitor vital system levels like temperature and voltages for
advanced warning of component failure
Multimedia Informationrsm;ukjd refqefpmG &,lvufcE

H idk af omPort(IEEE-1394a)yg&Sjd cif;
10. 1394a Connector (optional): Enables data transfer from consumer electronic
devices like digital camcorders or MP3 players
11. Intel Rapid BIOS boot: Reduced boot time enables faster system access
12. Instantly available PC (suspend-to-RAM): Power-management mode

reduces PC power consumption and provides immediate PC access (Not
Pictured)
Processor
Processors Supported ¿ Intel Pentium 4 processors supporting Hyper-Threading Technology
including 800-MHz and 533-MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pin
package
¿ Intel Pentium 4 processors (1.60a, 1.80a, 2a, 2.20 GHz or higher) with
533-MHz or 400-MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pin package
¿ Intel Celeron processors (2 GHz or higher) in the mPGA478-pin package
Chipset
Intel 865PE Chipset ¿ Intel 82865PE Memory Controller Hub (MCH) with Accelerated Hub
Architecture bus
¿ (optional) Intel 82801 EB I/O Controller Hub (ICH5) with Accelerated
Hub Architecture bus (optional)
¿ (optional) Intel 82801 ER I/O Controller Hub (ICH5-R) with Accelerated
Hub Architecture bus
Intel 82875P Designed to support up to 4 GB (with 512-Mb technology) of single or
Memory Controller dual-channel DDR400, DDR333 or DDR266 SDRAM memory
Hub (MCH) ¿ AGP 8x, 4x
¿ Communication Streaming Architecture (CSA)
Intel ICHS I/O ¿ Two Serial ATA 150 ports, Ultra ATA/66/100, and Ultra DMA/33
Controller Hub ¿ Six PCI request-grant pairs for support of six PCI bus masters
¿ SMBus (to PCI slot #2)
External Interfaces
I/O and Expansion ¿ Integrated super I/O LPC bus controller
Capabilities ¿ Five PCI bus add-in card connectors
(PCI local bus Specification Revision 2.2)
¿ One 0.8V/1.5V 8X/4X AGP port connector
¿ Power management support for ACPI 1.0
Eight USB 2.0 Ports ¿ Integrated Intel ICH5/ICH5-R USB 2.0 host controllers
- Four back-panel ports
- Four ports routed to two on board headers
Integrated Intel ¿ On board 1 ,000-Mbps Ethernet LAN connectivity over CSA utilizing
PRO/1000 CT (optional) Intel 82547EI LAN
Integrated Intel ¿ On board 10/100-Mbps Ethernet LAN connectivity utilizing Intel
PRO/100 (optional) 82652ET LAN
Firmware Hub
System BIOS ¿ 4-Mb Flash EEPROM with Intel/AMI BIOS featuring Plug and Play,
IDE drive auto-configure .
¿ Advanced configuration and power interface V1.0b, DMI 2.0,
multilingual support
Intel Rapid BIOS Boot ¿ Optimized POST for faster access to PC from power-on
uGefysLwmvufpJG 56
System Memory
Memory Capacity Four 184-pin DIMM connectors supporting up to f our double-
¿
sided DIMMs
¿ Designed to support up to 4 GB (with 512-Mb technology) of dual-
channel DDR400, DDR333, or DDR266 SDRAM memory
Memory Type ¿ Dual-Channel, Non-ECC, Double Data Rate (DDR400 or DDR333,
DDR266) SDRAM in 128-Mb, 256-Mb and 512-Mb technologies
Memory Voltage ¿ 2.5V
Hardware Management and Fan Control Features
¿ Voltage and temperature sense
¿ Fan-sensor inputs used to monitor fan activity
¿ Temperature-dependent closed-loop fan control
Wake-Up From Network
¿ Wired for Management (WfM) 2.0 compliant
¿ Support for system wake-up using an add-in network interface card
with remote wake-up capability or PCI
Front-Panel Connectors ¿ Reset, HD LED, power LED, power on/off, aux LED
Mechanical
Board Style ATX 2.03 compliant
Board Size 12.0'' x 9.6'' (300 mm x 240 mm)
Power Requirements
Requirements ATX12V
Environment
Operating Temperature 0º C to +55º C
Storage Temperature -40º C to +70º C
Regulations
Safety Regulations
U.S. and Canada UL 1950 and CSA 950-95
U.S. and Canadian recognition component marks
Europe UL classified to IEC 950
EMC/RFI Regulations Intended for use in systems meeting the following EMI/RFI regulations
U.S FCC Class B (DofC-Csover off testing)
Canada IC Class B
Europe EU Class B (Res, Corn, Light Industry)
Japan VCCI, Class B (ITE)
Power requirements vary. Complies with US CRF via EN55022 +6 db in system configurations with
chassis.
( ps) P II / PIII Xeon Processor rsm;onf L2 Cache yg0ifrI1024 KB rS 2048
KB xd&SdEdkifojzifh Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefNyD;? Server rsm;wGif tusKd;jyK
Edkifonf/
Chipset
53/ Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukdt"ducsKyfukdifaom Chip rSmChipset jzpfyg
onf/ Chipset rsm;ukd CPU, Main Memory, AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) ESifh Slot
rsm;tm;xdef;csKyfonfh North Bridge ESifh Hard Disk Controller, USB wkdYukdxdef;csKyfonfh
South Bridge [lí½Sdygonf/ Intel Chipset, SIS Chipset, ALi Chipset, UMC Chipset,
VIA Chipset ponfjzifhawGU&SdEdkifygonf/ Intel Chipset rsm;\ pGrf;aqmifekdifrIESifh pufrIqkdif&m
t&nftaoG;rsm;ukd Z,m;rsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonf/
54/ Z,m; (8)ESifh(9)wdkYudkavhvmjcif;jzifh atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;ukd awGU½SdEkdifygonf-

(u) Chipset ukdMunfhí Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd cefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/
( c) Chipset ay:rlwnfí Mother Board Speed/ Bus Speed uGmjcm;onf/
( *) Chipset ay:rl w nf í trsm;qk H ; wyf q if E k d i f o nf h t "d u rS w f O mPf y rmPES i f h
(66/100/133/200/400/800MHz)Memory Bankta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/
(C) Chipsetay:rlwnfíwyfqifEkdifaom (2/4/8)CPUta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/
( i) 440GX, 440 NX Chipset rsm;onf SMP [kac:aom CPU ta&twGuf
2ck (odkY) 4ckxd wyfqifvkyfaqmifEdkifonfhtwGuf Server rsm;wGif tokH;jyK
Ekdifonf/
( p) Chipsetay:rlwnfíCPUtrsKd;tpm;?HT,Dual Channel&^r&uGmjcm;onf/
(q) Chipsetay:rlwnfíAGP Support(1/2/4/8X)vkyf^rvkyfEdkifuGmjcm;ygonf/
( Z) Chipset ay:rlwnfí wyfqifEkdifaom Memory Type (FPM, EDO,
SD-RAM, DDR-RAM, RD-RAM)uGmjcm;onf/
( ps) Chipset ay:rlwnfí UDMA 33/66/100/133 Hard Disk, Serial ATA
wyfqiftvkyfvkyfEdkifjcif;wdkY uGmjcm;ygonf/
(n) Chipset ay:rlwnfíPCI Bus width(32/64bit),SpeedESifhtjcm;Features
rsm;uGmjcm;ygonf/ Oyrm-RAID controller, Gigabit, IEEE1394
uGefysLwmvufpJG 58
Celeron and Pentium II/III Motherboard Chipsets (North Bridge)
Chipset 440FX 440LX 440EX 440BX
Codename Natoma none none none
Date Introduced May 1996 Aug 1997 Apr 1998 Apr 1999
Port Number 82441 FX 82443 LX 82443 EX 82443 BX
82442 FX
Bus Speed 66 MHz 66 MHz 66 MHz 66/100 MHz
Optimum Processor Pentium II Pentium II Celeron Pentium II/III, Celeron
SMP (dual CPUs) Yes Yes No Yes
Memory Types FPM/EDO/BEDO FPM/EDO/SDRAM EDO/SDRAM SDRAM
Parity/ECC Both Both Neither Both
Maximum Memory 1 GB 1 GB EDO/ 256 MB 1 GB
512 MB SDRAM
Memory Banks 4 4 2 4
PCI Support 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
AGP Support No AGP-2x AGP-2x AGP-2x
South Bridge 82371AB(PIIX4) 82371EB(PIIX4E) 82371EB(PIIX3) 82371SB(PIIX4E)
Chipset 440GX 450NX 440ZX 810

Codename none none none Whitney
Date Introduced Jun 1998 Jun 1998 Nov 1998 Apr 1999
Port Number 82443 GX 82451 NX 82443 ZX 82810/ 82810-DC100
82452 NX 82802 AB/AC
82453 NX
82454 NX
Bus Speed 100 MHz 100 MHz 66/100 MHz* 66/100 MHz
Optimum Processor Pentium II/III, Pentium II/III Celeron, Celeron,
Xeon Xeon Pentium II/III Pentium II/III
SMP (dual CPUs) Yes Yes, up to 4 No No
Memory Types SDRAM FPM/EDO SDRAM SDRAM
Parity/ECC Both Both Neither Neither
Maximum Memory 2 GB 8 GB 256 MB 256 MB
Memory Banks 4 4 2 2
PCI Support 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2
AGP Support AGP-2x No AGP-2x Direct AGP
South Bridge 82371EB 82371EB 82371EB 2801AA/AB
(PIIX4E) (PIIX4E) (PIIX4E) (ICH/ICH0)
SMP = Symmetric Multiprocessing (Dual Processors )

FPM = Fast Page Mode PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect
EDO = Extended Data Out AGP = Accelerated Graphics Port
BEDO = Burst EDO SIO = System I/O
SDRAM = Synchronous Dynamic RAM PIIX = PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator
Pburst = Pipeline Burst ( Synchronous ) ICH = I/O Controller Hub
Z,m; (8)
Intel South Bridge Chips
Chip Name SIO PIIX PIIX3 PIIX4 PIIX4E ICHO ICH
Port Number 82378IB/ZB 82371FB 82371SB 82371AB 82371EB 82801AB 82801AA

IDE Support None BMIDE BMIDE UDMA-33 UDMA-33 UDMA-33 UDMA-66
USB Support None None Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
CMOS/Clock No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Power SMM SMM SMM SMM SMM/ SMM/ SMM/
Management ACPI ACPI ACPI
SIO = System I/O BMIDE = Bus Master IDE

PIIX = PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator UDMA = Ultra-DMA IDE
ICH = I/O Controller Hub SMM = System Management Mode
USB = Universal Serial Bus ACPI = Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
IDE = Integrated Drive Electronics (AT Attachment)
Z,m; (9)
Mother Board Upgrading
55/ Chipset ay:rlwnfí Mother Board Speed? Memory Bus Speed uGmjcm;onfh
twGuf Mother Board wGif wyfqif&rnfh t"durSwOf mPf (Main Memory) \tjrefEeI ;f rsm;
onfvnf; Mother Board Speed ?Memory Bus Speed ESihf udu k n
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kd yfygonf/ odjYk zpfí
Mother Board udk Upgrade jyKvkyf&mwGif topfwyfqifrnfh Mother Board rSvufcHonfh
Memory rsm;(FPM/EDO/SD-RAM/DDR-RAM/RD-RAM)ESifhMemory Speed (PC66/
100/133/266/333/400 MHz) wkdYukdudkufnDatmifa½G;cs,f&ygrnf/ Z,m;(11)
Processor Sockets / Slots

56/ CPU udk Socket wGifvnf;aumif;? tcsKdU SEC Type CPU rsm;udkSlot wGif
vnf;aumif; wyfqif&rnfjzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m CPU Upgrade jyKvkyf&mü Motherboard
ay:½Sd Socket eHygwfuMdk unfjh cif;jzifh rnfo
f nfh CPU jzifh Upgrade vkyEf idk af Mumif; od½EdS idk yf gonf/
qkdvkdonfrSm Socket 7 Motherboard ay:wGif Slot 1, PGA 370, Slot 2 Processor rsm;jzifh
Upgrade rjyKvkyfEkdifyg/ tu,fí Upgrade jyKvkyfvkdygu CPU omru Motherboard
ukdyg Upgrade jyKvkyf&ygrnf/ (Memory ukdvnf; Motherboard \tjrefEIef;ESifhukdufnDaom
Memory jzifh Upgrade jyKvkyf&ygrnf/) CPU Socket rsm;\pufrIqdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk
Z,m;(10)wGifawGUEdkifygonf/ PIIIukd P4tjzpf Upgrade jyKvkyf&efMother Board ESifhP4
Power Supply tjzpfokdY Upgrade vkyf&rnf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 60
Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and Specifications
Socket Pins Pin Layout Voltage Supported Processors
Number
Socket 1 169 17x17 PGA 5v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 Overdrive
Socket 2 238 19x19 PGA 5v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 Overdrive,
486 Pentium Overdrive
Socket 3 237 19x19 PGA 5v/3.3v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2, DX4,
486 Pentium Overdrive, AMD 5x86
Socket 4 273 21x21 PGA 5v Pentium 60/66, Overdrive
Socket 5 320 37x37 SPGA 3.3v/3.5v Pentium 75-133, Overdrive
Socket 6** 235 19x19 PGA 3.3v 486 DX4, 486 Pentium Overdrive
Socket 7 321 37x37 SPGA VRM Pentium 75-233+, MMX, Overdrive,
AMD K5/K6, Cyrix MI/II
Socket 8 387 dual pattern SPGA Auto VRM Pentium Pro
PGA370 370 37x37 SPGA Auto VRM Celeron
Slot 1 242 Slot Auto VRM Pentium II/III, Celeron
Slot 2 330 Slot Auto VRM Pentium II/III, Xeon
PGA = Pin Grid Array SPGA = Staggered Pin Grid Array VRM = Voltage Regulator Module
Z,m; (10)
CPU Speed CPU Clock Mainboard CPU Speed CPU Clock Mainboard
CPU Type (MHz) Multiplier Speed (MHz) CPU Type (MHz) Multiplier Speed (MHz)
Pentium 60 1x 60 Celeron 667 10x 66

Pentium 60 1x 66 Pentium II 350 3.5x 66
Pentium 75 1.5x 50 Pentium II/Xeon 400 4x 100
Pentium 90 1.5x 60 Pentium II/III/Xeon 450 4.5x 100
Pentium 100 1.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 500 5x 100
Pentium 120 2x 60 Pentium III/Xeon 550 5.5x 100
Pentium 133 2x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 600 6x 100
Pentium 150 2.5x 60 Pentium III/Xeon 650 6.5x 100
Pentium/PenitumPro/MMX 166 2.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 700 7x 100
Pentium/PenitumPro 180 3x 60 Pentium III/Xeon 750 7.5x 100
Pentium/PenitumPro/MMX 200 3x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 800 8x 100
Pentium-MMX/Pentium II 233 3.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 850 8.5x 100
Pentium-MMX(Mobile)/ 266 4x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 533 4x 133
Pentium II/Celeron Pentium III/Xeon 600 4.5x 133
Pentium II/Celeron 300 4.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 667 5x 133
Pentium II/Celeron 333 5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 733 5.5x 133
Pentium II/Celeron 366 5.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 800 6x 133
Celeron 400 6x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 866 6.5x 133
Celeron 433 6.5x 66 Pentium III/Xeon 933 7x 133
Z,m; (11)
Five Ways to Faster PCs
(PCrsm;tm; ykrd v
dk sijf refpmG pGr;f aqmifEidk af &;twGuf enf;vrf;(5)rsKd ;)
57/ PC rsm;tm; ykrd v dk sijf refpmG pGr;f aqmifEidk af &;twGuf atmufaz:jyyg enf;vrf;
(5)rsKd ;jzifh Upgrade jyKvyk af qmif&u G Ef idk yf gonf-
(2) CPU ESihf L2 Cahce (BackSide Bus) qufoG,f
rIvrf;aMumif; oD;jcm;xm;½Sd jcif;? ,ck CPU rsm;onf L2
Cache ukd Internal twGif; xnfhoGif;wnfaqmuf
xm;ojzifh CPU Speed twkid ;f L2 Cache ukd Access
jyKvkyfEkdifygonf/
(1) CPU \ System I/O Bus
speed (okrYd [kw)f FSB tm;
66MHz rS 100~133~200
~400 MHz xd
AGP L2 cache (old)

2x/4x/8x
(5) PCI Graphic

Controller tpm; PCI Bus (3) Main Memory Speed
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Graphic Port ukd SDRAM, DDR-RAM,
tok H ; jyKjcif ; jzif h RDRAM wkdYjzifh tpm;xkd;
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ukd jrefqefapjcif; Chipset rsm;onf Dual
(4) PCI Bus Width ukd 32-bit 64- Channel jzif h v k y f E k d i f N yD
bit ok¤Yd if;? Speed ukd 33 MHz rS jzpfonf/
66 MHz xd¤if; ESpq f wifjcif;jzifh
Speed jrefqefapjcif;
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ESihf uku
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uGefysLwmvufpJG 62
Two Buses are Better than One
( BUS vrf ; aMumif ; ES p f c k o k H ; Motherboard rsm;onf BUS vrf ; aMumif ; wpf c k o k H ;
Motherboard rsm;xuf y k d r k d p G r f ; aqmif E k d i f j cif ; )
58/ P6, PII, PIII, P4 Motherboard Design rsm;onf ,cif Motherboard Design rsm;
xuf ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifaMumif; atmufaz:jyygykHrsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonf-
Intel’s Socket 8 and SEC Slot 1 Socket 7
Private
CPU CPU
backside bus
I/O bus I/O bus
(64 bits wide)
(64 bits wide) (64 bits wide)
PCI bus PCI bus
PCI device PCI device PCI device PCI device PCI device PCI device
Socket 8 and Slot 1 have two independent 64-bit buses,

Improving cache access bandwidth over Socket 7.
yHk (34)
59/ Socket 370, Socket 8, Slot 1, Slot 2 okH; Motherboard rsm;onf DIB (Dual-
Independence Bus Architecture) ukd tokH;jyKxm;ojzifh L2 Cache ESifh Main Memory
ukdwpfNydKifwnf;Access vkyfEkdifonf/ Xeon MB wGifL3 cache udkyg CPUtwGif;xnfhoGif;
wnfaqmufxm;aomaMumifh ,cif Pentium ESifh4if;xufedrfhaom Motherboard rsm;xuf
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Conventional Graphics Architecture
60/ Pentium Mother Board Design rsm;wGif Graphic Card tjzpf PCI trsKd;tpm;udk
toHk;jyKíPCI Slot wGifwyfqifvkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;aMumifh PCI Bus \ Data Transfer Rate
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3-D Program rsm;

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Graphic Controller rsm;udF
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rSvmaom PCI Memory wnfaqmufí Main
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rS vufcHrxm;Ekdifyg/ okdavSmifonf/
PCI rS Data yk d Y v T w f
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tok;H jyKoifyh gonf/ Pentium ESi¤hf if;xuferd ahf om Motherboard rsm;wGif Chipset onf AGP
uk d raqmif & G u f E k d i f o jzif h AGP Chipset yg0ifaom Motherboard rsm;jzif h Upgrade
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AGP \ pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd wpfzufwGif ½Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 64
How Accelerated Graphics Port Works
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PCI AGP 2x AGP 8x
Bits per transfer 32 32
Transfer per clock cycle One Two
Clock cycles per second 33.3Million 66.6 Million
Band Width 133MB/Sec 533MB/Sec 2132MB/Sec
Upgrading jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm;
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jyKvkyf&efudkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf/
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( i) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf CPU (odkY) CPU ESifh Mother Board
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aqmif½Gufa&;udk pOf;pm;&ef/ (AGP 4x/8x)
( Z) tcsKdU Simulation qdkif&m Program rsm;? Game Program rsm;? Application
Program rsm;udk Install jyKvkyfí toHk;jyK&ef? Hardware qdkif&m vdktyfcsuf?
OS qdi k &f mvdt
k yfcsurf sm;udk udu
k n
f aD tmifaqmif½u
G af y;&ojzifh ,if; Program
rsm;udk toHk;jyKvdkygu Hardware qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrI? Software qdkif&m
jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfonf/
Oyrm / 3D Game rsm;twGuf owfrSwfVRAM yrmP&Sdaom3D
Graphic Accelerator Card vdktyfygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 66
Hard Disk Storage

65/ uGefysLwmpepfwpfckwGiftcsuftvufodkavSmifaomypönf;wpfckjzpfonfhHard
Disk onfta&;BuD;qHk;aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif yg0ifonf/Hard Disk \pufrIydkif;
qdkif&mtvkyfvkyfyHkudk em;vnfjcif;jzifh rnfodkYrnfyHkBuHhcdkifatmif xdef;odrf;oifhonf?
rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh xdef;odrf;a&;aqmif ½Gufoifhonfudk od&SdEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/
66/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;wGif atmufaz:jyyg Conponents rsm;yg0ifonf-
(u) Disk Platters
( c) Logic Board
( *) Read/Write Heads
(C) Cable and Connector
( i) Head Actuator Mechanism
( p) Configuration Items (Jumper or Switches)
(q) Spindle Motor
67/ Hard Disk onftvHkydwfxm;aom oHbl;i,fwpfckjzpfygonf/ 4if;oHbl;i,f
twGif;wGif&Sdaomypönf;rsm;udk yHk(37)ygtwdkif;awGU&SdEdkifygonf/
ykH(37)
68/ txufygyHtk & Iron Oxide jzifh Coating vkyx f m;aom puf0ikd ;f yHk tvlreD ,
D rfjym;rsm;udk
Shaft wpfckwGiftaowyfqifxm;NyD;? Spindle Motor jzifhvnfywfapygonf/ (1 rdepfvQif
tywfaygif; 5400? 7200? 10000 txd vnfywfEdkifonf)/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk Head jzifh
ñdIUízwfygonf/ rsufESmjyifwpfzufwGif Head wpfckpDwyfqifxm;NyD;? 4if; Head rsm;onf
Fly Head Principle jzifh Platter \rsufESmjyifESifh 1 vufr\ tyHk 1 oef;yHkvQif 3 yHkcefY
tuGmta0; (3 µ in) rSñdIUízwfonf/
69/ ,if;odkY Head rSzwfaepOf (Hard Disk tvkyfvkyfaepOf? Hard Disk LED vif;aepOf)
User rS Proper Shut Down rjyKvkyfojzifhvnf;aumif;? rD;ysufjcif; rD;tm;avsmhusjcif; ponfh
Electrical Power Problem jzpfojzifhvnf;aumif;? vnfywfrI½kwfw&uf&yfwefYjcif;aMumifh
yifhtm;&aeaom Head rSm yifhtm;r&awmhbJ Platter \rsufESmjyifESifhxdcdkufrdojzifh Head
Crack jzpfum Data rsm;aysmufqHk;Edkifonfhtjyif Hard Disk rSmvnf; ysufpD;Edkifygonf/
70/ rD;tm;jyóemrsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? oHk;pGJol\toHk;rjyKwwfrIaMumifhvnf;aumif;
Head Crack jzpfEi kd o
f uJo
h Ykd Logic Card udv
k nf; ysupf ;D cRw,
f iG ;f Edik yf gonf/ odjYk zpfí vQypf pfr;D
jyóemrsm;jzpfaom (Spike, Noise, Surge, Brown Out, Black Out) ponfwdkYudkyg
umuG,fwm;qD;&ef vdktyfojzifY trsdK;tpm;aumif;rGefaom UPS ESifY Surge Protector rsm;udk
tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfygonf/ owfrSwfcsufESifhudkufnDaom Ground System &dS&efESifh oHk;pGJolrS
rSefuefpGm toHk;jyKwwf&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/
71/ Hard Disk onf atmufyg yHk(38) twdkif; puf0dkif;yHk vrf;aMumif; Tracks rsm;jzifh
tcsuftvufrsm;udk Magnetic Sport rsm;tjzpfzefwD;í " 1, 0 " rsm;tjzpf odrf;qnf;ygonf/
Platter rsufESmjyifwdkif;wGif Track rsm;wnf&Sdav&m rsufESmjyifrsm;&Sd eHygwfwlnDaom Track
rsm;udk pkpnf;jcif;jzifh Cylinder [kac:qdkEdkifygonf/
123
123
Spindle
123 Head Arm Platter
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
Head
123
123
123
123
123
123
123 Cylinder
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
yHk (38)
123
123
123
123
123
uGefysLwmvufpJG 68
72/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;\tcsuftvuf odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmPudk Cylinder ta&twGuf?
Head ta&twGu?f Sector ta&twGuaf y:wGif rlwnfí wGuc f suEf ikd yf g onf/ yH(k 39)ygtwdik ;f
Hard Disk \Capacity rsm;rsm;odr;f qn;Ed f ik &f eftwGuf wpfvufrwGi&f dS Track ta&twGuf
udk wdk;íxm;&Sdjcif;? wpfvufrwGif&Sdaom 1, 0 ta&twGuf bit ta&twGufudk wdk;íxm;&Sdjcif;
jzifh &&SdEdkifygonf/ þtcsufonf Platter tcsif;0ufcsif;wlaomfvnf; odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmP
enf;&jcif;? rsm;&jcif;\ t"dutcsufyifjzpfonf/
Tracks per Inch ( TPI ) Tracks per Inch ( TPI )
Bits Bits
per per
Inch Inch
(BPI) (BPI)
Track
Lower Higher
Bits
Areal Areal
Density Density
yHk (39)
73/ Hard Disk \ Platter Surface wGif yH(k 40)ygtwdik ;f Hard Disk \puf0ikd ;f yHv
k rf;aMumif;
(Track) ESifh Sector rsm;cGJí tcsuftvufrsm;odrf;qnf;onf/
Track
} Sector
yHk (40)
74/ Hard Disk \puf0dkif;ykHvrf;aMumif;rsm;wGif tjyiftusqHk; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;udk

Track 0 [kac:onf/ 4if; Track 0 onf Hard Disk \ta&;BuD;qHk;tpdwftydkif; (System
Area) jzpf&m Track 0 Bad jzpfomG ;ygu tcsut f vufrsm;ysuq f ;D qH;k ½I;H Ny;D ? Hard Disk wpfcv
k ;kH
oHk;r&aom tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ tjyiftusqHk; Track rStwGif;bufodkY
a&muf&SdoGm;onfESifh eHygwfydkBuD;vmrnf jzpfygonf/ yHk(41)?yHk(42) (Oyrm- Track 1024)
Outer Track
Middle Track
yHk (41)
Inner Track
Cylinders Outer Cylinder
MiddleCylinder
Inner Cylinder
yHk (42)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 70
Hard Disk Features
75/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;a½G;cs,f&mü-
(u) Reliability (,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI)
( c) Capacity (odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmP)
( *) Interface Type (csdwfqufEdkifonfhpepf SCSI, IDE-(SATA,PATA))
(C) SMART (Self Monitoring And Reporting Technique)
( i) Head Technology (Head wnfaqmufxm;onfh enf;ynm)
( p) MTBF (oufwrf;umv)
( q) Shock Mounting (vIyf&Sm;rI'PfcHEdkif&ef txdef;rsm;)
( Z ) Speed (tjrefEIef;)ESifh RPM (vnfywfEIef;)
( ps) Cost (wefzdk;aiG) wdkYudkMunfhí a½G;cs,foifhygonf/
76/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;\oufwrf;udk MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) jzifh
wdkif;wmonf/ MTBF rSm20000 em&DrS 50000 em&Dtxuf &SdEdkifygonf/ (Oyrm - MTBF
t& em&D (5)aomif; &Sdaom Hard Disk wpfvHk;udk (1) &ufvQif (8) em&DMumtoHk;jyKygu
(17)ESpfMum toHk;jyKEdkifNyD;? (24)em&DtjynfhtoHk;jyKrnfqdkygu (6)ESpfcefYtoHk;jyKEdkifaMumif;
wGucf sucf efrY eS ;f Edik yf gonf/) 4if;onf oDt&kd t
D & oufwrf;yifjzpf&m wu,fvufawGUwGif tjcm;
xdcdkufEdkifzG,f tajctaersm;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf/
Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm;
77/ atmufygtcsurf sm;udk owdjyKxed ;f odr;f *½kjyKvkyfaqmifoifyh gonf-
(u) Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf (odkY) tvkyfvkyfaepOf pufudkrydwf&? rvIyf&Sm;&yg/
( c) Hard Disk Utility , File System Utility Software rsm;toHk;jyK&mwGif
ruRr;f usib f J toH;k rjyKoifyh g/ owdjyK&rnft h csurf sm;udk aocsmpGmzwf½NI y;D rSom
oHk;oifhygonf/ (Data rsm;udktjcm; Media wpfckckwGif Backup jyKvkyfNyD;rSom
oHk;pGJoifhygonf/)
( *) CMOS Setup wG i f & S d o nf h Hard Disk ES i f h o uf q d k i f a omtcsuf r sm;ud k
jyKjyifajymif;vJrIjyKvkyfonfhtcg owdjyKrSwfom;vkyfaqmifyg/
(C) Hard Disk udo k ifah wmfaom Hard Disk Utility rsm;jzifh Scan Disk jyKvyk jf cif;?
Defragment jyKvy k jf cif;rsm;jzifh yHrk eS x
f ed ;f odr;f rI aqmif½u
G af y;&ef vdt
k yfygonf/
(Norton Utility jzpfygu Norton Disk Doctor jyKvkyfay;jcif;? Speed Disk
jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh yHkrSefxdef;odrf;rI aqmif½Gufoifhygonf/)
( i) tjrefEIef;jrifh Hard Disk rsm;tm;Cooling Systemwyfqifay;&efvkdtyfonf/
( p) uGefysLwmtm; rD;zGifh^rD;ydwfjcif;wdkYudk owfrSwfcsufESifhtnD vkyfaqmif&rnf/
(q) uGefysLwmpepftm; Ground csxm;rIudk pepfwusvkyfaqmifxm;&rnf/
Floppy Disk Drives
78/ Floppy Disk Drives rsm;wGifa&;EdkifzwfEdkifaom Read / Write Headonf

rsuEf mS jyifwpfzuftwGuf wpfcpk ½D o dS nf/ Floppy Drive wpfckwnfaqmufrIudk yHk
(43)jzifah zmfjyxm;ygonf/ Floppy Drive onfwpfrdepfvQiftywfaygif;300ESifh360
xdvnfywfEikd o f nf/ Head ESihf Diskette \rsuEf mS jyifux kd í
d zwfjcif;aMumifh zHrk sm;aom
ae&mwGifxm;½Sdygu Diskette ESifh Head rsm;Mum;wGifzHkrsm;Mum;cHí yGwfwdkufrdum
Diskette ESifh Head rsm;ysup f ;D Edik yf gonf/ Head Cleaning Disk jzifh Clean jyKvkyfí
oefY ½Sif;rIaqmif½GufEdkifaomfvnf; Cleaning Disk jzifh tBurd Bf urd tf oH;k jyK&efroifyh g/
79/ Floppy Disk Drive wpfck\wnfaqmufxm;yHktpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; yHk(43)yg
twdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/
ykH(43)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 72
Floppy Disk
80/ Floppy Disk wpfcsyf\ puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;ESifh Sector rsm;\ ydkif;xm;yHkudk
yHk(44)ygtwdkif; awGU&dS&rnfjzpfygonf/
Platter
Floppy Disk ESifh Head vIyf&Sm;rI
ykH(44)
81/ Floppy Disk rsm;udk Plastic Material jzifh jyKvkyfxm;NyD;? puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;rsm;
Sector rsm;cGJí tcsuftvufrsm;udk odrf;qnf;ygonf/ 5¼ ESifh 3½ Floppy Disk wdkY\
odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmPrsm;udk atmufygZ,m;rsm;twdkif;awGY½SdEdkifygonf-
Diskette on its Capacity
For 5¼" Track Sector Byte/Sector Total
1. Single Sided Double Density 40 x 8 x 512 = 160 KB
(SSDD) 40 x 9 x 512 = 180 KB
2. Double Sided Double Density (40 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 360 KB
(DSDD)
3. Double Sided High Density (80 x 15 x 512) x 2 = 1.2 MB
(DSHD)
For 3½" Track Sector Byte/Sector Total
1. Double Sided Double Density (80 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 720 KB
(DSDD)
2. Double Sided Quad Density (80 x 18 x 512) x 2 = 1.44 MB
(DSQD)
3. Double Sided High Density (80 x 36 x 512) x 2 = 2.88 MB
(DSHD)
Z,m; (12)
Floppy Disk & Drive ud k t oH k ; jyKaepOf owd j yKxd e f ; od r f ; &rnf h t csuf r sm;
82/ atmufygtcsufrsm;udk owdjyKvkyfaqmif&ygrnf-
(u) jyifyrS Diskette rsm;toH;k jyKrnfqykd gu Virus &S^d r&Sd ppfaq;Ny;D rStoH;k jyK&rnf/
( c) zkefwufaeaom? rIdwufaeaom? ysufpD;aeom Diskette rsm;tm;toHk;rjyK&yg/
( *) Diskette \rsufESmjyiftm; vufjzifhudkifwG,fjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/
(C) Diskette rsm;tm; oHvu kd pf ufuiG ;f &Sad om? tylrsm;aom ae&mrsm;wGirf xm;&yg/
( i) Floppy Drive zwfaepOf Diskette tm; txkwftoGif;rjyKvkyf&yg/
( p) Diskette udk Floppy Drive twGif; ajymif;jyefrxnfhrdap&efowdjyK&rnf/
(q) Floppy Drive \ Head wGifzkefwufjcif;? rIduyfjcif;rsm;jzpfay:í zwfr&ygu
Cleaning Disk jzifh Cleaning vkyfay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ odkYaomf Cleaning
Disk jzifh tBudrfBudrfjyKvkyfygu Head ysufpD;Edkifygonf/
( Z) uGefysLwmtm; jyifyodkYo,faqmif&mwGif Floppy Drive twGif; Diskette
xnfhvQuf o,faqmifjcif;rjyKvkyf&yg/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 74
CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)
83/ ,cktcg CD-ROM Drive rsm;onf PC rsm;wGif Standard Equipment
tjzpfyg&Sdvmygonf/ CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) onf
Optical Storage Medium wpfckjzpfNyD;? 682 Milliom Byte or 650 MB udkzwf½Hk
oufoufom toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/,cktcg Blank CD ay:ü Record vkyu f modr;f qnf;
Edkifaom CD-R Drive rsm;ay:vmNyD;? t*FvdyfpmrsufESmrsm;udk½dkufEdSyfodrf;qnf;ygu
Text pmrsuE f mS 333,000 Pages eD;yg; (odkYr[kwf) t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefaom toH
udo k rd ;f qnf;ygu 74 Minutes pmudo k rd ;f qnf;xm;Edik yf gonf/ wpfpuúet Yf wGuf Block
wpfckvQif 2048 Byte ygaom Block aygif; 75 ckyg&So d nf/ yHk (45)
ykH(45)
84/ CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk

(u) avqma&mifjcnfxkwfvTwfjcif;/avqm'dkiftkyfonf Energy tenf;i,fom
&Sdaom Infrared tvif;a&mifwef;ufk rSefjym;ay:odkYxkwfvTwfonf/
( c) Servo Motor rScsdefn§djcif;/ Servo Motor onf Microprocessor rS ydv Yk w
T f
aom ñTefMum;csuftwdkif; vkyfaqmifNyD; tvif;a&mifwef;\ taetxm;udk
CD-ROM ay:&Sd vrf;aMumif;ay:odkY a&muf&Sdatmif rSefjym;rsm;udk a½GUvsm;
apjcif;jzifh csdefñd§yg onf/
( *) avqm"gwfjym;udkxd½dkufrdjcif;? tvif;jyefjcif;ESifhpkqHkapjcif;/tvif;a&mif
wef;onf avqmDisk zefjym;udk xd½dkufrdNyD;aemuf tvif;jyefrI jzpfapygonf/
jyefvmaom tvif;a&mifwef;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;&eftwGuf rSefbDvl;wGif
jzwfoef;aponf/ xdkYaemuf rSefjym;rsm;udkjzwfí tvif;a&mifwef;udk cGJxkwf
onfh Beam Spliter odkYydkYvTwfygonf/
(C) jyefvmaomavqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd pkqkHapjcif;/ Beam Splitter onf
jyef v maoma&mif j cnf w ef ; uk d pk q k H r I a umif ; ap&ef t wG u f pk q k H r S e f b D v l ;
aemufwpfckokdY ykdYvTwfonf/
( i) tvif;a&miftcsufjyrsm;ukdvQyfppftcsufjyrsm;tjzpfajymif;jcif;/ aemufqkH;
tqifhwGif avqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd Photo detector okdY ay;ykdYonfh Photo
detector onf tvif;a&mifudk jywfawmif;jywfawmif; vQyp f pfvidI ;f tcsujf yrsm;
tjzpfokdYajymif;ay;onf/
( p) CD Drive wGif Microprocessor rS Process jyKvkyfjcif;/ uGefysLwm\
Microprocessor onf ¤if;xHokdY 0ifvmaom impulse rsm;ukduGefysLwmokdY
datarsm;tjzpfykdYvTwfygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 76
MultiBeam Technology
85/ jrefqefaom CD-ROM Drive rsm;ESifh DVD (Digital Video Disk) wdkYonf
wpfBurd wf iG f puf0ikd ;f yHv
k rf;aMumif;wpfco k m or½k;d uszwfonfeh nf;ynmrS Track rsm;pGm
udk wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh jrefqefpGmzwfEdkifonfh Multi Beam / True X Technology udk
Zer Research ukrÜPDrSwDxGifcJhygonf/ azmfjyyg yHk(46) onf puf0dkif;yHk vrf;aMumif;
(7)ckukd avqma&mifjcnfrsm;jzifw h pfNyKd iwf nf;zwf&ef rnfov
Ykd yk af qmifonfukd &Si;f vif;
jyoxm;aomyHkjzpfygonf/
Multi-beam
Dector
Beam Splitter
Lenses
Laser Diode
MultiBeam Technology allows seven tracks to be read at once.
ykH (46)
CD-ROM Drive Specification

86/ CD-ROM wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;udk atmufygtcsufrsm;jzifh wdkif;wmygonf-
(u) Data Transfer Rate (CD-ROM rStcsuftvufydkYvTwfEdkifonfh yrmP)
( c) Access Time (tcsuftvufzwf&efMumcsdef) Z,m;(13)
( *) Buffer / Cache (tcsuftvufrsm; acwåodrf;qnf;&ef CD Drive twGif;&Sd
rSwfÓPfyrmP)
(C) CPU Utilization (CPU \xdef;csKyfrIjzifh vkyfaqmifrItwdkif;twm)
( i) DMA (Direct Memory Access udktoHk;jyKí CPU \xdef;csKyfrI tenf;qHk;
jzifhvkyfaqmifEdkifrI)
( p) Interface (uGefysLwmpepfESifh csdwfqufrI)
(q) Loading Mechanism (CD xnfhoGif;pepf)
( Z) CD-ROM Format Z,m;(14)
CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm;
Drive Speed Transfer Rate(bps) Transfer Rate(KB/sec) Access Time (ms)
1x 153,600 150 400
2x 307,200 300 300
3x 460,800 450 200
4x 614,400 600 150
6x 921,600 900 150
8x 1,228,800 1,200 100
10x 1,536,000 1,500 100
12x 1,843,200 1,800 100
16x 2,457,600 2,400 90
18x 2,764,800 2,700 90
}
24x 3,686,400 3,600 90
32x 4,915,200 4,800
36x 5,529,600 5,400
40x 6,114,000 6,000
48x 7,372,800 7,200 85~75 or less
52x 7,987,200 7,500
100x 15,360,000 15,000
Z,m; (13)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 78
CD-ROM Format
Format Used For Notes
Red Book Digital audio CDs This standard, a.k.a. CDDA (Compact Disc Digital
Audio), was codeveloped by Philips and Sony
Yellow Book Computer CDs Specifies physical arrangement of sector. ISO Mode
1:9660
Level 1: PC, Apple, UNIX, DVI
Level 2: CDTV
ISO 9660, HFS, and HFS-ISO are used with Yellow
Book to define file and directory structures. See also
Mode 1, Mode 2, and CD-ROM/XA, which define
sector formats.
White Book VideoCD Stores MPEG 1, MPEG 2, and similar video sources.
Has replaced VHS video in southeast Asia for flim
distribution
Orange Book Writable CDs Port I-Magneto-Optical Drives
including CD-R, Port II-CD-R
magneto-optical, single and
multisession recording and
packet writing
Green Book Combination of Red Book and CD-ROM/XA can be played on either CD-I or
Yellow Book - for CD-I CD-ROM drives; CD-I has been used for interactive
(Interactive CD) sales presentations and kiosks
CD+(Enhance CD) Combines music and computer Used by musical artists to incoporate video and
data on single CD interviews on music CDs
Z,m; (14)
CD & CD Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm;
87/ atmufygtwkdif; owdjyKvkyfaqmif&ygrnf-
(u) zkefwufaeaom? jcpf&mygaom? zefom;aygufaeaom CD rsm;udk toHk;rjyK&yg/
( c) zkew
f ufaeaom CD rsm;udk owfrw S x
f m;aom Cleaning Kit jzifo
h m oef&Y iS ;f rI
jyKvkyfoifhygonf/
( *) Format rwlízwfr&aom CD rsm;tm; xnfhoGif;zwfjcif;udk a&SmifusOf&rnf/
(C) CD Drive twGif;&Sd Lens tm; tjcm;Murf;wrf;onfh ypönf;rsm;jzifh yGwfwdkufí
oefY&Sif;a&;jyKvkyfjcif;tm; a&SmifusOf&rnf/
( i) uGefysLwmtm; jyifyodkYo,faqmif&mwGif CD Drive twGif; CD xnfhvQuf
o,faqmifjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/
( p) CD Drive twGif;rS CD udkxkwfír&ygu ta&;ay: Eject vkyfEdkifonfh
taygufudk toHk;jyKí vkyfaqmifyg/ 4if;taygufonf CD Drive \ rsufESmpm
wGif yg&Sdwwfygonf/
(q) CD rsm;udk Virus yg^ryg ppfaq;NyD;rS toHk;jyKyg/
( Z) CD Drive &Sd Eject cvkyftm; csufjcif; zGifhydwfrI rjyKvkyfoifhyg/
High Capacity Removable Storage

88/ tcsuftvufrsm;ukd Backup tjzpf odrf;qnf;xm;&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? wpfae&mrS
wpfae&mokdY yrmP BuD;rm;aom File rsm;ukd o,faqmif&mwGifvnf;aumif; atmufaz:jyyg
Magnetic Media ESifh Magneto-optical Drive rsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdifonf-
(u) High-Capacity Floptical drive (21MB, 120MB, 250MB, 500MB
[lítrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
( c) Bermoulli Drives(10MB, 35MB, 65MB, 105MB, 150MB [l í
trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
( *) Zip Drives (100MB, 250MB [lí trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
(C) JAZ Drives (1GB, 2GB [lítrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf/)
( i) SyQuest Drives (44MB, 88MB, 270MB, 1GB [lítrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
( p) Tape Drives (2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 14GB, 24GB, 35 - 70 GB [lítrsdK;rsdK;
&Sdonf)
(q) Optical Storage Drives(CD-ROM, CD-R or CD-RW, DVD)
89/ Removable Storage tcsdKU\ pufrIqkdif&mt&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIrsm;ukd

atmufaz:jyygZ,m;toD;oD;jzifh EIdif;,SOfEkdifygonf/ Z,m;(15)rS(20)xd -
LS-120 Specifications
Drive Type LS-120 Floppy Standard 1.44MB

Floppy Disk
Fomatted Capacity 120MB 1.44MB

Transfer Rate: parallel port 290KB/sec 45KB/sec
Transfer Rate: Internal IDE 484KB/sec n/a
Average seek time 70ms 84ms
Disk rotational speed 720rpm 300rpm
Track density 2,490tpi 135tpi
Number of tracks 1,736×2 sides 80×2 sides
Z,m; (15)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 80
Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity)
Model (Interface) SCSI and/or Parallel Eide
Formatted capacity 100MB or 250MB 100MB or 250MB

Substained transfer rate 1.40MB/sec 1.40 maximum MB/sec
Substained transfer rate 0.79MB/sec 0.79 minimum MB/sec
Maximum throughput 60MB/min(SCSI); 84MB/min
20MB/min(parallel)
Average seek time 29ms 29ms
Disk rotational speed 2,941 rpm 2,941 rpm
Buffer size 32KB 16KB
Z,m; (16)
Jaz Specifications
Model 1GB 2GB
Formatted Capacity 1070 million bytes 2000 million bytes

Transfer rate:
Maximum 6.62MB/sec 8.7MB/sec
Average 5.4MB/sec 7.35MB/sec
Minimum 3.41MB/sec 3.41MB/sec
Burst 10MB/sec 20MB/sec
Average seek time read 10 ms 10 ms
Average seek time write 12 ms 12 ms
Acess Time 15.5-17.5ms 15.5-17.5ms
Disk Rotational speed 5400rpm 5394rpm
Buffer size 256KB 512KB
Interface Fast SCSI II Ultra SCSI
Z,m; (17)
DAT and 8mm Tape specifications
Tape Capacity Tracks

Standard (w/o Com- Data Appro- Tape Recording Encoding
pression) Density ximate Length Technology Format Interface
DAT 2GB/4GB 114MB/in 1869 195 ft./ Helical Scan DDS* SCSI
(Digital AudioTape) 300 ft. DataDAT
Video
Tape 14GB n/a n/a 120m Helical Scan
*DDS=Digital Data Storage

DDS-1 drives store 2GB of uncopressed data(4GB Compressed)
DDS-2 drives can store 4GB of uncompressed data(up to 8GB with compression)
DDS-3 drives have a native 12GB capacity or 24GB compressed
Z,m; (18)
SparQ Specifications
Formatted Capacity 1008 milion bytes
Transfer rate:
Maximum 6.9MB/sec
Minimum 3.7MB/sec
Burst (PIO mode 4) 16.6MB/sec
Substained transfer rate: parallel version 1.25MB/sec
Average seek time 12ms
Disk rotational speed 5,400rpm
Burst (PIO mode 4) 16.6MB/sec
Substained transfer rate: parallel version 1.25MB/sec
Average seek time 12ms
Disk rotational speed 5,400rpm
Z,m; (19)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 82
Removeable Drive Specifications

Disk/Cartridge Average Data
Drive Type Capacity Seek Time Transfer Rate
lomega Zip Parallel 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/sec

lomega Zip IDE 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/sec
lomega Zip SCSI 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/sec
Imation LS-120 Internal 120MB 70ms 4.0MB/sec
SyQest 235 Parallel 235MB 13.5ms 1.25MB/sec
Avatar Shark 250 Parallel 250MB 12ms 2.0MB/sec
SyQest 235 SCSI/IDE 235MB 13.5ms 2.4MB/sec
lomega Jaz (SCSI) 2GB 12ms 5.4MB/sec
Avatar Shark IDE 250M 12ms 2.5MB/sec
SyQest Syjet SISC 1.5GB 12ms 5.3MB/sec
SyQest Syjet IDE 1.5GB 12ms 5.3MB/sec
SyQest SparQ Parallel 1GB 12ms 1.25MB/sec
CD-R Drives 650MB <150ms 150KB/sec
Z,m; (20)
90/ uGeyf sLwmtok;H jyKorl sm;taejzifh ta&;Bu;D aom tcsutf vufrsm; rqk;H ½I;H apa&;twGuf
trsdK;tpm;rwlaom Media (3)rsdK;jzifh ykHrSef Backup jyKvkyfxm;oifhygonf/ Removable
Drive 0,f,l&mwGif atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;ukd pOf;pm;oifhonf-
(u) 1MB odrf;qnf;&eftwGuf ukefusrnfhaiG (Price per megabyte of storage)
( c) a&;Edkif? zwfEkdifonfh tjrefEIef; (Access time)
( *)
rnfonfhuGefysLwmESifhrqkd csdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifjcif;ESifh o,faqmif&vG,fuljcif;
(C)uGefysLwmtwGif; (okdYr[kwf) jyifywGifwyfqifEkdifjcif; (Internal or External)
( i)
uGeyf sLwmtm; Ready jzpfatmifjyKvyk Ef idk jf cif; (Bootable)ponfwYkd jzpfygonf/
91/ DVD Formats and Standards udk Z,m;(21)ygtwdkif; a&G;cs,ftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
DVD Formats and Standards

Standard DVD Formats and Capacities
Data Video
Format Disk Size Sides Layers Capacity Capacity
DVD-ROM Formats and Capacities
DVD-5 120 mm Single Single 4.7 GB 2+ hours
DVD-9 120 mm Single Double 8.5 GB 4 hours
DVD-10 120 mm Double Single 9.4 GB 4.5 hours
DVD-14 120 mm Double Double 13.24GB 6.5 hours
DVD-18 120 mm Double Double 17 GB 8+ hours
DVD-1 80 mm Single Single 1.4 GB 0.5 hours
DVD-2 80mm Single Double 2.7 GB 1.3 hours
DVD-3 80mm Double Single 2.9 GB 1.4 hours
DVD-4 80mm Double Double 5.3 GB 2.5 hours
Recordable DVD Formats and Capacities
DVD-R1.0 120 mm Single Single 3.95 GB
DVD-R2.0 120 mm Single Single 7.4 GB
DVD-RAM 1.0 120 mm Single Single 2.58 GB
DVD-RAM1.0 120 mm Double Single 5.16 GB
DVD-RAM2.0 120 mm Single Single 4.7 GB
CD-ROM Formats and Capacities (For Comparison)
CD-ROM 120 mm Single Single 0.65 GB
CD-ROM 120 mm Single Single 0.194 GB
Z,m;(21)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 84
HT Technology ( Hyper Threading Technology) \xl;jcm;csufrsm;
92/ atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf-
(u) HT Technology qdkonfrSm CPU tvkyfvkyf&mwGif Virtual CPU
wpfckxyfrHzefwD;í CPU ESpfvHk;jzifh wpfNydKifwnf; aqmif&GufouJhodkY
tvkyfvkyfEdkifjcif;/
( c) Back Ground Process rsm;vkyfaqmifaepOfwGif Fore Ground
Process udk jrefqefpGmaqmif&GufEdkifjcif;/
( *) Multi-Tasking udkjrefqefpGm aqmif&Gufay;Edkifjcif; /
(C) wpfpuúefYwGif NyD;ajrmufaomñTefMum;csuf (Instruction) ta&twGuf
(Through Put) aumif;rGefjcif;/
HT Technology udktjynfht0toHk;csedkif&eftwGufvdktyfcsuf
(u) Motherboard Platform (Chipset, ROMBIOS) wdkYonf HT twGuf
Ready jzpfapjcif;/
( c) CPU wGif HT Technology yg0ifjcif;/
( *) Operating System onf HT Technology udktaxmuftulay;jcif;/
(Oyrm- Windows XP, LINUX RED HAT 9.0)
Dual Channel DDR \pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI
(u) Main Memory udk CPU rS Access jyKvkyf&mwGif Channel (2)cktm;
wpfNyKd iw
f nf;vkyaf qmifEikd jf cif;/ (Oyrm- vlwpfa,mufonf vufEpS zf uf
jzifh ypönf;rsm;udk wpfNydKifwnf;&,ljcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/)
( c) DDR RAM 400 MHz &Sdonfh Memory udk Channel (2)ckwGif
owfrw S cf suEf iS t
hf nD Match jzpfatmif xnfo h iG ;f jcif;jzifh Dual Channel
+ Dynamic Memory Mode jzifhvkyfaqmifEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
( *) DDR RAM 400 MHz tjrefEIef;&Sd Memory udk Channel (2)ckwGif
owfrSwfcsufESifhtnD wyfqifygu Channel wpfckwGuf 400 M x 8
Byte = 3200 Mbps jzpfojzifh Channel (2)cktwGuf 6400 Mbps ≈
6.4 Gbps EIef;jzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
(C) CPU ESihf Main Memory Mum;wGif tjyeftvSeyf &Ykd efMumcsed ef nf;oGm;Ny;D
Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmrnfjzpfonf/
( i) Dual Channel &&SdEdkif&ef? ¤if;enf;ynmjzifhvkyfaqmifEdkifonfh Chipset
rsm;udk toHk;jyK&rnfjzpfonf/
95/ HT enf;ynmaMumifh pGrf;aqmifEkdifrI aumif;rGefjrefqefvmjcif;tm; ykH(47) wGif
awGU&SdEkdifygonf/logy udktjynfht0toHk;csedkif&eftwGufvdktyfcsuf
Hyper-Threading Technology boosts performance
in multitasking environments
Outlook*
and Winzip* 54%
PowerPoint*, VirusScan*
and Acrobat* 24%
Photoshop*
and VirusSacn* 23%
ykH (47)
Word*, Acrobat*
and VirusSacn* 21%
Microsoft* Visual
Studio.Netand Winzip* 20%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Hyper-Threading Technology benefit (%)
* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
96/ ,aeYtoH;k rsm;vQu&f o Sd nfh yH(k 48)yg Software Packages rsm;onf HTenf;ynm
toHk;jyKjcif;jzifh ydkrdkjrefqefpGm aqmif&GufvmEdkifNyD jzpfygonf/
Immediate performance boosts on today's popular software packages
MAGIX* MP3 Maker*+
XMPEG* with DivX* Digital Video and Audio Content Creation 33%
Window* Media Player + Watch a Movie while encoding one 27%

Window* Movie Maker*
Comanche* 4 and Doing more while gaming 19%
Musicmatch*
XMPEG* with DivX* Digital Video Encoding 38%
Adobe* PhotoShop* Photo Editing 34%
MAGIX* MP3 Maker* Audio Encoding 23%

ykH (48)
Quake* III Arena DemoIV Gaming 14%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Hyper-Threading Technology benefit (%)
* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
1 Data Communication Network
Data Communication Network

Chapter (1)
Media (qufoG,frIMum;cHypönf;)? Modulation (vdIif;ojcif;) ESifh
Multiplexing (aygif;pyfpkpnf;jcif;)
Digital and Analog Signal

1/ Digital Signal qdkonfrSm jywfawmif;jywfawmif; oabmobm0&Sdaom vdIif;
jzpfonf/ tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;wpfckwGif wnfNidrfaomtajctae wpfck&Sdonf/ yHk(1-1)
(Oyrm- High or Low)
2/ Analog Signal qdkonfrSm tcsdefESifhvdkufí pOfqufrjywf jzpfay:ajymif;vJ
aeaomvdIif; jzpfygonf/ yHk(1-2) (Oyrm-vl\toH)
3/ Analog tcsujf yrsm;udk Digital pepfjzifa h y;ydEYk ikd o
f uJo
h Ykd Digital tcsujf yrsm;udk
vnf; Analog pepfjzifh ay;ydkYxkwfvTifhEdkifygonf/ Digital Signal uJhodkY jywfawmif;
jywfawmif; obm0&Sdaom tcsufjyrsm;udk pOfqufrjywf ajymif;vJjzpfay:aeaom
tcsufjyrsm;taejzifh ay;ydkYxkwfvTifhEdkifygonf/
yHk (1-1) Digital Signal
yHk (1-2) Analog Signal

uGefysLwmvufpJG 2
4/ omreftm;jzifh Digital tcsutf vufukd Analog uGe, f ufpepfay:rS atmufaz:

jyyg Modulation enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh ay;ydx Yk w
k v
f iT Ehf ikd yf gonf/ ¤if;enf;vrf;wGif Analog
MODEM (MOdulation DEModulation) vdt k yfygonf/ ydv Yk wT o
f nfb
h ufrSMODEM
onf Digital tcsut f vufrsm;udk Analog tcsujf yrsm;tjzpfoYkd vdiI ;f ojcif; (Modulate)
jyKvkyfNyD;? Mum;cHay:wGif Analog yHkpHjzifh ay;ydkYygonf/ xdkYtwl vufcHonfhbufrS
MODEM onf Analog tcsufjyrsm;udk Digital tcsufjytjzpfodkY ajymif;vJjcif;
(Demodulate) jyKvyk o f nf/
5/ vufawGYtoHk;csrItrsm;pkwGif DTE (Data Terminal Equipment Oyrm- PC)
onf tcsuftvufrsm;udk Digital Signal jzifh az:jyvkyfaqmifygonf/ ¤if; Digital
Signal udk MODEM twGi;f odYk ay;yda
Yk omtcg MODEM rS Modulation jyKvyk o
f nf/
vufcHonfhbufrS MODEM onf Modulate jyKvkyfxm;NyD;aom tcsufjyrsm;udk
Demodulate jyKvkyfí rlv Digital tcsuftvufrsm;tjzpf&&Sdatmif vkyfaqmifay;
rnf jzpfonf/
Modulation (vIdif;ojcif;)
6/ Modulation qdkonfrSm tcsufjy Signal udk vTifhxkwfEdkif&eftwGuf Process
jyKvkyfjcif; enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfonf/ tcsufjyudk Carrier Signal (o,faqmifvIdif;)
wpfcjk zifh o,faqmifí Mum;cHe,fwpfcrk w
S pfqifh wpfae&mrSwpfae&modaYk y;ydEYk ikd yf gonf/
7/ tcsufjy Signal udk Modulating Signal (odkYr[kwf) Base Band Signal [k
ac:onf/ ¤if;onf Analog (odkYr[kwf) Digital jzpfEdkifygonf/ vIdif;oNyD;aom Output
Signal udk Modulated Signal [kac:onf/
8/ Modulition Technique tcsdKUrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Amplitude Modulation (Also called Amplitude Shift Keying) /
(ASK)
( c) Frequency Modulation (Also called Frequency Shift Keying) /
(FSK)
( *) Phase Modulation (Also called Phase Shift Keying) / (PSK)
Amplitude Modulation (AM), (Also called Amplitude Shift Keying) /

(ASK) (tjrifhvIdif;ojcif;)
9/ o,faqmifvdIif;\tjrifh (Amplitude ) onf Input Signal \ tedrfhtjrifh
ajymif;vJrIt& jzpfay:ajymif;vJapjcif;udk AM [kac:onf/ yHk(1-3)
yHk (1-3)
10/ AM (OR) ASK wGif 0ifa&mufvmaom Digital tcsufjyrsm;udk Analog

tcsufjyrsm;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJay;onf/ xdkodkYajymif;vJ&mwGif Modulated Signal
tcsufjy\ Amplitude onf Digital input \ajymif;vJjcif;uJhodkY jzpfay:rnfjzpfonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 4
Digital Information
1 1 1
0 0 Modulated Signal
0
+ = 0 0 0
1 1 1
Carrier
yHk (1-4)
11/ txufygyH(k 1-4)wGif Level ESprf sKd ;&So d jzifh Analog Signal wGiv
f nf; tjrifEh pS rf sKd ;
(Amplitude ESpfrsKd;) az:jyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ( 1 or 0 ) yHkwGif jrifhrm;aom Amplitude
tcsujf yudk 1 jzifh udk,fpm;jyKNyD;? edrfhaom Amplitude tcsujf yudk 0 jzifh ud,k pf m;jyKonf/
BudrfEIef; (Frequency)ESifh toGif ( Phase) ajymif;vJrIr&Sday/ ASK udk aemufxyf
Amplitude Level rsm; owfrSwfjcif;tm;jzifh xyfrHcsJUxGifEdkifygonf/ odkYrSom Noise
\aESmuf,u S rf 'I Pfukd cHEikd rf nfjzpfygonf/ ASK enf;ynmudk MODEM rsm;wGif toH;k jyK
xm;ygonf/
Frequency Modulation (FM) (BudrfEIef;vIdif;ojcif;)

12/ o,faqmifvdIif;\BudrfEIef;onf Input Signal \tedrfhtjrifhajymif;vJrIay:
rlwnfí BudrfEIef;ajymif;vJrIjzpfapjcif;udk FM [kac:onf/ yHk(1-5)
yHk (1-5)
13/ FSK wGif Digital tcsufjyudk Analog tcsufjytjzpfodkY ajymif;vJíxkwfvTifh

onf/ xdok x
Ykd w
k v
f iT &hf mwGif Analog Signal Burd Ef eI ;f onf Digital Input 1 odkY 0 udu
k ,
kd pf m;
jyKonf/
Digital Information
1 1 1
f1 f2 f1 f2
0 0 0
+ =
1 0 1 0
Modulated Signal
Carrier yHk (1-6)
14/ txufygyHk(1-6)wGif Coding Level ESpfrsKd; &Sdonf/ jrifhaom Frequency onf
1 udk ud,
k pf m;jyKí edrahf om Frequency onf 0 udk ud,
k pf m;jyKonf/ Analog tcsujf y\
tjrifh Amplitude ESifh toGif (Phase) rajymif;vJyg/ ASK uJhodkY FSK onfvnf;
aemufxyf Frequency trsKd;rsKd; o,faqmif&ef csJUxGifEdkifygonf/ FSK Technique udk
Low Speed MODEM rsm; ( 1200 bps ESifh ¤if;atmuf) wGif trsm;qHk;toHk;jyKonf/
ukefusp&dwfoufomaom Technique jzpfonf/
Phase Modulation (PM) (toGifvIdif;ojcif;)

15/ o,faqmifvIdif;\toGif (Phase) udk Input Signal \ajymif;vJrIay:rlwnfí
jzpfay:apjcif;udk Phase Modulation [kac:onf/ PM (or) PSK wGif tcsujf y Signal
\tjrifh (Amplitude ) ESifh BudrfEIef; (Frequency) ajymif;vJrI r&Syd g/ PSK Technique
udk MODEM rsm;wGif trsm;qH;k toH;k jyKygonf/
16/ tcsujf y Signal \ Wave Form t& Phase (axmif)h ajymif;vJjcif;ay:rlwnfí
Phase ajymif;vJygu ]] 0 }} [kowfrw
S o
f nf/ Phase 180 H ajymif;vJygu ]] 1 }} [k
owfrwS yf gonf/ yH(k 1-7)
yHk (1-7)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 6
17/ Quadrature Phase Modulation wGif rwlnDaom Phase Angle (4)ck &Sd&m
2bit jzifh atmufygtwdkif;az:jyEdkifygonf-
(u) 0 0 = 315 H
( c) 0 1 = 225 H
( *) 1 0 = 135 H
(C) 1 1 = 45 H
18/ Phase Angle (4)ckudk yHk(1-8)ygtwdkif; awGU&dSEdkifygonf/
yHk (1-8)
19/ yH(k 1-9)ESihf yH(k 1-10)wdw

Yk iG f vdiI ;f udk Phase Angle (16) rsK;d jzifh cGjJ cm;az:jyxm;&m
4 bit jzifh atmufygtwdkif;az:jyEdkifygonf-
(u) 0 0 0 0 = 22.5 H
( c) 0 0 0 1 = 45 H H igh Amplitude
( *) 0 0 1 0 = 67.5 H
(C) 0 0 1 1 = 45 H
( i) 0 1 0 0 = 157.5 H
( p) 0 1 0 1 = 135 H
(q) 0 1 1 0 = 112.5 H
( Z) 0 1 1 1 = 135 H High Amplitude
( ps) 1000=.....
(n) 1001=.....
( #) 1010=.....
( X) 1011=.....
( !) 1100=.....
( ¡) 1101=.....
(P) 1110=.....
(w) 1111=.....
yHk (1-9)
yHk (1-10)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 8
Data Communication wGif MODEM \ tcef;u@

20/ az:jyygyH(k 1-11)wGif qufo, G af &;uGe,
f ufpepfwpfcük toH;k jyKaomMODEM
wpfvHk; rnfuJhodkYvkyfaqmifonfudk az:jyxm;ygonf/
Telephone
ISP
Network
User
Analog Digitals Analog

signals Signals
upstream upstream
Digital-Analog Analog - Digital Digital-Analog Analog - Digital

conversion conversion conversion conversion
Remote System with an Analog Connection to the Telephone System

yHk (1-11)
DTE (Data Terminal Equipment )DTE (Data Terminal Equipment )
21/ DTE qdo k nfrmS PC wpfvHk;aomfvnf;aumif;? Terminal wpfrsKd;rsKd;aomfvnf;
aumif; jzpfEikd yf gonf/ Oyrm- PC onf Digital tcsufjyrsm;xkwfvTifhjcif;? vufcHjcif;
jyKvkyfonf/ MODEM onf Digital Signal rsm;udk Analog Signal rsm;tjzpfodkY
ajymif;vJay;NyD;? Analog Network (Oyrm- Analog Telephone Network) rSwpfqifh
ay;ydkYonf/ vufcHonfhbufwGif Analog tcsufjyrsm;udk MODEM rSvufcH&,lí
Digital Signal rsm;tjzpfodkY Modulate jyKvkyfay;NyD; DTE odkYay;ydkYonf/ yHk(1-12)
DTE HOST DTE

DCE DCE
Link
Interchange
Circuit Interchange
Terminal Modem Modem Circuit
HOST Computer
yHk (1-12) Typical Interface Showing DTEs and DCEs

Communication Resource udkrQa0oHk;pGJjcif;

22/ qufoG,fa&;pepfwGif rQa0oHk;pGJjcif;qdk&mü jrefEIef;jrifh Transmission Line udk
User wpfOD;xufru &,ltoHk;jyKjcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/ a0;uGmaomae&mwpfckrS tjcm;
a0;uGmaom ae&mwpfco k aYkd y;ydjYk cif;udpw
ö iG f jrifrh m;aomtjrefEeI ;f &So
d nfh qufo,
G af &;
vdkif;tpHkrsm;pGmvdktyfonfhtwGuf p&dwfpuBuD;rm;onf/
23/ User wpfOD;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh jrefEIef;jrifh qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;
rvdktyfyg/ odkYjzpfí tjrefEIef;edrfhaom Device rsm;taejzifh jrefEIef;jrifhaom Channel
wpfckudk rQa0oHk;pGJ&ef vdktyfcsufwpfck jzpfay:vmygonf/ odkYrSom Communication
Media rsm;pGmvdktyfjcif;? ukefusp&dwfjrifhrm;jcif;wdkYudk avsmhenf;apygrnf/ þuJhodkY
vkyaf qmifEikd &f ef enf;vrf;wpfcrk mS Multiplexer jzifah qmif&u
G jf cif;enf;vrf; jzpfygonf/
¤if;enf;vrf;onf ukefusp&dwfoufomNyD;? Device aygif; N ckonf qufoG,fa&;
vrf;aMumif;wpfcw k nf;udk Channel N ckjzifh wnfaqmufcsw d qf uf tvkyv f yk Ef ikd yf gonf/
Analog ESifh Digital enf;ynmwGif Multiplex yHko@meftrsKd;rsKd;&Sdygonf/ yHk(1-14)
Multiplexer
yHk (1-14)
24/ Multiplex wGif Low Speed Line rsm;udk aygif;pkí High Speed Line ay:
wifay;um a0;uGmaomae&modkY ay;ydkYEdkifygonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh þuJhodkYay;ydkYjcif;
aMumifh Low Speed Line rsm;pGm rvdt
k yfb?J High Speed vdik ;f wpfvikd ;f vdt
k yfygonf/
odkYjzpfí ukefusp&dwfoufomapygonf/
FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing )

25/ FDM enf;vrf;wGif Communication Channel \pkpkaygif; Frequency udk
csdwfqufvdkonfh User ta&twGujf zifph m;ygu User wpfO;D twGuf Frequency yrmP
udk &&Sdygonf/ az:jyygyHk(1-15)wGif Device (4)ckonf yHkaoowfrSwfxm;aom
Frequency Channel rsm;&Sy
d gonf/ Channel wpfcEk iS w
hf pfcMk um;tuGmta0;onf Guard
uGefysLwmvufpJG 10
Band rsm;jzpfygonf/ Guard Band rsm;onf Channel wpfcE

k iS w
hf pfcMk um;wGif a&maESmí
xyfí raeatmif wdusaom Frequency yrmPjzifh jcm;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
yHk (1-15)
Time Division Multiplexing

26/ Digital enf;ynmjzifh ydv Yk w
T jf cif;wGif txufygtwdik ;f Frequency rQa0oH;k pGjJ cif;
tpm; tcsed uf kd rQa0oH;k pGrJ eI nf;vrf;udk ydrk tkd oH;k jyKMuygonf/ ¤if;enf;vrf;udk TDM [k
ac:ygonf/ TDM pepfwiG f Station wpfco k nf tcsed u f mvwpfcwk iG f ydv
Yk w
T cf iG &hf ydS gonf/
Station rsm;udk oufqdkif&m Slot tvdkuf ydkYvTwfzrf;,lapygonf/ TDM pepfjzifh
vkyfaqmif&mü atmufygtajccHenf;vrf;(2)ck&Sdygonf-
(u) Statistical Time Division Multiplexing ( Stat MUX) yHk(1-16)
( c ) STDM (synchronous TDM) yHk(1-17)
STDM (synchronous TDM)

27/ TDM enf;pepfwGif User wpfOD;jcif;onf ay;xm;aomoufqdkif&m Time
Slot wpfckpDü tvSnfhus&,ltoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ Station wpfckonf Time Slot yHkao
wpfc&k &So
d nf/ ay;yd&Yk efr&Syd guvnf; Time Slot taoay;xm;onft
h wGuaf Mumifh Time
Slot qHk;½IH;rIjzpfay:apygrnf/
Workstation
Demultiplexer
Workstation Multiplexer
.....3 2 1 4 3 2 1
Workstation
Time Slot Time Slot
for for Server
Computer Computer Server
Computer
2 1
Workstation
yHk (1-16) Time Division Multiplexing
T1
Frame
n-3 n-2 n-1 nth n+1 n+2 n+3 -----

Frame
Channel Channel Channel

1 2 24
yHk (1-17) T1 Multiplexed Data Stream

uGefysLwmvufpJG 12
Statistical Time Devision Multiplexing ( Stat MUX)

28/ Frequency Division Multiplexing ESifh Synchronous Time Devision
Multiplexing (2) rsK;d onf ay;yd&
Yk ef r&Sad omTerminal rsm;twGuf Time Slot (odrYk [kw)f
Transmission Space qHk;½HI;rI jzpfedkifygonf/ odkYjzpfí Statistical Time Division
Multiplexing ( Synchronous Time Devision Multiplexing) wGif Time Slot qHk;½HI;rI
rjzpfap&eftwGuf ay;ydkY&efr&Sdaom Empty Time Slot rsm;udk ay;ydkYjcif;rvkyfaqmifbJ?
ay;ydkY&ef&Sdaom Active User rsm;\ Data rsm;udkom ay;ydkYjcif; jyKvkyfygonf/ yHk(1-18)
ESifh yHk(1-19)
yHk (1-18)
yHk (1-19)
Chapter (2)
Dial-up Telephone Line pepftoH;k jyK Point to Point
Data Communication vkyaf qmifjf cif;
(PC < >PC)
Point to Point Data Communication (wpfae&mESifhwpfae&mqufoG,f

aqmif&Gufjcif;
1/ wpfae&mESifhwpfae&mqufoG,faqmif&Guf&ef Modem wyfqifyHk? toHk;jyKEdkif
&ef twGuf Install jyKvyk yf ?kH Point to Point csw
d q
f uf&eftwGuf Microsoft Windows
2000/ Windows XP Operating System wdkYjzifh vkyfaqmifyHktqifhqifhudk yHk(2-1)
jzifh&Sif;vif;tyfygonf/
Tele-Communication
MODEM Network MODEM
vufatmufcH yifruGefysLwm
uGefysLwm
yHk (2-1) w,fvDzkef;vdkif;toHk;jyKí wpfae&mESifhwpfae&m qufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;
2/ Point wpfcktwGuf vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; / Windows 2000 / Windows

XP Operating System toHk;jyKonfhuGefysLwmtwGuf atmufygypönf;rsm; vdktyfyg
onf-
(u) toHk;jyKuGefysLwm (1)pHk
( c) 56 K , Internal MODEM / External MODEM (1)pHk
( *) Telephone Line & Telephone (1)pHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 14
USB jzifhcsdwfqufonfh External Modem wyfqifjcif;

(Installating a USB External Modem)
3/ External Modem wyfqifjcif;udk yH(k 2-2)ygtwdi
k ;f aqmif&u
G Ef ikd yf gonf/ yHw
k iG f
USB Modem jzpfojzifh USB Line jzifh Mother Board rS Power udk &,lygonf/
oD;jcm; Power Adapter rvdt
k yfyg/
Computer jzifh USB Cable toHk;jyKí csdwfquf&efae&m

(¤if; Cable jzifh Motherboard rS Volt tm;udk &,lonf/
USB Cable
oD;jcm; Power Adapter rvdktyfyg/)
(uGefysLwmESifhUSB Modem
Mum;wGif qufoG,fonf/)
Modem odkYqufoG,f&ef Telephone Cable
Computer odkYqufoG,f&ef Telephone odkYqufoG,f&efae&m
Telephone Line qufoG,f&efae&m
Modem Driver CD
yHk (2-2) External USB Modem ESifhyg0ifaomypönf;rsm;

Computer tm; External USB Modem? Telephone Line ESifh Telephone

wdkYjzifh csdwfqufjcif;
(Connecting a Computer, External USB Modem, Telephone Line &
Telephone)
4/ External USB Modem? Telephone Line ESifhTelephone csdwfqufEdkif&ef
yHk(2-3)ygtwkdif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
ES i f h External
System Unit Telephone ES i f h External
USB Modem qufoG,fjcif; USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;
yHk (2-3)
Computer tm;
External
USB Modem?
Telephone Line
ESifh Telephone
csdwfqufxm;yHk
Telephone Line ESifh External

USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 16
Computer \ System Unit tm; External USB Modem tygt0iftjcm;

I/O Device rsm;jzifhtjynfhtpHkcsdwfqufjcif;
(Connecting a System Unit & Other I/O Devices)
5/ External USB Modem tygt0if tjcm; I/O Device rsm;jzifh csdwfquf&ef
yHk(2-4)ygtwdkif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/

Telephone ES i f h External
System Unit ES i f h External
AC Inlet
AC Outlet
to Monitor
Keyboard
Connector
Mouse Connector
yHk (2-4) Computer \ System Unit tm; External USB Modem tygt0if
tjcm; I/O Device rsm;jzifhtjynfhtpHkcsdwfqufxm;yHk
RS232 Cable jzifhcsdwfqufonfh External Modem wyfqifjcif;

(Installating a External Modem , Using RS 232 Cable)
6/ RS232 Cable jzifh csdwfqufonfh External Modem wyfqifxm;rIudk
yH(k 2-5) ygtwdik ;f aqmif&u
G Ef ikd yf gonf/ 4if;wGif oD;jcm; Power Adapter vdt
k yfygonf/
Computer jzifh RS 232 Cable toHk;jyKí

csdwfquf&efae&m (25 pin)
RS 232 Cable
Adapter ( Modem
Telephone Cable Telephone odkYqufoG,f&efae&m
tm;oD;jcm; DC Volt
tm;ay;&ef)
Computer odkYqufoG,f&ef Modem odkYqufoG,f&ef Adapter rS

DC Volt tm;t0if
Telephone Line qufoG,f&efae&m
Modem Driver CD
yHk (2-5) RS232 Cable jzifhcsdwfqufonfh External Modem ESifh

yg0ifaomypönf;rsm;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 18
Computer tm; External Modem ? Telephone Line ESifh Telephone wdkYjzifh

csdwfqufjcif;
(Connecting a Computer, External Modem, Telephone Line &
Telephone)
7/ External Modem ? Telephone Line ESifh Telephone csdwfquf&ef yHk(2-6)yg
twkdif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
System Unit ESifh External Telephone ES i f h External
Modem qufoG,fjcif; USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;
yHk(2-6)
External Modem ?
Telephone Line
ESifh
Telephone
csdwfqufxm;yHk

Computer \ System Unit tm; External Modem tygt0if tjcm; I/O

Device rsm;jzifh tjynfhtpHkcsdwfqufjcif;
(Connecting a System Unit & Other I/O Devices)
8/ External Modem tygt0if tjcm; I/O Device rsm;jzifh csdwfqufrIudk
yHk(2-7)ygtwdkif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/

Telephone ES i f h External
System Unit ES i f h External
AC Inlet
AC Outlet
to Monitor
Keyboard
Connector
Adapter rS
Mouse Connector
DC Volt tm;t0if
yHk (2-7) Computer \ System Unit tm; External Modem tygt0if
tjcm; I/O Device rsm;jzifh tjynfhtpHkcsdwfqufjcif;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 20
Chapter (3)
Modem Installation
(Microsoft Windows 2000 & Windows XP)
( Modem G jf cif; )
wyfqifjcif;ESihf toH;k jyKEikd &f efaqmif½u
Modem Installation jyKvkyfjcif;

1/ uGeyf sLwmESihf Modem udk rSefuefpGmcsdwfqufí Modem udk Power ON yg/
Ny;D vQif uGeyf sLwmudk Power ON í Windows XP pwifonfESifh yHk(3-1)uJhodkY Found
New Hardware Message ay:vmrnf/ (USB Modem jzpfygu Power Adapter
rvdktyfyg/ Modem trsKd;rsKd;tm; Computer pepfwGif wyfqifcsdwfqufjcif;udk
tcef;(2)wGif yHk (2-2)rS yHk (2-7)txd yHkrsm;jzifh &Sif;vif;az:jyNyD;jzpfygonf/)
yHk(3-1) Found New Hardware Message jzifh New Hardware udk

awGY&SdaMumif;az:jyyHk
2/ Plug & Play Modem jzpfygu Modem trsK;d tpm;yg wpfygwnf; az:jyay;
vdrrhf nf/ yHk(3-2)
yHk(3-2) USB Interface Device awGY&SdaMumif;az:jyyHk

3/ qufvufí Found New Hardware Wizard rS Modem udkxdef;csKyfaqmif
&Gufrnfh Driver Software udk tvdktavsmuf Install jyKvyk rf nf/ Install the software
automatically (Recommended) udk a&G;cs,fí Next Button udE k ydS yf g/ yH(k 3-3)
yHk(3-3) Found New Hardware Wizard

4/ xdt
k cg Modem Driver Software udk vdkufvH&SmazGrnfjzpfonf/yHk(3-4)
yHk(3-4) OS rS V.90 USB Modem udk&SmazGawGY&SdyHk

uGefysLwmvufpJG 22
5/ oufqdkif&m Driver Software rawGU&Sdygu rawGU&dSaMumif; azmfjyay;ygrnf/

yHk(3-5) wyfqifrnfh Modem twGuf Driver Software vdt k yfygrnf/ toH;k jyKaeonfh
Windows Operating System ES i f h u d k u f n D a om Driver Software jzpf&ygrnf/
Modem driver software udk rawGU&Sy d gu yH(k 3-5)twdik ;f Message box ay:vmygrnf/
xdt k cg Back Button udkESdyfNyD;? rSefuefaom Driver Software udk Install jyKvkyf&ef
vdktyfrnf jzpfonf/ yHk(3-6)ygtwdkif; Message box ay:vmygrnf/
yHk(3-5) PNP taejzifh USB Modem udk awGY&Sdaomfvnf; OS wGif

oufqdkif&m USB Modem udkrawGYojzifhaz:jyyHk
rSwfcsu/f Plug and Play Modem Device jzpfNyD;? Windows 2000 ESifh Windows
XP wdkYwGif wyfqifxm;onfh Modem Driver Software tqifoifhyg&SdNyD;
jzpfygu Installation tqifhrSmvG,fulNyD;? yHk(3-6)rSpwifí yHk(3-11)txd
Operating System rStvdktavsmufaqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ toHk;jyK
oltaejzifh Driver CD/Floppy udk xnfo h iG ;f &efrvdt
k yfyg/
yHk(3-6) USB Modem ESifhtwlygvmaom Modem Driver udk

Install jyKvkyf&efa&G;cs,fyHk
6/ yHk(3-6)rS Install from a list or specific location [Advanced] udka&G;cs,fí

Next Button udk ESyd yf g/ xdt
k cg yH(k 3-7)odYk a&muf&rdS nfjzpfonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 24
7/ yHk(3-7)tqifhwGif Driver Software ygaom Floppy (odkYr[kwf) CD-ROM

udk xnfhí Next Button udkESdyfyg/ yHk(3-8)ygtwdkif; &SmazGrnf (odkYr[kwf) Include
this location in the search udkESdyfí Modem Driver Software &Sdonfh Storage
device ae&mtm; a&G;cs,fay;Edkifygonf/
yHk(3-7) Modem Driver &Sdonfh CD-ROM rS Path udk&SmazG&efa&G;cs,fyHk
yHk(3-8) USB V.90 Modem udk&SmazGawGY&SdyHk

8/ yHk(3-8)wGif oufqdkif&m Modem driver rsm;udk &SmazGaejcif;jzpfonf/ &SmazGNyD;
aemuf awGU&Sdygu yHk(3-9)ygtwdkif; Message azmfjyaeygrnf/
yHk(3-9) wyfqifxm;onfh Modem Driver udkaz:jyxm;yHk

9/ yHk(3-9)rS Continue Anyway udkESdyfyg/ yHk(3-10)ygtwdkif; Driver rsm;udk
ul;,lí Install jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
yHk(3-10) Modem Driver udk Install jyKvkyfyHk

uGefysLwmvufpJG 26
10/ Installation NyD;qHk;ygu yHk(3-11)ygtwdkif; Completing the Found New

Hardware Wizard ay:vmNyD;? Modem \oufqdkif&m Software Driver udk Install
vkyfNyD;aMumif; azmfjyrnfjzpfonf/ Finish udEk ydS yf gu yH(k 3-12)ygtwdik ;f Modem \
Audio device udkvnf; qufvufí Install vkyo f mG ;rnfjzpfonf/
yHk(3-11) Modem Installation NyD;qHk;aMumif;az:jyyHk
yHk(3-12) Modem Audio Device awGY&SdaMumif; Message jzifhaz:jyyHk

11/ vHk;0NyD;qHk;ygu yHk(3-13)ygtwdkif; Modem udk tqifoifhtoHk;jyKEdkifNyD
jzpfaMumif; Message Box jzifh azmfjyay;rnf jzpfonf/
yHk(3-13) Modem udk tqifoifhtoHk;jyKedkifaMumif; Message az:jyyHk

Modem Driver Error azmfjyjcif;tm; Uninstall jyKvkyfjcif;ESifh Software Driver
rSefuefatmifaqmif&Gufjcif;
(Repairing & Upgrading the Modem Driver Error)
12/ Modem Installation jyKvkyfaomfvnf; Driver &SmazGawGY&Sdjcif; r&SdvQifaomf
vnf;aumif;? Driver rSefuefjcif; r&SdvQifaomfvnf;aumif; Modem udktoHk;jyKí
r& jzpfaewwfygonf/
13/ Modem udktoHk;jyKír&jzpfaevQif My Computer udk Right Click ESdyfí
Properties udk a&G;cs,fyg? System Properties Dialog box ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS
Hardware Tab udkESdyfyg? NyD;vQif Device Manager Command Button udkESdyfyg/
yHk(3-14)wGif Modems ae&mü warning trSwftom;azmfjyaeonfudkawGU&rnf/
yHk(3-14) Device Manager wGif Modem Driver

rSm;aeonfudk az:jyonfhyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 28
14/ yHk(3-15)twdkif; Modem udk Select vkyfí Right Click ESyd yf g/ Uninstall udk
a&G;cs,fyg/
yHk(3-15) Modem Driver udk Uninstall jyKvkyf&efa&G;cs,fyHk

15/ xdktcg yHk(3-16)uJhodkY Warning Box jzifh Uninstall jyKvkyfjcif;udk Confirm
jyKvkyfrnfNyD;? xdktcg OK Button udEk ydS yf g/
yHk(3-16) Modem Driver udk Uninstall jyKvkyfNyD; Message az:jyyHk

16/ Uninstall jyKvkyfNyD;ygu yHk(3-17)ygtwdkif; Modem device r&Sdawmhonfudk

awGU&ygrnf/ Menu Bar &Sd Action rS Scan for Hardware changes jyKvkyfí Install
jyKvkyfjcif;tqifh yHk(3-3)ygtwdkif; Found New Hardware Wizard rS jyefvnfpwifNy;D ?
yHk(3-13)txd tqifhqifhqufvufvkyfaqmifygu rSefuefaom Driver Software jzifh
Modem yHkrSefjyefvnfvkyfaqmifapEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ yHk(3-18)
yHk(3-17) Modem Driver jzKwfcsNyD; Device Manager wGifawGY&yHk

uGefysLwmvufpJG 30
17/ yHk(3-3)ygtwdkif; Found New Hardware Wizard rS jyefvnfpwifí yHk(3-

13) txd Install jyKvkyfjcif;tqifhqifhudk qufvufvkyfaqmifygu yHk(3-18)ygtwdkif;
Device Manager wGif rSefuefaom Modem Software Driver udk Install jyKvkyfNyD;
aMumif; awGU&Sd&ygrnf/
yHk (3-18) Modem Driver rSefuefpGm vkyfaqmifaerItm;

Device Manager wGifaz:jyxm;yHk
Chapter (4)
Routing & Remote Access
(Windows 2000 & Windows XP)
(ta0;wpfae&m&Sd vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrS w,fvDzkef;vdkif;jzifh
yifruGefysLwmodkY qufoG,faqmif½Gufjcif;)
Routing & Remote Access Service (yifruGefysLwmwGifvkyfaqmif&ef)
1/ yifruGeyf sLwmwGif Routing & Remote Access Service tvkyfvkyfaprSom
vQif tjcm;wpfae&mrS uGeyf sLwmrsm;onf w,fvzD ek ;f vdik ;f udk toH;k jyKí yifruGeyf sLwm
ESifh qufoG,ftvkyfvkyfMurnfjzpfonf/ 4if; Routing & Remote Access Service
wif&eftwGuf Start → Control panel → Administrative Tools rS Services
Shortcut icon udk Double Click ESy d yf g/ yH(k 4-1)
yHk(4-1) Administrative Tools xJrS Services Icon

uGefysLwmvufpJG 32
2/ yHk(4-2)uJhodkY Services Window ay:vmygrnf/ 4if;rS Routing and Remote

Access Services Startup Type ü azmfjyxm;jcif;r&So
d jzifh Disable jzpfaernf/ odjYk zpfí
4if;udk Double Click ESyd yf g/
yHk(4-2) Services Window rS Routing and Remote Access Services wGif

Disable jzpfaeaMumif; az:jyxm;yHk
3/ yHk (4-3) uJhodkY Routing and Remote Access Properties ay:vmygrnf/

Startup type wGif Automatic udka&G;cs,fyg/ NyD;vQif Apply Button udE
k ydS yf g/
yHk(4-3) Routing and Remote Access Service Startup type udk

Automatic a&G;cs,fyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 34
4/ yHk(4-4)uJhodkY Start Button ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rSS Start Button ESdyfí Routing

and Remote Access Service udk pwiftvkyfvkyfap&ygrnf/
yHk(4-4) Routing and Remote Access Service status udk

Start jyKvkyf&efaz:jyyHk
5/ yHk(4-5) uJhodkY Progress Bar jzifh Starting jyKvkyfygvdrfhrnf/ Routing &

Remote Access Service Starting jyKvkyfjcif;NyD;qHk;vQif OK Button udE k ydS yf g/
yHk(4-5) Routing and Remote Access Service udk Start jyKvkyfaeyHk

uGefysLwmvufpJG 36
6/ Services Window yHk(4-6)odkYa&muf&Sdygrnf/ Services Window wGif High

light wifxm;aomae&m&Sd Routing & Remote Access Service onf Started ESifh
Automatic jzpfaejcif; &Sd^r&Sd ppfaq;yg/ r&Sdygu azmfjycJhNyD;aom Process twdkif;
vkyfaqmifyg/
yHk(4-6) Routing and Remote Access Service

tqifoifhjzpfaeaMumif;az:jyaeyHk
7/ Start → My Network places ESdyfyg? ay:vmaom Window \ Left Pane

&Sd Network Tasks atmufwGif&dSaom View Network Connections udak &G;cs,yf g/
yHk(4-7)ygtwdkif; Network Connections Window xJwGif Incoming Connections
Icon ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/ vufatmufcHuGefysLwm(Client )rS qufoG,frI r&Sdojzifh
No Clients Connected [k azmfjyaernfjzpfonf/
yHk(4-7) Routing and Remote Access Service wifvdkufjcif;aMumifh

My Network Places wGif Incoming Connections Icon a&muf&SdvmyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 38
8/ yHk(4-7)yg Incoming Connections icon udk Right Click ESdyfyg/ NyD;vQif

Properties udk a&G;cs,fyg/ yHk(4-8)ygtwdkif; Incoming Connections Properties
Dialog box ay:vmygrnf/ yHk(4-8)rS General Tab wGif Devices box ü qufoG,f
vkyfaqmifrnfh Modem check box ü Check vkyyf g/
yHk(4-8) Incoming Connections \ Properties Dialog Box wGif

qufoG,frnfh Modem udk Check jyKvkyfaeyHk
9/ Users Tab udk ESdyfí yHk(4-9)twdkif; vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrS qufoG,f

0ifa&mufrnfhol\ae&mwGif Check box ü Check vkyyf g/ tu,fí topfxnfo h iG ;f
vdkygu New Button udkESdyfí topfxnfhoGif;yg/ 0ifa&mufcGifh&yfqJapvdkygu
oufqdkif&mtrnfudka&G;cs,fí Delete Button udEk ydS yf g (odrYk [kw)f Uncheck jyKvyk yf g/
yHk(4-9)wGif Administrator, DSCD ESifh Mg Mg wdkYonf vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrS
yifruGefysLwmodkY qufoG,f0ifa&mufcGifh&&Sdrnfholrsm;jzpfNyD; usefvlrsm; 0ifa&mufcGifh
r&&Sdyg/
yHk(4-9) Remote rS 0ifciG &hf o

dS rl sm;tm; yifruGeyf sLwmwGif
Check jyKvkyfí owfrSwfyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 40
Sharing & Processing (yifruGefysLwmwGif vkyfaqmif&ef)
10/ yifruGefysLwmwGif yHk(4-10)uJhodkY Folder wpfckwnfaqmufNyD;? 4if; Forder

udk Right Click ESyd í
f Sharing Security udk a&G;cs,fNyD;aemuf vufatmufcHuGefysLwm
rS rQa0oHk;Edkifatmif Sharing jyKvkyfay;&ygrnf/
yHk (4-10) Folder wnfaqmufNyD; Share jyKvkyfyHk

11/ xdtk cg yH(k 4-11)odYk a&muf&odS mG ;ygrnf/ yH(k 4-11)twdik ;f Share This Forder
on the Network Check Box udk Check vkyf&rnf/ wpfzuftoHk;jyKoltm; File
rsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJcGifhjyKygu Allow network users to change my files udk
Check jyKvkyf&rnf/ udkESdyfygu rlv Forder wGif Sharing vkyfxm;onfh
oauFwtjzpf vufyHkuav;yg ay:vmrnf/ yHk(4-12)
yHk (4-11) Share Folder udk Share Name owfrSwfyHk

uGefysLwmvufpJG 42
yHk (4-12) Com [laom Folder tm; tjcm;uGeyf sLwmrsm;twGuf

Share jyKvkyfxm;yHk
12/ yifrvufcHuGefysLwm\ trnfudk od&Sdvdkygu yHk(4-13)twdkif; My Computer

Icon udk Right Click ESy
d í
f ay:vmaom Context menu rS Properties udk a&G;cs,yf g/
(odkYr[kwf) Start → My Computer udk Right Click ESdyfí Properties udak &G;cs,yf g/
yHk (4-13) My Computer ay:wGif Right Click ESdyfí

Properties udka&G;cs,fyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 44
13/ xdt
k cg System Properties Dialog box ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS yHk(4-14)twdkif;
Computer Name Tab udkESdyfyg/ yHk(4-14)&Sd Computer Name Tab wGif Full
computer name \ab;wGif&Sdaom trnfonf yifruGefysLwm\ trnfjzpfonf/
yHk(4-14)t& yifruGefysLwm\trnfrSm Dell [laomtrnfjzpfygonf/ tu,fí
ac:&cufaomtrnfrsm;? &Snfvsm;aomtrnfrsm; jzpfaeygu Change Button udEk ydS í f
vG,fulaomtrnfudk jyef½dkufxnfhNyD;? uGefysLwmudk Restart jyKvyk &f ef vdt
k yfygonf/
yHk (4-14) Computer Properties \ Computer Name Tab wGif

uGeyf sLwm Name udkppfaq;yHk
(yHt
k & uGeyf sLwm Name rSm dell jzpfonf)
14/ Sharing jyKvkyfjcif;rSefuefrI &Sd^r&Sdppfaq;&ef yHk(4-15)uJhodkY Start → Run

udk a&G;cs,fNyD;aemuf? \\dell [k½dkufxnfhí OK udkESdyfvdkufygu yHk(4-16)uJhodkY
yifruGefysLwm Dell twGif;&Sd Share vkyfxm;aom Folder rsm;udk azmfjyaernf
jzpfygonf/ (þodkYvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef ESpfzufpvHk;&Sd uGefysLwmrsm;\ Protocol wGif
NetBEUI jzifhyg vkyfaqmifxm;&efvdkonf/)
yHk (4-15) csdwfqufrI&&SdNyD; wpfzuf&SduGefysLwmodkY qufoG,f&efac:qdkyHk
yHk (4-16) wpfzuf&Sd Shared Folder rsm;tm; awGY&Sd&yHk

uGefysLwmvufpJG 46
15/ vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrsm;rS rdrd Folder ESifhrdrd tqifajypGm qufoG,f

vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef aemufxyf Sub Folder rsm;udk xyfrHwnfaqmufEdkifygonf/
16/ yHk(4-16)wGif azmfjyxm;aom Com Folder tm; ESyd vf ukd yf gu Com Window
ay:vmygrnf/ 4if; Window ay:wGif yHk(4-17)ygtwdkif; Folder rsm; xyf r H
wnfaqmufjcif;jzifh oufqdkif&m½Hk;Xmersm;twGuf oD;jcm;pD owfrSwfay;xm;Edkifyg
onf/ (Oyrm- ½Hk;Xme trSwf(1) twGuf cmd 1 ? ½Hk;Xme trSwf(2) twGuf cmd 2?
½Hk;Xme trSwf(3) twGuf com 3? ½Hk;Xme trSwf(4) twGuf com 4) qufvufí
txufyg Folder rsm;twGif;wGif Inbox ESifh Outbox [laom Sub Folder rsm;
wnfaqmufí t0iftxGufrsm;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
yHk (4-17) Com Folder atmufwGif ½Hk;Xmetvdkuf Folder rsm; aqmufxm;yHk

Telephone Line toHk;jyKícsdwfqufjcif; (vufatmufcHuGefysLwmwGifvkyfaqmif&ef)

(Connecting Telephone Line)
17/ w,f v D z k e f ; vd k i f ; jzif h quf o G , f t oH k ; jyK&ef Start→All Programs →
Accessories → Communications → New Connection Wizard wdu Yk kd wpfqihjf cif;
Click vkyy
f g/ yH(k 4-18)
yHk(4-18) New Connection Wizard odkYoGm;a&mufyHk

uGefysLwmvufpJG 48
18/ New Connection Wizard Window ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/ yHk(4-19)
yHk(4-19) Dial-up Telephone Line toHk;jyKqufoG,f&ef

Network Connection Type wGifa&G;cs,fyHk
19/ ,cktoHk;jyKrnfh w,fvDzkefvdkif; (Dial-up Telephone vdkif;)udk toHk;jyK

qufoG,frnf jzpfojzifh Connect to the network at my workplace udka&G;cs,fí
Next Button udk Click vkyy
f g/
20/ New Connection Wizard Window ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/ yHk(4-20)
yHk(4-20) Network Connection tjzpf Dial-up Connection udk a&G;cs,fyHk
21/ qufoG,frnfh uGef,ufpepfonf Dial-up w,fvDzkef;vdkif; toHk;jyKqufoG,f

rnfjzpfojzifh "Dial-up Connection" udka&G;cs,fyg/ ¤if;aemuf Next Button udk
Click vkyy
f g/ Company Name Box ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/ yHk(4-21)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 50
yHk(4-21) tjcm;wpfzuf&Sd½Hk;tm; trnfay;tyfyHk
22/ yH(k 4-21)twdik ;f qufo,

G rf I uGe,
f ufpepf\trnfukd od&&dS ef vdu
k af vsmnDaxG
jzpfrnfh trnfudk owfrSwfay;yg/ (Oyrm- rdrd½Hk;rS uGefysLwmjzifh qufoG,f&mwGif
My Office [k trnfay;yg/) ¤if;aemuf Next udkESdyfyg/ Phone Number Box
ay:vmrnf/ yHk(4-22)
23/ yHk(4-22) wGif ac:qdkvdkaom zkef;eHygwfudk ½dkufxnfhyg/ (rdrdqufoG,fvdkonfh

uGefysLwmESifhwyfqifxm;aomzkef;eHygwf) Oyrm - rdrdqufoG,fvdkonfhXme&Sd "25707"
jzpfygu "003125707" udkxnfhoGif;yg/ ¤if;aemuf Next udEk ydS yf g/
yHk(4-22) tjcm;wpfzuf&Sd w,fvDzkef;eHygwfudk Entry jyKvkyfxm;yHk
24/ tcsif;csif;qufoG,frItwGuf ukefusp&dwf oufom&ef vdktyfygonf/

Network {&d,mwljzpfygu "5707" udk oHk;vQif ukefusp&dwf oufomEdkifygonf/
tjcm; Network jzpfvQif {&d,m Code yg xnfo
h iG ;f &ygrnf/ ¤if;aemuf Next Button
udk Click vkyyf g/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 52
25/ Completing the New Connection Wizard Window xyfrHay:vmrnf

jzpfygonf/ yH(k 4-23)
yHk(4-23) NyD;qHk;aMumif;az:jyjcif;ESifh Desktop wGif Shortcut

az:jy&ef Check jyKvkyfjcif;
26/ Desktop ay:wGif Shortcut jyKvkyfxm;&dSvdkvQif yHk(4-23) wGifygaom Add a

shortcut to this connection to my desktop udk Check vkyy f g/ Setting jyKvkyfrI
Ny;D qH;k ygu Finish Button udk ESyd yf g/
27/ Desktop ay:wGif yHk(4-24) ygtwdkif; My Office Shortcut icon ay:vmrnf

jzpfygonf/
yHk(4-24) Desktop wGif My Office Shortcut icon az:jyaeyHk

28/ yHk(4-24)wGif Desktop ay:&Sd My Office Shortcut icon udk Double Click
ESdyfí Connection pwifyg/ xdt
k cg yH(k 4-25) uJo
h Ykd Connect jyKvkyfonfh Box ay:vm
ygrnf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 54
yHk(4-25) w,fvDzkef;vdkif;jzifh rqufoG,frDaz:jyay;yHk
29/ yHk (4-25)wGif User Name ESifh Password wdkYudk ½dkufxnfhyg/ aemifwGif
Password ½dkufxnfhp&mrvdkatmif Save this user name and password for the
following users udk Check vkyfxm;yg/ Dial wGif xnfhoGif;xm;onfheHygwfudk
ppfaq;yg/ Properties Button udk ESyd í f tjcm; Setting rsm;udv
k nf; ppfaq;&ef vdt
k yfyg
onf/ Properties udEk ydS yf gu yH(k 4-26)ygtwdik ;f Properties Window ay:vmrnf
jzpfonf/
30/ yH(k 4-26)rS General Tab udkESdyfí Connect using box wGif Modem udk Check
vkyyf g/ rdrw
d yfqifxm;onfh Modem trsKd;tpm;jzpf&rnf/
yHk(4-26) Properties rS General Tab wGif Modem trnf

rSefuefpGmawGY&yHk
31/ Configure Button udkESdyfí Speed (bps) udk Adjust vkyy

f g/ yHrk eS t
f m;jzifh
57600 (56 Kbps) owfrSwfay;xm;vQif oifhawmfygonf/ (¤if; Tab &Sd usef Setting
rsm;udk Default twdik ;f owfrw
S xf m;yg/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 56
32/ yHk(4-26)rS Networking Tab udkESdyfí yHk(4-27)uJhodkY Setting rsm; &Sd^r&Sd

ppfaq;yg/ File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks ud k Check
jyKvyk x
f m;&ef vdt
k yfonf/ odrYk o
S m Files rsm; tjyeftvSef Share jyKvkyfEdkifrnf jzpf
onf/
33/ yHk (4-27)wGif OK udk ESdyfygu yHk(4-28) odkY jyefa&mufoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ User
Name onfvnf;aumif;? Password onfvnf;aumif; yifruGey f sLwmrS cGijhf yKowfrw
S f
NyD;jzpfonfhtrnfESifh Password jzpf&ygrnf/ xdktcg Dial-up Button udkEdSyfygu
yHk(4-29)uJhodkY rdrdqufoG,faeaom Phone eHygwfoYkd Dialing jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
yHk(4-27) Point to Point Protocol (PPP) jzifhqufoG,f&efESifh File and Printer

Sharing jyKvkyf&ef Check jyKvkyfxm;yHk
yHk(4-28) Dialing jyKvkyf&eftwGuf Dial Button udkESdyf&efaz:jyxm;yHk
yHk(4-29) Dialing jyKvkyfaeyHk
34/ cswd q
f ufro
d mG ;ygu Task bar wGif uGefysLwm (2)vHk;csdwfqufxm;onfh Icon
ay:vmNyD;? csdwfqufNyD;aMumif; Message azmfjyay;rnfjzpfygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 58
35/ xdktcg vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrS yHk(4-30)uJhodkY jyKvkyfygu Share Folder

ay:vmrnf jzpfonf/ yHk(4-31)
yHk (4-30) uGefysLwmESpfvHk;csdwfqufrI&&SdaepOf tjcm;uGefysLwmtm;

ac:,l&ef Entry jyKvkyfyHk
yHk (4-31) tjcm;uGeyf sLwmrS Shared Folder rsm;az:jyxm;yHk

36/ yHk(4-32)wGif Windows rsm;udkzGifhí Task bar wGif Right Click ESdyfNyD;Tile
windows Vertically jyKvkyfí pDxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ nmbuf Window onf yifr
uGefysLwmpufjzpfNyD;? b,fbuf Window onf vufatmufcHuGefysLwmpuf jzpfonf/
Window rsm;rS tvdk&dSonfh File rsm;udk Transfer jyKvkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
yifruGefysLwmpufrSzdkifrsm;
vufatmufcHuGefysLwmpufrSzdkifrsm;
yHk (4-32) qufoG,fxm;aom uGefysLwmESpfvHk;&Sd Shared Folder rsm;udk

,SOfvQufaz:jyxm;yHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 60
37/ yHk(4-33)wGif nmbufrS ay;ydkYvdkaom File rsm;udk Select vkyfí b,fbufodkY

Drag & Drop jyKvk y f u m yif r uG e f y sLwmrS vuf a tmuf c H u G e f y sLwmod k Y Copy
ay;ydkYEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ yHk(4-33)
¤if;zdik rf sm;udk Zip vkyí

f ay;ydYk
ygu ydrk jkd refqefNy;D tcsed u
f ek f
Source rS Destinnation odkY Mouse jzifh oufomapygonf/
Drag & Drop jyKvy k í
f ul;,l&ef (od)Yk
Transfer jyKvkyf&ef
vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrSzdkifrsm; yifruGefysLwmrSzdkifrsm;
yHk (4-33) Drag & Drop enf;jzifh File rsm; Transfer jyKvkyfaeyHk
rSwcf su/f vufawGYprf;oyfcsuft& zdkif(6)zdkiftm; Zip vkyfxm;aom 1.41 MB &Sdonfh

zdkifwpfzdkifudk 33.6 Kbps tjrefEeI ;f jzifh 56 Kbps w,fvDzkef;vdkif;ay:rSay;ydkY&m
(6)rdepfcefYMum&SdaMumif; awGY&Sd&ygonf/ Zip rvkyfbJ wpfzdkifjcif;ydkYygu
zdkifyrmPay:rlwnfí Mumjrifhcsdefonf Zip vkyfNyD;ay;ydkYjcif;xuf tcsdef
ESpfqrS oHk;qtxd ydkrdkMuefYMumEdkifygonf/ odkYjzpfí Zip vkyfNyD;ay;ydkYrSom
tcsdefukef? aiGukefoufomaprnf jzpfygonf/
38/ yifruGeyf sLwmodYk Message ay;ydkYvdkygu Start Run Command ½dkuf

xnfhí OK ESdyfjcif;jzifh yHk(4-34)uJhodkY Command Window ay:vmrnf/ xdktcg
yifrpufodkY ay;ydkYvdkaom Message udk ½dkufxnfhay;ydkYEdkifygonf/
Oyrm- yHk(4-34)wGif yifruGefysLwmESifh csdwfqufNyD; Ready taetxm;wGif
File ydkYvdkaMumif; Message ydv
Yk ykd gu -
C:\>Net Send dell “ I want to transfer file ”
yifruGefysLwmtrnf ydkYvdkonfh Message
[k ½dkufxnfhay;ydkYEdkifygonf/
yHk (4-34) tjcm;uGeyf sLwmodYk Message ay;ydkYaeyHk

uGefysLwmvufpJG 62
39/ xdt
k cg yifruGeyf sLwm\ display wGif azmfjyyg yHk(4-35)ygtwdkif; Message
ay:vmrnf jzpfygonf/
yHk (4-35) Message ydkYvdkufojzifh tjcm;uGefysLwmwGif az:jyaeyHk

40/ þodjYk zifh yifruGeyf sLwmESihf vufatmufcu H eG yf sLwmrsm;tMum; w,fvzD ek ;f vdik ;f
toHk;jyKí Remote Access jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh owif;tcsuftvufzdkifrsm; tjyeftvSef
ay;ydkY&,ljcif;? Message ay;ydkYjcif;wdkYudk Third Party Software rvdkbJ Microsoft
Windows 2000 ESifh Windows XP wdkYwGif yg&Sdaom Service rsm;udktoHk;jyKí
vG,fulpGmvkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/
41/ jrefqefpGmaqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf zdkifrsm;udk Compression Utility wpfrsK;d rsK;d
(Oyrm- WinZip, WinRAR) toHk;jyKí Zip jyKvkyfay;ydkYEdkifygonf/ Zip vkyfpOfwGif
vHNk cKH rt
I wGif Password xnfo h iG ;f Edik yf gonf/ vufco H nfu
h eG yf sLwmrS ¤if; Zip zdik rf sm;udk
rl v twd k i f ; jzpf a tmif j yef v nf j yKvk y f j cif ; ( Decompression odkYr[kwf UnZip)
jyKvkyf&ygrnf/
42/ vHkNcHKrI&Sdapa&;twGuf Encryption Utility wpfrsK;d rsK;d (Oyrm- PGP ) toHk;jyKí
rydkYrD Encrypt (odkYr[kwf) Compress jyKvyk &f ef vdt
k yfygonf/ vufcu H eG yf sLwmwGif
Decompress (odkYr[kwf) DeEncrypt jyefvnfjyKvy k &f ef vdt
k yfygonf/
43/ tjcm;aom Communication Utility Software (Win Fax Pro, ...etc) rsm;
toH;k jyKívnf; vG,u f pl mG jzifh owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;udk tjyeftvSeaf y;ydEYk ikd yf gonf/
odaYk omf toH;k jyKvo
kd nfh Software twGuf Installation Package oD;jcm;vdtk yfygon?f
yifruGefysLwmESifhvufatmufcHuGefysLwmrsm;wGif Install jyKvkyfxm;&ygrnf/ ¤if;
Application ESifh rdrdtoHk;jyKonfh Operating System vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpf&efvnf;
vdktyfygonf/
44/ txufyg pepfrsm;onf Point to Point csdwfqufjcif;jzpfojzifh uGefysLwm
ta&twGuf tenf;i,ftwGufom toHk;jyKoifhygonf/ uGefysLwmta&twGuf
rsm;jym;vmygu vHkNcHKrIydkif;qdkif&m? pDrHcefYcGJrIydkif;qdkif&mjyoemrsm; BuHKawGYvmrnfjzpf
ojzifh Server Based Network pepfwnfaqmufí owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tjyef
tvSefay;ydkYzvS,fjcif; jyKvkyfoifhygonf/
Tele-Communication
MODEM Network
M
DE
O
M
yifr Server
vufatmufcH
uGefysLwmrsm;
yHk(4-37) Sever Based Network toHk;jyKí Telephone Line jzifh

tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&GufyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 64
Chapter (5)
Network/ Internet
(uGe, hf ifwmeufqikd &f mrsm;)
f ufpepfEiS t
Physical Media
1/ wpfae&mrS wpfae&modYk (odrYk [kw)f uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH rSwpfv;kH odYk qufo, G &f mwGif
BudK;rJhqufoG,fjcif; ESifh BudK;jzifhqufoG,fjcif;[lí tajccHtm;jzifh ESpfrsKd;&Sd&m BudK;jzifh
qufoG,fonfh uGef,ufpepfwGif atmufaz:jyyg Cable trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk toHk;jyK
Muygonf-
(u) Coaxial Cable (Thick Coaxial, Thin Coaxial)
( c ) Twisted-Pair Cable (UTP, STP)
( * ) Fiber-Optic (Single Mode, Multi Mode)
Coaxial Cable
2/ Coaxial Cable onf aMu;BuKd ;jzifjh yKvy
k x
f m;aom Cable trsK;d tpm;jzpfygonf/
¤if;wGif Inner Conductor ESihf Outer Conductor [lí&Syd gonf/ Cable wnfaqmufyu kH kd
yHk(5-1)twdkif; awGY&SdEdkifygonf/
Wire
Outer Jacket Braided Metal Shield Plastic Filler
yHk(5-1) Coaxial Cable wnfaqmufxm;yHk

3/ Coaxial Cable udk Thick Ethernet Coaxial Cable ESifh Thin Ethernet Coaxial
Cable [líawG& Y &dS ygonf/ Thick Ethernet Coaxial Cable rSm 500 m tuGmta0;txd
ay;ydkYEdkifygonf/ tjrefEIef; 10 Mbps &Sod nf/ yH(k 5-2)
500 m
Thick Backbone
10 Base 5
yHk(5-2) Thick Ethernet Coaxial Cable
4/ Thin Ethernet Coaxial Cable rSm185 m tuGmta0;txd ay;ydkYEdkifygonf/

tjrefEIef; 10 Mbps &So
d nf/ yH(k 5-3)
185 m
Thin Backbone
10 Base 2
yHk(5-3) Thin Ethernet Coaxial Cable
Twisted-Pair Cable
5/ Twisted-Pair Cable onf trsm;qH;k toH;k jyKaom Cable trsK;d tpm;jzpfygonf/
wpfcgwpf&H Twisted-Pair Cable wGif Wire BuKd ;i,fEpS pf x
kH uf ydrk ykd g&dES ikd yf gonf/ 4if;wGif
Wire BudK;i,fuav;rsm;udk wpfckESifhwpfck vdrfíjyKvkyfxm;ygonf/ þodkYjyKvkyfjcif;rSm
vnf; Wire BuKd;ESpfckMum;wGif jzpfay:wwfaom Mutual Capacitance udkajczsuf&ef
jzpfygonf/ Wire BudK;wpfacsmif;udk Plastic Insulation jzifh xnfhxm;NyD;? 4if;WireBudK;
tpkta0;udk tjyifrS Outter Jacket jzifh tkyuf m yH(k 5-4)twdik ;f zJUG pnf; wnfaqmufxm;
ygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 66
Jacket
Four Pairs
(Eight Wires)
yHk(5-4) Twisted-Pair Cable wnfaqmufxm;yHk
6/ Twisted-Pair Cable udk CAT-1, CAT-2,CAT-3,CAT-4,CAT-5 [lí tajccH
tm;jzifh cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/ Z,m;(5-1) ,ckaemufydkif;wGif CAT-6, CAT-7 [lí
xyfrx
H u
G af y:vmygonf/
UTP Category Typical Use Signaling Technique Maximum Data Rate Maximum Range
Category 1 Telephone Analog and <100 Kbps 3-4 miles

Wire Digital
Category 2 T1, ISDN Digital <2 Mbps 3-4 miles
Category 3 LANs Digital 10 Mbps 100 m(328 feet)
Category 4 LANs Digital 20 Mbps 100 m
Category 5e LANs Digital 100 Mbps 100 m
Category 7 LANs Digital 600 Mbps (?) 100 m (?)
Z,m; (5-1) The Characteristis of Twisted-Pair Cable
Fiber-Optic
7/ vQyfppfoHvdkufvdIif; aESmuf,SufrI Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) ?
a&'D,v
kd iId ;f aESmuf,u
S rf rI sm; Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) wdaYk Mumifh Copper
Wire twGi;f pD;qif;aeaom Signal rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? avxJwi G f xkwv f iT ahf eaom
RF Signal rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? yHko@mefysuf,Gif;rI (distortion) rsm;ESifh Error rsm;
jzpfay:apygonf/ ¤if;rvdkvm;tyfaom EMI, RFI wdkYudkumuG,f&ef tvif;yHko@mef
jzifh ydv
Yk w
T jf cif;onf tvGeaf umif;rGeaf om enf;vrf;wpfck jzpfygonf/ tvif;yHo
k @mefjzifh
ydkYvTwf&mwGif Fiber Optic Cable jzifh ydkYvTwfEdkifygonf/ Fiber Optic Cable \
wnfaqmufxm;yHkrSm yHk(5-5)twdkif ;jzpfygonf/
First Conductor Fiber
Fiber
Second Conductor
yHk(5-5) Fiber Optic wnfaqmufxm;yHk
8/ Fiber Optic Cable udjk zwfí tvif;a&mifyv Ykd wT &f ef atmufygtajccH enf;vrf;
ESpfrsKd;&Sdygonf-
(u) Single-Mode Transmission
( c ) Multi-Mode Transmission
9/ Single-Mode Transmission wGif tvGefao;i,faom Fiber Optic Cable
ESifh Laser uJo h aYkd om pkqt Hk m;aumif;aumif;jzifh ydv
Yk w T Ef ikd o
f nfh Light Source vdt k yfyg
onf/ ukeu f sp&dwrf sm;aomenf;vrf;vnf;jzpfygonf/ tvGeaf 0;uGmaom tuGmta0;
txd ydv Yk wT Ef ikd yf gonf/ rdik f 100 ESit
hf xuf (+100 Mile) xd ydv Yk w
T Ef ikd yf gonf/ Single
Mode Fiber Cable \ diameter rSm 8.3 Micron &SdNyD; Cladding rSm 125 Micron
&Syd gonf/ odjYk zpfí 8.3/125 Cable [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/
10/ Multi-Mode Transmission wGif Single Mode xuf tenf;i,fydkBuD;aom
Fiber Cable udk toH;k jyKygonf/ Light Source tjzpf pkqkHrIr&Sdaom LED Source udk
toH;k jyKygonf/ odjYk zpfí Single-Mode Transmission uJoh Ykd jrefjrefqefqef rydv
Yk w
T Ef ikd b
f J
ukeu
f sp&dwv f nf; ydrk o kd ufomygonf/ < 2 Km txd ydvYk wT Ef ikd yf gonf/ Multi-Mode
Fiber Cable \ diameter rSm 62.5 Micron &SdNyD; Cladding rSm 125 Micron &Sdojzifh
62.5/125 Cable [kac:qdkEdkifygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 68
Network Topology (uGef,ufpepfqdkif&m BudK;csdwfqufyHkenf;vrf;rsm;)

11/ uGe,f ufpepfwpfct
k wGi;f uGeyf sLwmrsm;ESihf tjcm; Network qdik &f mypön;f rsm;\
BudK;csdwfqufoG,fyHkudk atmufygtwdkif;tajccHenf;vrf; (4) rsKd;jzifh awGY&SdEdkifygonf-
(u) Bus Topology
( c ) Ring Topology
( *) Star Topology
(C) Mesh Topology
( i ) Tree (or) Hierarchical Topology
Bus Topology
12/ Bus Topology wGif uGefysLwmtm;vHk;udk Cable wpfckwnf;jzifh csdwfquf
xm;ygonf/ yHk(5-6) ¤if;enf;vrf;onf uGef,ufpepfwpfck wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf
tvG,fulqHk; enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ LAN wGif Bus Topology csdwfquf&mü Coaxial
Cable udk Main Backbone tjzpf toH;k jyKygonf/
Terminator Workstation Workstation

Workstation
T-connector Main Backbone
Workstation Workstation
yHk(5-6) Bus Topology
13/ uGef,ufpepfwpfckwGif Bus Topology toH;k jyKí qufo, G yf gu uGeyf sLwm
tm;vHk;onf Wire BudK;ay:wGif ay;ydkYvQuf&Sdaom Data rsm;udk awGY&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
odaYk omf oufqikd &f muGeyf sLwm (Destination) rSwyg; tjcm;uGeyf sLwmrsm;taejzifh vufcH
&,ljcif; rjyKvyk yf g/ rnfonfu h eG yf sLwmtwGuaf y;ydo Yk nfukd Data twGif;&Sd Destination
Address (vufcr H nfph uf\vdypf m)udk Munf½h jI cif;tm;jzifh od&EdS ikd yf gonf/ rdrpd uftwGuf
jzpfygu Copy ul;í rdrdpuftwGuf r[kwfygu &,ljcif; rjyKvkyfyg/ tqdkyg Bus
Topology wGif Wire BuKd ;\ wpfae&mü jywfawmufrI wpfpw kH pf&m jzpfymG ;ygu uGe, f uf
pepfwpfckvHk; csdwfqufvkyfaqmifEdkifjcif; r&Sdawmhyg/
Star Topology
14/ Star Topology onf Bus Topology ESihf BuKd ;csw d q
f ufykH uGmjcm;ygonf/ Star
Topology wGif uGey
f sLwmwpfv;kH csi;f pDonf Hub/Switch odYk oD;jcm;BuKd ;rsm;jzifh qufo,G f
csw
d q
f uf&ygrnf/ odjYk zpfí Bus Topology xuf Cable BuKd ;ydrk v kd t
kd yfrnfjzpfygonf/
Cable wpfacsmif;wGif jywfawmufrjI zpfygu oufqi kd &f muGeyf sLwmomvQif uGe, f ufpepf
ESifhqufoG,frIjywfawmufoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ uGef,ufpepfwpfckvHk;tm; tusdK;
oufa&mufrI rjzpfEikd yf g/ odjYk zpfí Star Topology onf Bus Topology xuf trSm;cHEikd rf I
ydkrdkaumif;rGefaMumif; awGY&SdEdkifygonf/ LAN wGif Star Topology jzifh csdwfquf&mü
Twisted Pair Cable (4 Pair) udk toH;k jyKygonf/ Star Topology oH;k ícsw
d qf ufxm;yHu k kd
yHk(5-7) wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
Workstation
Hub
Hub
yHk(5-7) Star Topology jzifh BuKd ;csw

d q
f ufo,
G w
f ef;xm;yHk
15/ Star Topology onf atmufaz:jyygtusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;aMumifh toH;k rsm;vmaom

Topology wpfckjzpfygonf-
(u) vsifjrefpGm csdwfqufwyfqifwnfaqmufEdkifjcif;?
(c) Cable wpfacsmif;jywfawmufrI (odkYr[kwf) csKdU,Gif;rIjzpfygu Network
BuD;wpfckvHk;tm; rxdcdkufEdkifjcif;?
(*) csKdU,Gif;rIrsm;&SmazGjyifqif&mvG,fuljcif;?
uGefysLwmvufpJG 70
16/ Star Topology wGif atmufaz:jyyg tm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdygonf-

(u) Star Topology uGef,ufpepfwnfaqmuf&mwGif Cable vdktyfcsuf
ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmrnfjzpfojzifh ukefusp&dwfjrifhrm;Edkifjcif;?
(c) Star Topology wGif t"duusaom tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfonfh Hub/Switch
ysufpD;ygu uGef,ufpepfwpfckvHk; csKdU,Gif;oGm;rnfjzpfygonf/
Ring Topology
17/ Ring Topology wGif uGefysLwmwpfvHk;onf tjcm;uyfvQuf&SdaomuGefysLwm
(2)vH;k ESihf wdu
k ½f u
kd cf sw
d q
f ufxm;ygonf/ Cable ae&mcsxm;yHo
k nf puf0ikd ;f yHjk zpfygonf/
&Sif;vif;vG,fulaom yHko@mefwpfck jzpfygonf/ raumif;onfhtcsufrSm Ring \
wpfae&mwGif Cable jywfawmufrI (odkYr[kwf) csKdU,Gif;rIjzpfygu Bus Topology uJhodkY
uGef,ufpepfwpfckvHk; tjyeftvSefqufoG,frI r&Edkifawmhyg/ þtm;enf;csufudk
jyifqifí ydrk akd umif;rGeaf tmif wnfaqmufxm;aomIBM Double Ring enf;ynmonf
trSm;cHEikd rf I ydrk akd umif;rGeaf om emrnfBu;D onfh Topology wpfcjk zpfygonf/ 4if; Double
Ring wGif Inner Ring ESifh Outer Ring [lí Ring ESpx f yf&&dS m Ring wpfcjk ywfawmufomG ;
ygu usef&Sdaeaom Ring rS qufvufvkyfaqmifoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/yHk(5-8)?yHk(5-9)
Workstation
Single Ring
Workstation
Double Ring
yHk(5-8)
Ring Topology jzifh yHk(5-9)

BudK;csdwfqufoG,fwef;xm;yHk Workstation Workstation
18/ Token Ring Topology wGif vufawGYwGif Ring yHo k @mef rawG&Y EdS ikd yf g/ Star
yHo
k @mefcsw
d q
f ufxm;ygonf/ tvkyv
f yk yf rkH mS Ring yHo
k @mef jzpfygonf/ yH(k 5-10)
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
yHk(5-10)Workstation
Ring Topology jzifh BudK;csdwfqufoG,fwef;xm;yHk
Mesh Topology
19/ yHk(5-11)wGif csdwfqufxm;ouJhodkY Mesh Topology wGif Station wpfckonf
tjcm;aom Station tm;vH;k odYk wdu k ½f u
kd cf sw
d q
f ufxm;ygonf/ ,aeY Internet ESihf tjcm;
WAN rsm;onf Mesh Topology ESifhtjcm; Topology rsm;aygif;pyfum Hybrid Mesh
tjzpftoHk;jyKMuygonf/ þodkYtoHk;jyKjcif;aMumifh Station wpfckESifhwpfckMum;wGif
jywfawmufrI (odrYk [kw)f csKUd ,Gi;f rI jzpfay:vmygu tjcm;use&f adS eaomvrf;aMumif;rsm;rS
vSnyhf wfqufo, G jf cif;tm;jzifh ¤if; Station ESpcf rk mS uGe,
f ufpepfqufo,
G rf I qufvuf
aqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gonf/
20/ yHk(5-11)wGif Link No:1 jywfawmufoGm;ygu Link No:2,3,4 rsm;rS oifhawmf
ovdk a&G;cs,fí qufvuftvkyfvkyfrnfjzpfygonf/
21/ Mesh Topology wGif qufoG,fcsdwfqufrIrsm; ½IwfaxG;Edkifygonf/ Station
wpfco k nf tjcm; Station tm;vH;k odYk tquftoG,&f &dS ygrnf/ qufo,
G &f ef Link rsm;pGm
vdt
k yfrnfjzpfygonf/ Link ta&twGuf wGufcsuf&ef yHkaoenf;rSm n Station twGuf
n x (n-1)/2 jzpfygojzifh uGey
f sLwm (5)vH;k csw
d q
f ufygu-
uGefysLwmvufpJG 72
n x (n-1)/2
5 x (5-1)/2 = 10 Link vdt
k yfrnfjzpfygonf/
Workstation
2
Workstation
Workstation
3
4
yHk(5-11) Mesh Topology jzifh BudK;csdwfqufoG,fwef;xm;yHk

22/ tu,fí uGe, f ufpepfwiG f uGeyf sLwm (10)vH;k xdcsw d yf gu txufygyHak oenf;
t& (45) Connection (odkYr[kwf) Link vdt k yfrnfjzpfygonf/ xdt k cg BuKd ;cswd q
f uf
oG,wf ef;rI tvGe½f yI af xG;vmrnf jzpfygonf/ odaYk omf Cable wpfcck sKUd ,Gi;f rIjzpfay:aomf
vnf; uGe, f ufpepf qufvufvyk af qmifEikd rf nfjzpfonft h jyif oufqikd &f mConnection
rSmvnf; qufvufcsw d q f ufEikd af Mumif; awG&Y &dS ojzifh trSm;cHEikd rf I ydrk akd umif;rGeyf gonf/
23/ ,cktcgwGif Mesh Topology \trSm;cHEikd rf aI umif;rGejf cif;aMumifh Wide Area
Network (WAN)wGif us,fjyefYpGmtoHk;jyKMuygonf/ odkYaomf ¤if; Topology onf
ukefusp&dwfjrifhrm;jcif;? ydkrdk½IyfaxG;jcif; ponfhtcsufrsm;udk pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfygonf/
Tree (or) Hierarchical Topology
24/ Tree Topology onf opfyifwpfyif\ yifpnf? tudkif;? tcufwdkYuJhodkY zGJYpnf;
xm;ygonf/ Level wltcsif;csif; wdkuf½dkufcsdwfqufEdkifaomfvnf; Level jrifhaom
uGefysLwmrsm;odkY tjcm; Tree rSuGefysLwmrsm;ESifh qufoG,f&mwGif wpfqifhjrifhaom
uGeyf sLwmrSwpfqifh qufo,
G &f ygonf/ yH(k 5-12)
Workstation
yHk(5-12)Workstation Workstation
Tree (or) Hierarchical Topology jzifh

BudK;csdwfqufoG,fwef;xm;yHk
Workstation Workstation Workstation
Segment Segment
FDDI Backbone
yHk(5-13)
Backbones and Segments jzifh BudK;csdwfqufoG,fwef;xm;yHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 74
Backbones and Segments

25/ Backbones qdo k nfrmS uGe, f ufpepf\ t"duta&;tBu;D qH;k yifrqufo, G af &;
vrf;aMumif; jzpfygonf/ ¤if;yifrvrf;aMumif;odkY Server rsm;? Network tcGJ (Branch
Network) rsm;? Segments rsm; tm;vH;k wdu k ½f u
kd cf sw
d q
f ufMuygonf/ Backbones onf
jrefEIef;jrifhrm;aom obm0&Sdojzifh High Speed Communication Line rsm;[kvnf;
ac:onf/ Fiber (zefBudK;rQif)toHk;jyKí tvif;jzifhay;ydkY&,lEdkifaom FDDI (odkYr[kwf)
100 Mbps, 1000 Mbps vdi k ;f rsm;onf Backbones tjzpftoH;k jyKMuonf/ yH(k 5-13)wGif
Server (3)vHk;ESifh Segments (3)ckwdkYonf Backbones odkY vma&mufcsdwfqufxm;Mu
ygonf/
26/ Segments qdo k nfrmS Backbones odYk csw

d q
f ufxm;aom Network tpdwt f ydik ;f
wpfck jzpfonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh Server rsm;onf Backbones ESifh csdwfqufavh
&SMd uonf/ Workstation rsm;onf Segments jzifh cswd q
f ufavh&MdS uygonf/ yH(k 5-13)uJo h Ykd
Segnment rsm;onf Backbones ESifhcsdwfqufxm;jcif;aMumifh Workstation rsm;onf
Server ESihf tjcm; Network rS Resources rsm;udk Backbones rSwpfqifh &,ltoH;k jyKEi kd f
ygonf/
rSefuefaom Topology udka&G;cs,fjcif;

27/ BudK;csdwfqufrIenf;vrf;(Topologies)rsm;wGif tm;omcsuf? tm;enf;csufrsm;
&SMd uygonf/ odjYk zpfí uGe,
f ufpepftwGuf tuket f uscrH nfh aiGaMu;yrmP ESihf tjcm;
vdkvm;aomtajctaet&yf&yfay:wGif rlwnfí rSefuefaom Topology udk a&G;cs,f
&rnf jzpfygonf/ þodYk a&G;cs,&f mü atmufaz:jyygtcsurf sm;udv k nf; xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;
&rnf jzpfygonf-
(u) ukefusp&dwf?
( c ) Installation jyKvkyf&mwGif vG,fuljcif;?
( * ) Maintenance jyKvkyf&mwGif vG,fuljcif;?
(C) BudK;rsm;\trSm;cHEdkifrI aumif;rGefjcif; ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
uGef,ufpepf (Network)
28/ uGef,ufpepfqdkonfrSm Hardware Resources rsm;? Software Resources
rsm;ud k rQa0toH k ; jyK&ef t wG u f uG e f y sLwmrsm;ud k Communication Media ?
Communication Devices rsm;jzifh csw d q
f ufxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ uGe, f ufpepfcsw
d q
f uf
jcif;aMumifh atmufaz:jyygtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk &&Sdrnfjzpfygonf-
(u) E-mail (odkYr[kwf) Message tjyeftvSefay;ydkYEdkifjcif;?
( c ) Hardware Resources rsm;udk rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifjcif;? (Oyrm- Printer
Sharing? Scanner Sharing )
( * ) Software Resources rsm;udk rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifjcif;? (Oyrm- File Sharing?
Folder Sharing )
(C) Application rsm;udk rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifjcif;?
( i ) Database rsm;udk rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifjcif;?
( p ) Information rsm;udk rQa0toHk;jyKEdkifjcif;?
(q) Communication Line ESifh Device rsm;udk rQa0toHk;jyKEdkifjcif;?
( Z) wpfae&mwnf;rS pDrHcefYcGJxdef;csKyfEdkifjcif;?
(ps) vHkNcKHrIaumif;rGefjcif;? (Security)
(n) rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifrIaMumifh ukefusp&dwfoufomjcif;? (Cost)
(# ) Video Conferencing tpnf;ta0;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifjcif;?
Server ESifh Server trsKd;tpm;rsm;

29/ Server qdo k nfrmS pGr;f tm;aumif;aom uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH jzpfNy;D Client uGeyf sLwm
rS awmif;qdkaom Service rsm;udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/ Server onf Super
Computer wpfv;kH vnf; jzpfEi kd yf gonf/ Main Frame Computer / Mini Computer
ESifh High End PC wpfrsKd;rsKd;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/
30/ aqmif&Gufay;Edkifonfh Service rsm;ay: rlwnfí Server trsdK;tpm;rsm;onf

atmufazmfjyygZ,m;(5-2)ygtwdkif; trsKd;rsKd;&SdEdkifygonf-
uGefysLwmvufpJG 76
pOf Server trsKd ; tpm; 0ef a qmif r I (Service)
zd k i f o d r f ; qnf ; jcif ; ESifh Printing

1 File & Print Server
qd k i f & m0ef a qmif rI r sm; jyKvk y f E d k i f y gonf /
e-Mail rsm;vuf c H j cif ; ? od r f ; qnf ; jcif ; ? quf

2 Mail Server
vuf a y;yd k Y j cif ; rsm; jyKvk y f E d k i f o nf
Client / Server Architecture toH k ; jyKí

3 Application Server Application rsm;wG u f c suf aqmif & G u f r I j yKvk y f
Edkifonf/
tcsuf t vuf r sm;od r f ; qnf ; jcif ; ES i f h wG u f c suf

4 Data Base Server vk y f a qmif j cif ; ? toH k ; jyK ol r sm;tm;wpf N yd K if w nf ;
csd w f q uf c G i f h j yK aqmif & G u f j cif ; jyKvk y f E d k i f o nf /
tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k Tape unit ponf h

5 Backup Server
Backup rsm;jzif h t &H o d r f ; qnf ; Ed k i f y gonf /
Fax Machine rsm;jzifhcsdwfqufí Fax

6 Fax Server
Service jyKvk y f E d k i f o nf /
owif ; tcsuf t vuf z d k i f Web Pages ESifh

7 Web Server File rsm;ud k od k a vS m if o d r f ; qnf ; rQa0Ed k i f o nf /
wG u f c suf v k y f aqmif E d k i f o nf /
FTP Server
zdkifrsm;ay;ydkYEdkifonf/ &,l E d k i f o nf / (up load/
8 (File Transfer
Protocol) down load)
pOf Server trsKd;tpm; 0efaqmifrI (Service)
jyifyuGef,ufpepfESifh rdrduGef,ufpepfMum;wGif
9 Proxy Server vHkNcHKrI? axmufvSrf;Munfh½IrI? jrefqefr&I adS p
a&;twGufxm;&SdaomMum;cH Server jzpfonf/
t0iftxGufppfaq;Munfh½Ií vHkNcHKrIaqmif&GufEdkif
10 Firewall Server
onfh Server jzpfonf/
DHCP Server IP Address rsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;NyD; qufoG,f
(Dynamic Host
11 vmaom Client rsm;tm; IP Address owfrSwf
Configuration
Protocol) jcif;udk aqmif&GufEdkifonf/
DNS Server Domain Name ESifh IP Address wdkYudk

12
(Domain Name) mapping jyKvkyf ay;Edkifonfh Server jzpfonf/
Windows NT Server jzpfonf/ Windows

Internet Naming Service (WINS)
13 WINS Server
udkaqmif&Gufay;EdkifNyD; Net BIOS Name rS
Domain Name odkY ajymif;vJay;Edkifonf/
Communication Server wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/
RAS Server Point to Point Protocol jzifh w,fvDzkef;vdkif;
14 (Remote Access
Server) toHk;jyK qufoG,frIudk vufcHaqmif&Gufay;
Edkifonf/
IBM Main Frame ESifh Client

15 SNA Server uGefysLwmtMum; qufoG,fay;Edkifaom Server
jzpfonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 78
pOf Server trsKd;tpm; 0efaqmifrI (Service)
Hardware ESifh Software aygif;pyfxm;NyD;

16 Gateway Server rwlnDaom Netwoork rsm;Mum;wGif csdwfquf
aqmif&Gufay;Edkifonf/
Local Area Network rsm;udk csdwfqufay;
17 Router Server Edkifonf/ Different Network rsm;udkcsdwfquf
ay;Edkifygonf/
Router uJhodkYvkyfaqmifEdkifonf/ Type wlnD
aom Network ESpfckudk vnf;csdwfqufay;Edkifyg
18 Bridge Server
onf/ Type rwlnDaom Network rsm;udkvnf;
csdwfqufay;Edkifygonf/
Z,m; (5-2)
Local Area Network (LAN)

31/ LAN qdkonfrSm taqmuftODwpfcktwGif; (odkYr[kwf) y&0kPfwpfcktwGif;
(odrYk [kw)f rDwm 2500 ywfvnftwGi;f BuKd ;jzifh wdu
k ½f u
kd cf sw
d q
f ufxm;aom (odrYk [kw)f
BudK;rJhcsdwfqufxm;aom uGef,ufpepfwpfckjzpfygonf/
32/ uGef,ufpepftm; Physical Media toHk;jyKí 0g,mBudK;jzifh csdwfqufjcif; ESifh

0g,mBuKd ;rJh (Wireless) qufoG,fjcif;wdkYudk atmufygtwdkif;cGJjcm;Edkifygonf-
(u) Wired LAN yHk (5-14)
( c) Wireless LAN yHk (5-15)
( *) Wire + Wireless LAN yHk (5-16)
Wired Backbone
yHk (5-14) Wired LAN csdwfqufxm;yHk
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
yHk (5-15) Wireless LAN csdwfqufxm;yHk

uGefysLwmvufpJG 80
Wired LAN
Workstation
Access Point
Workstation
Workstation
Wireless LAN Workstation

Laptop
yHk (5-16) Wired LAN ESifh Wireless LAN qufoG,fxm;yHk
33/ LAN wGif t"duqufoG,frIvrf;aMumif;rSm Backbone jzpfNyD;? Backbone ESifh

csdwfqufxm;jcif;tay:rlwnfí atmufygtwdkif;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/ yHk(5-17)-
(u) Backbone LAN
( c) Branch LAN
Branch LAN Branch LAN

Backbone LAN
yHk(5-17) Backbone LAN rSwpfqifh

Branch LAN rsm;udk csdwfqufxm;yHk
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

34/ MAN qdo k nfrmS NrKd w
Y pfNrKd t
Y wGi;f tuGmta0; 50km ywfvnftwGi;f csw d q
f uf
xm;aom uGef,ufpepfwpfck jzpfygonf/ ¤if;pepfwGif Communication Facility udk
Carrier Service rsm;rS iSm;&rf;jcif; (odrYk [kw)f aiGaMu;wwfEikd af omukrP
Ü D rsm;taejzifh
udk,fydkif Communication Facility jzifh csdwfqufvkyfaqmifjcif; jyKvkyfMuygonf/
Wide Area Network (WAN)

35/ WAN qdo k nfrmS wpfNrKd EY iS w
hf pfNrKd ?Y wpfeikd if EH iS w
hf pfEikd if ?H urÇmESit
hf 0ef; csw
d q
f uf
xm;aom uGef,ufpepf jzpfygonf/ tuGmta0; uefYowfcsuf r&Sdyg/
LAN ESifh WAN uGmjcm;csuf

36/ LAN ESihf WAN wdo Yk nf uGe,
f ufpepfrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; atmufaz:jyyg rwlnD
aom tcsufrsm;&SdMuygonf/ Z,m;(5-3)-
pOf LAN WAN
1 tuG m ta0; rD w m 2500 twG i f ; tuG m ta0;uef Y o wf c suf r &S d y g/
2 udk,fydkif Communication Facil- Carriers Service rsm;rS Commu -
ityud k t oH k ; jyKonf / nication Facility udkiSm;&rf;toHk;
3 Organization (odkY) Administra- jyKonf / Service rsm;rSpDrHcefYcGJ

Carriers
tor rS pDrHcefYcGJxdef;csKyfEdkifonf/ xdef;csKyfonf/
4 Leased line (odkY) Fixed Line Switch Line rsm;jzifh(odkY) Leased
rsm;jzif h quf o G , f c sd w f q uf o nf / Line rsm;jzifhcsdwfqufonf/
5 Speed jrefqefonf/ 10 Mbps/ Speed aES ; onf / Dial Up jzpfvQif
100 Mbps/1000 Mbps(1Gbps) 56 Kbps &Sdonf/ tjcm; Line rsm;
tjrefEIef;trsKd;rsKd;&SdMuonf/ Mbps xd o m&S d o nf /
6 Bit Error Rate (BER) enf;onf/ Bit Error Rate (BER) rsm;onf/
Z,m; (5-3)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 82
Internet
37/ Internet qdkonfrSm urÇmhtBuD;qHk; WAN yifjzpfygonf/ urÇmay:&Sd uGef,uf
pepfrsm;\ uGef,ufpepf (Network of the Networks ) [kvnf; ac:qdkEdkifygonf/
¤if; Internet tm; atmufaz:jyyg uGe,
f ufpepfrsm; toD;oD;vma&mufcsw
d q
f ufxm;Mu
ygonf-
(u) tpdk;&qdkif&m tzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ uGef,ufrsm;?
( c) usef;rma&;qdkif&m tzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ uGef,ufrsm;?
( *) pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m ukrÜPDrsm;? tzJGYtpnf;rsm;\ uGef,ufrsm;?
(C) ynma&;qdkif&m tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? wuúodkvf? aumvdyf? odyÜH? okawoe
vkyfief;rsm;\ uGef,ufrsm;?
( i) uGef,ufpepf0efaqmifrIay;onfhukrÜPDrsm;\ uGef,ufpepfrsm;/
Intranet
38/ Intranet qdo k nfrmS Internet enf;ynmudk toHk;jyKí rdrdtzGJYtpnf;twGif;
csdwfqufxm;aom Local uGe, f ufpepf jzpfygonf/ Intranet onfvnf; Internet wGif
toHk;jyKedkifonfh Service rsm;jzpfaom e-mail Service? WWW Service? Video
Conferencing Service? FTP Service ponfh Service rsm;udk toH;k jyKEi kd yf gonf/ Oyrm-
Boeing 747 avaMumif;vdi k ;f ukrP
Ü w
D iG f ¤if;\½H;k csKyEf iS &hf ;Hk cGJ rsm;? wpfurÇmvH;k tESIntranet
YH
pepfjzifh csdwfqufvkyfudkifjcif;aMumifh ukefxkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;rsm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmjcif;?
c&D;oGm;rsm; rdrdoGm;vdkonfh avaMumif;c&D;pOfESifhywfoufí Intranet pepfjzifh
pHkprf;Edkifjcif;? BudKwifvufrSwf&,lEdkifjcif;wdkY aqmif&GufEdkifonfhtwGuf a&mif;tm;ydkrdk
aumif;rGefvmygonf/ xdkYtjyif avaMumif;vdkif; 0efxrf;rsm;tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef
qufoG,frI jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/ av,mOfrsm;ESifhywfoufí Maintenance qdkif&m?
Servicing qdkif&mrsm;udkvnf; Intranet toHk;jyKí tcsdefESifhwajy;nD vkyfaqmif
vmEdik yf gonf/
Extranet
39/ Extranet qdo k nfrmS Intranet tcsif;csif; vHkNcHKrIwnfaqmufum tjyeftvSef
csdwfqufxm;&Sdjcif;udk ac:ygonf/ Oyrm- Microsoft ukrÜPD\ Intranet ESifh Intel
ukrÜPD\ Intranet wdkYonf vHkNcHKrIwnfaqmufí Extranet csdwfqufxm;jcif;aMumifh
Microsoft ukrÜPDrS owfrSwfxm;aom oHk;pGJcGifh&Sdolrsm;onf Intel ukrÜPD\ Intranet
twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufí oufqdkif&moHk;pGJcGifh&Sdonfh Service rsm;? Network Resources
rsm;udk toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/ tjyeftvSet f m;jzifh Intel ukrP
Ü rD v
S nf; Microsoft ukrP
Ü \
D
Intranet twGif;odkY vHkNcHKrI&SdpGmjzifh 0ifa&muftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
40/ tifwmeufwGif zGJYpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onfh Domain Name Structure rSm
yH(k 5-18)ygtwkid ;f jzpfygonf/ jrefrmjynftm; ud,
k pf m;jyKonfh Domain Name rSm mm
jzpfygonf/
Domain
Internet Name Name
Domain Structure
Structure
root
GTLD CCTLD
net edu org mil gov com mm jp my sg
mm
Domain
com net gov org
mpt bagan
mpt.net.mm
Domain bagan.net.mm
Domain
mail2 . mpt . net . mm

Oyrm- Computer Domain
Name Name
GTLD = Generic Top Level Domain

CCTLD = Country Code Top Level Doamain
yHk (5-18) Internet \ Domain Name Structure ESifh

jrefrmjynftwGuf mm domain
uGefysLwmvufpJG 84
Internet odkYqufoG,fjcif;enf;vrf;rsm;
41/ Internet odkY atmufygtwdkif; qufoG,fEdkifygonf/ yHk(5-19)-
(u) Leased Line IP Connection
( c ) Dial Up Connection
(1) LAN Type
(2) Terminal Type
Internet
Leased Line IP Dial up Dial up

i) LAN Type ii) Terminal Type
Router
Modem/TA Modem / TA
(Analog) (Digital)
LAN
LAN
yHk (5-19) Internet odkY qufoG,faqmif&GufyHkrsm;

DNS Server
42/ DNS Server qdo k nfrmS Domain Name ESifh IP Address udk Mapping jyKvyk af y;
Edkifaom Server wpfv;kH jzpfygonf/ Internet User rsm;onf Domain Name rsm;udo k m
toH k ; jyKí tvG , f w ul ac:a0:oH k ; pG J M uygonf / Oyrm- ( www.intel.com,
www.ibm.com) vufawGYwGif Internet twGif;ü Computer tcsif;csif;onf IP
Address rsm;jzifo
h m csw
d q
f ufrjI yKvyk Mf uonf/ Oyrm- (10.3.4.1 ) vltrsm; od&edS m;vnf
aom Domain Name rS IP Address odkY ajymif;vJay;&ef vdktyfouJhodkY IP Address rS
Domain Name odYk ajymif;vJay;&efvnf; vdt k yfygonf/ þuJo h Ykd vkyaf qmifjcif;rsm;udk
Domain Name Server rS jyKvkyfay;Edkifygonf/ Oyrm- www.mpt.net.mm [laom
Domain Name udk 203.81.65.75 [lonfh IP Address odkY Mapping jyKvkyfay;
Edik yf gonf/
DNS Mechanism
43/ Internet jzifh csdwfqufxm;aom Computer rsm;pGm&dSonfhteuf tjcm;edkifiH&Sd
Computer wpf v H k ; taejzif h www.bagan.net.mm Server \ IP Address ud k
od&SdEdkif&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifyHktqifhqifhudk yHk(5-20) DNS Machanism jzifh &Sif;vif;
az:jyygrnf/ DNS Client wpfvHk;onf rdrdqufoG,fvdkonfh Domain Name \ IP
Address udk od&Sd&ef DNS Server rsm;jzifh qifhuJqifhuJvkyfaqmifMuygonf/
Web Server
44/ Web Server qdkonfrSm owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;&Sdjcif;?
tjyeftvSeaf y;ydzYk vS,Ef ikd jf cif;jyKvyk Ef ikd o
f nfh Server jzpfygonf/ Web Server rsm;onf
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk oHk;pGJol Web Client rsm;tm; rQa0oHk;pGJjcif; (Sharing)
jyKvkyfay;Edkifygonf/ Web Server twGif;ü Web Site rsm;yg&SEd idk yf gonf/ Web Site
qdkonfrSm owif;tcsuftvufpmrsufESm(Web Page)rsm;pGm pkpnf;xm;&Sdaom
tpkta0;wpfck jzpfonf/ Web Server rsm;onf tjcm; Web Server rsm;&Sd Web Site
rsm;jzifhvnf; tjyeftvSefcsdwfqufEdkifMuygonf/
45/ tcsKUd ukrP
Ü rD sm;onf rdrw d \
Ykd owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;udk ISP \ Web Hosting
Service udk iSm;&rf;oHk;pGJjcif;jzifh Web Page rsm;xm;&SMd uygonf/ Web Page rsm;onf
owif;tcsut f vufpmrsuEf mS rsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;pmrsuEf mS rsm;onf taMumif;t&mydik ;f
qdkif&m? owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&m csdwfqufrI (Hyper Link) &SMd uygonf/ xm;&Srd u I kd
tcsuftvufyrmP(Volume Size)t& tcaMu;aiGay;aqmifMuygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 86
Root
yHk (5-20) DNS tvkyfvkyfyHk
m
m DNS Server in root
ain
et.
m
.n
do
an
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ag
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in
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er
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mm
IP
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of
t.m jp
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IP
Server a n ain
ag om
)
(3
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ww et.m
IP of w r inn
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(4) erv DNS Server in
fD
N SS Server
mm domain
) IP o
(5
(6) ? IP
of www.ba
gan.net.
)
(7) IP o mm
)
f DNS S net
erver in
(8 bagan.n
0
)? et.mm com
1
IP domain
(9
1
) of
IP w
w
of w
(
w .b DNS Server in
w ag
w an net.mm domain
.b .n
ag et.
an m
.n m
et.
m
m
do
m
ain
bagan
mpt
DNS Server in
Server
bagan.net.mm domain
tjcm;Edik if &H dS uGeyf sLwmrS

Web Site udkMunfh½Ijcif;
www.bagan.net.mm
HTTP: // www.bagan.net.mm
Server
Chapter (6)
uGeyf sLwmESiu
hf eG yf sLwmuGe, f ufpepfrsm;okYd Hackerrsm;\
0ifa&mufwu kd cf ukd o
f nfeh nf;vrf;rsm;
Hacker (odkYr[kwf) Cracker
1/ uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH (odrYk [kw)f uGeyf sLwmtcsi;f csi;f csw

d q
f ufxm;aom uGeyf sLwm
uGef,uftwGif;okdY cGifhjyKcsufr&SdbJ (odkYr[kwf) 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcGifhr&SdbJ 0ifa&mufí
uGefysLwmpepftwGif;&Sd zdkifrsm;? y½dk*&rfrsm;tm; Munfh½Ijcif;? ul;,ljcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;?
uGef,ufpepf\vkyfaqmifaerIukd apmifhMunfhjcif;? zsufqD;jcif; ponfhvkyfaqmifrIrsm;
(Unauthorized Use) jyKvkyfjcif;udk Hacker (odkYr[kwf) Cracker Attack [k ac:yg
onf/
2/ Hacker [laom pum;vHk;tay: tkdifwDqkdif&m ½IaxmifhrSaeí em;vnfaom

t"dyÜg,frSm uGefysLwmwpfvHk; (odkYr[kwf)uGefysLwmuGef,uf\ vHkNcHKa&;pepftm;
csdK;azmuf0ifa&mufjcif;? uGefysLwmtcsif;csif; qufoG,fvkyfukdifaerIwGif Mum;jzwf
0ifa&mufum uGefysLwmtwGif;rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;? y½dk*&rfrsm;tm; cdk;,l&ef
(odkYr[kwf)zsufpD;rIwpfckckjyKvkyf&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;? uGef,ufpepfay:&Sd vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ukd
apmifhMuyfMunfh½Ijcif;vkyfaqmifoludk ac:qkdygonf/
0ifa&mufaomvrf;aMumif;rsm;
3/ Hacker (ac:) Cracker rsm;onf uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk;odkY a,bk,stm;jzifh
0ifa&mufaomenf;vrf;rsm;rSm ,if;wdkYESifhqufoG,fxm;aom Modem rsm;? qufoG,f
a&;qkdif&mvrf;aMumif;rsm;? ypönf;rsm;? ,if;wdkYtoHk;jyKpDrHxm;aom Diskette, CD rsm;?
LOG-IN y½kd*&rfrsm;ponfwdkYrSwpfqifh 0ifa&mufMuygonf/
Hacker rsm;\oabmobm0
4/ usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmaom Hacker tcsdKUonf zsufpD;jcif;vkyfief; rvkyfMubJ?

owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ESifh y½dk*&rfrsm; &,l&eftwGufom vkyfaqmifMuygonf/
odkYaomf tcsKdU Hacker rsm;onf 4if;wdt
Yk vd&k &Sd m owif;tcsut
f vufEiS yhf ½d*k &rfrsm;udk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 88
&,lNyD;? uGefysLwm\pepfqkdif&my½kd*&rfrsm;? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;? tokH;csy½dk*&rf

rsm;tm; ajymif;vJjcif;? zsufqD;jcif;rsm;udkyg vkyfaqmifMuygonf/
Unauthorized Use
5/ uGefysLwmtm; cGifhjyKcsufr&SdbJ toHk;jyKjcif; (Unauthorized Use) qdkonfrSm
uGefysLwmudkifwG,fcGifhr&Sdol 0ifa&mufudkifwG,fjcif;omru 0ifa&mufcGifhr&Sdaom
uGefysLwmpepftwGif;&Sd vrf;aMumif;rsm;odkY0ifa&mufjcif;? tokH;jyKcGifhr&Sdaom Network
Service rsm;ukd tok;H jyKjcif;? Munhcf iG rhf &Sad omzdik rf sm;tm; Munf½h jI cif;? a&;rSwcf iG hf (Read/
Write)? jyifqifci G hf (Edit)? wnfaqmufjyKvyk cf iG hf (Create)? zsucf iG hf (Delete)? ul;,lciG hf
(Copy)? zkdifydkYvTwfjcif;(File Transfer) ponfh vkyfykdifcGifhjyKcsuf (Permission)rsm;
teufrS rdrdtm; owfrSwfay;xm;jcif;r&Sdonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; oHk;pGJ&efBudK;pm;jcif;
(odkY) csdK;azmuf0ifa&mufjcif;jzpfygonf/
toHk;rsm;aom Attack rsm;

6/ Hacker rsm;onf uGey f sLwmwpfcv
k ;kH twGi;f (odrYk [kw)f uGeyf sLwmuGe,
f ufpepf
wpfckwGif enf;vrf;rsdK;pHkjzihf 0ifa&mufEdkifMu&m atmufaz:jyyg enf;vrf;rsm;onf
toHk;rsm;aomenf;vrf;rsm;jzpfygonf-
(u) TCP/IP Sequence number prediction attack.
( c ) TCP session hijacking attack (active sniffing).
( * ) Sniffing or observing packet’s passing.
( i ) Spoofing.
( p ) Breaking or corrupting existing HTTP Transaction or TCP
Connection.
(q) Hyperlink spoofing to attack secure socket layer (SSL) server
installations . ( Z ) Web Spoofing to intercept .
( ps) Others
TCP/IP Sequence number prediction attack

7/ tifwmeuf (odkYr[kwf) uGef,ufpepfrsm;wGif tcsif;csif; csdwfqufxm;onfh
Communication media rsm;ay:rS TCP/IP Packet (owif ; tcsuf t vuf
tpkta0;)rsm;xJrS oufqikd &f muGeyf sLwm\vdypf m(address) ESihf tpOftvdu
k ef yH gwfrsm;
(Sequence number)udk Hacker rS cdk;,lí IP Address rsm;udk cefYrSef;wGufcsufum
4if;wdkY&&Sdaom vdyfpmrsm;? tpOftvdkufeHygwfrsm;jzifh uGef,uftwGif; qufoG,f
0ifa&mufjcif;jzpfonf/ yHk(6-1)
ykH(6-1) Hacker rS IP Address rsm;udk cefYrSef;wGufcsufí

Server IP udkod&Sdatmif qufoG,fyHk
TCP Session hijacking attack
8/ Server ESifh Client qufoG,fvkyfaqmifaeaom Client Server qufoG,frI
vrf;aMumif;rS Client \ IP address ESifh Sequence number wdkYudk &,lí Client
ud,k pf m; twif;0ifa&mufqufo, G u
f m uGe, f ufpepftwGi;f xk;d azmuf0ifa&mufonf/
xdt
dk csed wf iG f yH(k 6-2)ygtwdik ;f Client udk uGe,f ufEiS hf qufo,
G rf I jzwfawmufxm;onf/
Hacker onf Client \ IP Address jzifh yHk(6-3)ygtwdkif; ta,mifaqmif qufoG,f
aqmif&GufEkdifygonf/
ykH(6-2) wu,fh Client

jzifh qufoG,faerIudk
jzwfawmufí Hacker
rS 0ifa&mufcsdwfqufyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 90
ykH(6-3) trSefwu,f csdwfqufaeonfh Machine udk,fpm; 0ifa&mufcsdwfqufyHk
Sniffing or observing packet’s passing

9/ yHk(6-4)ygtwdkif; uGefysLwmpepf\ Backbone ay:wGif Tapping jyKvkyfí
vnf;aumif;? IP Address udk ta,mifaqmif toHk;jyKívnf;aumif;? uGef,ufpepf
twGif; xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufum tjyeftvSef ay;ydkYqufoG,faeMuaom owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk apmifhMunhfjcif;? ul;,ljcif;? jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh vIyf&Sm;rIukdod&dSatmif
BudK;pm;jcif;? toHk;jyKoltrnf (User ID) ESifh (Password) udk &,ljcif;? owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;ukd ckd;,ljcif;jyKvkyfonf/
ykH(6-4) owif;tcsuftvuf Packet udkMum;jzwfí Copy &,lxm;yHk

Spoofing
10/ uGefysLwmuGef,ufwpfcktwGif;odkY Hacker onf yHk(6-5)ygtwdkif; 4if;\
uGefysLwmjzifh 0ifa&mufcsdwfqufí uGefysLwmpepftwGif;&Sd toHk;jyKcGifh&SdouJhodkY
ta,mifaqmiftoHk;jyKum ta&;BuD;aomtcsuftvufrsm;ukd ckd;,ljcif;? uGef,uf
pepfukd aESmuf,SufzsufqD;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfygonf/
ykH(6-5) toHk;jyKcGifh&SdoluJhodkY ta,mifaqmifcsdwfqufyHk
Breaking or Corrupting existing HTTP transaction or TCP Connection

11/ owif;tcsuftvufqufoG,frIrsm;wGif yHk(6-6)uJhodkY vHkNcHKrI&SdpGmjzifh owfrSwf
xm;olrsm;udkom zwf&IcGifh? jyKjyifydkifcGifh &Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ odkYaomf owif;tcsuftvuf
qufoG,frIjyKvkyfjcif;onf vHkNcHKrIpepf r&Sdygu/tm;enf;ygu Hacker rsm;onf
uGefysLwmuGef,uftwGif; xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufí yHk(6-7)uJhodkY Server ESifh Client
uGefysLwmqufoG,fvkyfaqmifaerIrsm;? HTTP Protocol jzifh owif;tcsuftvuf
qdkif&m csdwfqufaqmif&GufaerIrsm;udk jywfawmufatmif [efYwm;aqmif&GufEdkifyg
onf/
ykH(6-6) Web Page ½Sd Link rsm;onftjcm; Web Page rsm;odYk

csdwfqufjcif;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 92
ykH(6-7) DNS Server rS Domain Name to IP Address Map jyKvkyfay;yHk

Hyper Link Spoofing
12/ vHkNcHKrIpepf tm;enf;aom Web page rsm;twGif;ü Hacker rsm;\ Web
Site odkY tvdktavQmufa&muf&SdoGm;apaom Hyper Link HTML Code tcsdKU
xnfhoGif;NyD;? 4if; URL jzifh qufE, G u
f m Hacker rsm;\ Web Site odkY tvdktavQmuf
a&muf&Sd oGm;apNyD;? toHk;jyKol\trnf (User-Id) ESifh Password rsm;udk Hacker rS
od&Sdatmif jyKvkyfonhf enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ þenf;jzifh&&Sdaom tokH;jyKolrsm;\ User-
ID ESifh Password rsm;ukdtokH;jyKí aiGaMu;qkdif&mvdrfvnfckd;,ljcif;rsm;? vkyfykdifcGifh
qkdif&mrsm; ajymif;vJjcif;? tvGJokH;pm; jyKvkyfjcif;wkdYukd jyKrlEkdifygonf/
Web Spoofing to Intercept

13/ Web Server ESifh Client Mum;wGif Hacker onf Mum;cHqufoG,fí Client
rS request vkyfonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &,lEkdifonf/ vkdtyfygu yHk(6-8)ESifh
yH(k 6-9)ygtwdik ;f Hacker rS owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;? odvo
kd nfh
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;twGuf trdefYrsm; xyfaqmif;xnfhoGif;jcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfEkdif
onf/ odkYjzpfí uGef,ufpepftoHk;csonfh pD;yGm;ukefoG,frIqdkif&m udpörsm;wGif Hacker
onf oHk;pGJolrsm;\ account number, password ESifh tjcm;vQdKU0Suf&ef vdktyfaom
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; cdk;,l&&SdoGm;Edkif ouJhodkh owif;tcsuftvuf trSm;rsm;
udkvnf; xnhfoGif;Ekdifygonf/ Server rSjyefvnfay;ydkYvmaom tcsuftvufrsm;
twGif;rS yHk(6-10)uJhodkY odvdkonfhtcsuftvufrsm;udk Copy ul;,lxm;Nyd; User xHodkY
awmif;qdkonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;om jyefvnfay;ydkYygonf/
ykH(6-8) Client rSay;ydkYrIudk Hacker rSMum;jzwfí&,lum rdrdvdkcsifaom

tcsuftvufudk xnfhoGif;í qufvufay;ydkYyHk
ykH(6-9) Hacker rS Mum;jzwfí &,lumowif;

tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJyHk
ykH(6-10) Hacker rS rdrdodvdkaom^&,lvdkaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk

xnfhoGif;ay;ydkYvdkufyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 94
14/ yHk(6-11)twdkif; Hacker onf User rS Server xHodkY awmif;qdkonfh tcsuf

tvufrsm;udk Mum;jzwf&,lí jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; jyKvkyfum tvGJoHk;pm; jyKvkyf
aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
ykH(6-11) Hacker rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJvdkufyHk
15/ yHk(6-12)twdkif; Hacker onf User rS Server xHokdY Telnet Protocol jzifh
csdwfqufaerIudk Mum;cHtv,fvltjzpf aqmif&Gufí owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? User Name ESifh Password rsm;udkvnf;aumif; &,lEdkifygonf/ jyKjyif
ajymif;vJEdkifygonf/
ykH(6-12) Client rS Telnet Service toHk;jyKjcif;udk Mum;jzwfí Hacker rS&,lyHk

Other Attacks
16/ ykH(6-13)twkdif; Hacker onf Server ESifh Client Mum;rS Mum;jzwf0ifa&mufí
Packet rsm;ukd xdef;csKyfNyD; ykH(6-14)twkdif; vufcH&&SdaMumif; taMumif;jyefMum;csuf
(ACK Packet)rsm; qufwkdufxkwfvTifhap&ef Hacker rS aqmif½Gufum qufoG,frI
rjzpfajrmufatmif vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/
ykH(6-13) Hacker rS Mum;jzwfítaMumif;jyefMum;csufay;ydkYyHk
ykH(6-14) Server udk yHkrSefrvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef ACK Packet Loop jzifhzefwD;aeyHk
17/ Client ESihf Server Mum;wGif yk(H 6-15)twki

d ;f Client tm; taMumif;jyefMum;&mü
Server ukd,fpm;0ifa&mufí &aMumif;jyefMum;jcif;aqmif½Gufum Client tm; vdrv f nf
vSnfhzsm; taMumif½kdufEkdifygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 96
ykH(6-15) Hacker rS Mum;jzwfí ACK Packet

ay;ydkYyHk
18/ Server tm; 0ifa&mufqufoG,f&mü ykH(6-16)twkdif; Hacker rS csdefom;ukduf

ñSdjcif;? &&dSaMumif;jyefMum;csufrsm;ESifh jyefvnfpwifapjcif;tcsufrsm; wpfNydKifwnf;
ykdYvTwfí Server ukd vdrv f nfvn S phf m;Ekid yf gonf/
ykH(6-16) Server tm; Hacker rS&aMumif; Packet ay;ydkYjcif;ESifh RST Packet

ay;ydkYjcif;tm; wpfNydKifwnf;ay;ydkYí vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;vkyfaqmifaeyHk
19/ Client ESifh Server Mum; qufoG,faqmif½GufaerIukd ykH(6-17)twkdif; Hacker
rS Mum;jzwf0ifa&mufí csdefom;ukdufñSdjcif; ESifh &aMumif;jyefMum;jcif; tcsufjyrsm;ukd
qufoG,faqmif½Gufum Server ESifh Hacker \csdefom;ukduf qufoG,frI&&Sdatmif
wnfaqmufEkdifygonf/
ykH(6-17) Server \ ay;ydkYrIudk Mum;jzwfí vrf;aMumif;ajymif;atmif aqmif&GufyHk
20/ Client ESifh Server tMum;qufoG,frIukd aESmuf,Sufonfhtaejzifh ykH(6-18)

twkdif; tcsuftvuf rygaom Packet(Null Data) rsm; tqufrjywfykdYvTwfí
aqmif½GufEkdifygonf/
ykH(6-18) Server odkY Null Data rsm;tqufrjywfydkYvTwfí

qufoG,frIudk taESmuft,Sufay;aeyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 98
Chapter (7)
uGeyf sLwmESihf uGeyf sLwmuGe,

f ufpepf vkNH cKH rw
I nfaqmuf&eftwGuf
Firewall qki
d &f menf;ynmrsm;
Computer Security Institute rS jzefYa0onfhuGefysLwmqdkif&mOya'csdK;azmufrIESifh vHkNcKHrIqdkif&m wdkif;wm
awG&Y cdS su/f (2001 ckEpS ?f rwfv 12 &ufaeYwiG x f wk jf yefonf)
1/ uGefysLwmqdkif&m Oya'csdK;azmufrI ESifh vHkNcKHrIqdkif&mwdkif;wmrIrsm;udk San

Francisco Federal Bureau of Investigation \ yl;aygif;yg0ifrIjzifhvnf;aumif;?
uGeyf sLwmvHNk cKH rq
I ikd &f m vufawGaY qmif&u
G af eol 538 OD; jzifv
h nf;aumif; aqmif&u
G cf hJ
ygonf/
wdkif;wmawGY&Sdcsufrsm;
2/ wdkif;wmawGY&Sdcsufrsm;rSmatmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) tenf;qHk;(12)vtwGif; uGefysLwmvHkNcHKrIcsdK;azmufcH&onfh&mcdkifEIef;
85%
( c) vHkNcHKrIcsdK;azmufcH&ojzifh b@ma&;qdkif&mqHk;&IH;aMumif; owif;ydkYonfh
&mcdkifEIef; 64%
( *) b@ma&;qdkif&mqHk;&IH;rIyrmP USD377 Millions (uGeyf sLwmvHNk cKH rI
csdK;azmufcH&olrsm;\&mcdkifEIef; 35% rS owif;ydkYcsuft&)
Firewall
3/ Firewall qdkonfrSm atmufygtwdkfif; jzpfygonf-
(u) uGef,ufESpfckMum;wGif Mum;cHtjzpf aqmif&Gufaom uGefysLwmpepf
wpfck jzpfygonf/
( c) Firewall onf,HkMunfpdwfcs&aom uGef,ufpepfodkY ,HkMunfpdwfcsjcif;
uif;onhf jyifyuGef,ufrS 0ifa&mufrIudkumuG,f&ef &nf&G, fwnf
aqmufxm;ygonf/
( *) jyifyodo
Yk mG ;a&mufrnfv
Y rf;aMumif;rsm;? jyifyrSvmonfY vrf;aMumif;rsm;
onf Firewall udkjzwfoef;&rnf/
(C) vHNk cKH rq

I ikd &f mrl0g't& ppfaq;cGijhf yKonfh qufo,
G rf v
I rf;aMumif;udo
k m
jzwfoef;cGifhjyKrnf jzpfonf/
( i) xdk;azmufjcif;rsm;udk ckcHEdkifaompepfjzpfonf/
Firewall rSvkyfaqmifEdkifonfYtcsufrsm;
4/ Firewall rSvkyfaqmifEdkifonfYtcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Firewall onf v H k N cH K rI q d k i f & mqH k ; jzwf c suf r sm;twG u f tav;xm;
vkyfaqmifEdkifonfY ae&mjzpfonf/
( c) Traffic tm;vHk;onfppfaq;a&; 0if^xGuf*dwfwpfckwnf;rS jzwf&
rnfjzpfNyD; vHkNcHKrIqdkif&m wdkif;wmrI? ppfaq;rIudk 4if;0if^xGuf*dwfrSyif
pkpnf;aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ Firewall wGif vHkNcHKrIqdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udk
owfrSwfaqmif&GufEdkifonf/
Firewall rS rvkyfaqmifEdkifonfYtcsufrsm;
5/ Firewall rS rvkyfaqmifEdkifonfYtcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Firewall onf rdrd\uGef,ufpepftwGif;rS vHkNcHKrIcsdK;azmufaqmif&Guf
jcif;udk rumuG,fEdkifyg/
( c) Firewall onf 4if;udk jzwfoGm;jcif;r&Sdonfh qufoG,frIrsm;jzifh
csdwfqufvkyfaqmifaerIrsm;udk rumuG,fEdkifyg/
( *) Firewall onf enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m jynfYpHkaom csdef;ajcmufrItopfrsm;
udk rumuG,Ef ikd yf g/
vHkNcHKrIoabmw&m;
6/ vkyfykdifcGifh tenf;qkH;owfrSwfxm;&Sdjcif;/ atmufygtwkdif; vkyfykdifcGifh
tenf;qkH;owfrSwfxm;&Sd&ygrnf-
(u) tokH;jyKolrsm;? pDrHcefYcGJolrsm;tm; owfrSwfxm;aom tvkyfukd vkyf
aqmifEkdif½kHtwGufom vkyfykdifcGifhxm;&Sdoifhygonf/ vkyfykdifcGifhukd
vkdonfxuf ykdrkdray;oifhyg/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 100
( c) jyifyqufo, G af qmif&u G rf u
I dk atmufygwdu
Yk u
kd efo
Y wfjcif;jzifh wku
d cf u
dk f
rIrsm;ukd umuG,fEdkifygonf-
(1) tifwmeufqkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm; (e-mail, www, Telnet,
FTP, etc.) rS vkdtyfaom0efaqmifrIukdom cGifhjyKjcif;/
(2) vkdtyfaomzkdifrsm;ukd tokH;jyK&eftwGuf oihfawmf vkHavmuf
aom qufoG,fvkyfykdifcGifhukdomcGifhjyKjcif;/
(3) owfrSwfxm;aom Administrator rsm;ukd Root password
vkyfykdifcGifh tjrifhrm;qkH; Password ay;tyf&ef/
7/ xkjzifh umuG,w f m;qD;jcif;/ xkjzifh atmufygtwdik ;f umuG,w f m;qD;aqmif&u G f

&rnfjzpfygonf-
(u) vHkNcHKrIvkyfaqmifyHkenf;vrf;wpfckwnf;ay:wGif rrSDcdkjcif;rjyKvkyf&ef/
( c) t&m&mwdkif;tm; vHkNcHKap&efrSm Firewall wpfckwnf;omrubJ tjcm;
aom vHNk cKH a&;qdik &f m wdik ;f wmppfaq;rIrsm;udv k nf; wnfaqmuf xm;&Sd
&ef vdktyfygonf/ pufwdkif;wGif vHkNcHKrIxm;&Sdaqmif&Gufjcif;? uGefysLwm
pepfqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJjcif;jzifh vHkNcHKrIxm;&Sdaqmif&Gufjcif;? toHk;jyKolrsm;
twGuf vHkNcKHrIqdkif&m A[kokw&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;ponfwkdUtm;
atmufygtwdkif; aqmif½Gufxm;&Sd&ygrnf-
(1) Firewall pepfwpfckonf E-mail Protocal udk ydwf xm;ygu
Host ay:wGif E-mail Service udk jzKwf ypf&ef vdktyfonf/
(2) FTP Service ESifh WEB Service wdkYudk uGefysLwmwpfvHk;
xJwGif vkyfaqmifapygu aESmifh,SufzsufqD;olrS rvdkvm;
tyfaom y½kd*&rfrsm;ay;ydkYygu WEB Service rS 4if;y½kd*&rf
rsm;udk zsufqD;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh jyóemudk ajz&Sif;apEdkif
ygonf/
( *) Firewall pepfukd uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH xuf ydí k xm;&So
d ifyh gonf/ odrYk o
S m
t&Htjzpf aqmif&GufEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
8/ 0if^xGuf*dwfowfowfrSwfrSwfxm;&Sdjcif;/ 0if^xGuf*dwf udk atmufygtwdkif;

owfowfrSwfrSwf xm;&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf-
(u) xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufolrsm;udk apmihfMuyfMunhf&IEdkifjyD;? vdktyfovdk
xdef;csKyfí usOf;ajrmif;onhf qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;udkom toHk;jyK
0ifa&mufEdkif&ef pDrHaqmif&Gufxm;&Sd&rnf jzpfonf/
( c) 0if^xGuf*dwf wpfaygufudk owfowfrSwfrSwf rxm;&Sdygu 0if^xGuf
*dwf tajrmuftrsm;rS umuG,fwm;qD;aqmif½Guf&rnfjzpfonf/
( *) tjcm; 0if^xGuf oGm;a&mufEdkifonhf atmufazmfjyyg vrf;aMumif;rsm;
&Sdygu 0if^xGuf *dwf owfowfrSwfrSwf xm;&Sdjcif;onf t"dyÜg,f
&Sdawmhrnf r[kwfyg-
(1) Firewall onf owfowfrSwfrSwf0if^xGuf*dwf rS rjzwfbJ
Dial-up line wpfckjzifh xyfrHtoHk;jyKqufoG,fjcif;/
(2) tifwmeufqufoG,frI aemufwpfvdkif;xm;&dSí Firewall rS
rjzwfbJ csdwfqufjcif;/
9/ vHkNcHKrItm;tenf;qHk;vrf;aMumif;/ atmufygtwdkif; vHkNcHKrI tm;tenf;qHk;
vrf;aMumif;udk &SmazGyg-
(u) vHkNcHKrI tm;tenf;qHk;vrf;aMumif;udk&SmazGNyD; vHkNcHKrIaumif;onfxuf
aumif;atmif wnfaqmuf&rnf/
( c ) vHkNcHKrI tm;tenf;qHk;aom 0if^xGuf*dwfrsm;udk *½kpdkufyg/ 4if;wdkYudk
yaysmufatmif tqifhqifhvkyfaqmif&rnf/
( * ) yaysmufatmif raqmif&GufEdkifygu vHkNcHKrI tm;tenf;qHk; 0if^xGuf
*dwfrsm;udk *½kwpdkuf apmifhMuyfMunfh½Iyg/
Firewall Design rl0g'
10/ vHkNcHKpGm&yfwefYapjcif;oabm/ &yfwefYjcif;? ysufpD;cRwf,Gif;jcif;jzpfyGg;ygu
System onf qufoG,frIvrf;aMumif;udk jzwfawmufNyD; wdkufcdkufolrsm; (Attackers)
tm;vnf;aumif;? w&m;0iftoHk;jyKaeolrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; toHk;rjyKEdkifatmif
jiif;qdkrI (Deny) jyKvkyfrnfjzpfonf/ Firewall wGif tvdktavQmufoabmESpfrsdK; &SdEdkif
ygonf-
(u) tvdktavQmuf cGifhjyKjcif;oabm/
( c) tvdktavQmuf jiif;qdkjcif;oabm/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 102
11/ tvdktavQmufcGifhjyKjcif;oabm/ tvdkavQmufcGifhjyKjcif; oabmrSm atmufyg

twdkif; jzpfygonf-
(u) þoabmonf &yfwefYjcif;? cRwf,Gif;jcif;jzpfay:ygu System onf
qufoG,f rIvrf;aMumif;ukdjzwfawmufNyD; rnfodkYaomqufoG,f
vkyfaqmifrIudkrqdk txl;wm;jrpfxm;jcif;r&SdbJ cGifhjyKonf/
( c) 4if;oabmonf vHkNcHKpGm&yfwefYapjcif;oabmr[kwfyg/
( *) umuG,fwm;qD;&ef vdktyfaom qufoG,fvkyfaqmifrIwdkif;udk od&Sd&ef
trSefwu,ftm;jzifh rjzpfEdkifyg/
12/ tvdktavQmufjiif;qdkonfhoabm/ tvdktavQmufjiif;qdkonfh oabmrSm
atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) þoabmonf rnfonfhtxl;cGifhjyKcsufrqdk wm;jrpfxm;onf/
( c) 4if;oabmxm;onf vHkNcHKpGm&yfwefYapjcif; oabmxm;wpfckjzpfonf/
( *) 0efaqmifrrI sm;udk taMumif;t&mwpfcjk cif;tvdu k f atmufygtcsurf sm;
ay:wGiftajccHí 0efaqmifrIay;rnfjzpfygonf-
(1) toHk;jyKolrsm;tvkduf0efaqmifrI (Service) vkdtyfcsuf/
(2) vHkNcKHrINidpGef;apaomudpö&yfrsm;/
(3) rSefuefaomvkdtyfcsufrsm;tay:tajccHí vHkNcHKpGmaqmif&Guf
ay;Edkifonfh 0efaqmifrI (Service) rsm;udo k mcGijhf yKonf/
(C) þoabmw&m;onf vHNk cKH a&;qdik &f m vly*k Kd¾ vrf sm;twGuf odomxif&mS ;
ay:vGifaom a&G;cs,frIwpfck jzpfygonf/
Firewall wnfaqmufxm;&SdrIenf;vrf;rsm;
13/ Firewall wnfaqmufxm;&SdrI enf;vrf;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-

(u) Packet Filtering Firewall
( c) Dual Homed Host Firewall
( *) Screening Firewall
(C) Screening Subnet Firewall
14/ Packet Filtering Firewall/ yH(k 7-1)twdik ;f Internet ESifh Internal Network
Mum;wGif Screening Router Mum;cHít0iftxGuf Packet rsm;udk Firewall Policy jzifh
wdkufqdkifppfaq;í 0ifxGufcGifh qHk;jzwfrnfjzpfonf/
ykH(7-1) Packet Filtering

Firewall xm;&SdyHk
15/ Dual Homed Host Firewall/ yHk(7-2)twdkif; Internet ES i f h Internal

Network Mum;wGif Dual Port(2-NIC) yg&Sdaom Firewall jzifh Mum;cHí t0iftxGuf
Packet rsm;udk Firewall Policy jzifh wdkufqdkifppfaq;í0ifxGufcGifhqHk;jzwfrnfjzpfonf/
ykH (7-2) Dual Homed Host Firewall xm;&Syd kH

uGefysLwmvufpJG 104
16/ Screening Firewall/ yH(k 7-3)twdi

k ;f Internet ESifh Internal Network Mum;wGif
Screening Router jzifv
h nf;aumif;? Bastion Host jzifv
h nf;aumif; Mum;cHít0iftxGuf
Packet rsm;udk Firewall Policy jzifh ESpfqifhwdkfufqdkifppfaq;um 0ifxGufcGifh qHk;jzwfrnf
jzpfonf/
ykH (7-3)
Screening Firewall xm;&Sy
d kH
17/ Sereening Subnet Firewall/ yHk(7-4)ygtwdkif; Internet ESifh Internal

Network Mum;wGif Exterior Router, Bastion Host ESifh Interior Router wdkYjzifh
Mum;cHí t0iftxGuf Packet rsm;udk Firewall Policy jzifh ESpfqifh^oHk;qifhtxd wdkufqdkif
ppfaq;um 0ifxGufcGifh qHk;jzwfrnfjzpfonf/
ykH (7-4)
Screening Subnet Firewall
xm;&SdyHk
Chapter (8)
uGeyf sLwmESiu
hf eG yf sLwmuGe,f ufpepfrsm;\
vkNH cKH a&;ESiphf ufvnfywfrpI epfudk xdcu dk af paom uGeyf sLwmAdik ;f &yfpf
(Computer Virus)rsm;taMumif;
uGefysLwmAkdif;&yfpf
1/ uGeyf sLwmAkid ;f &yfpq
f o
dk nfrmS Program wpfy'k jf zpfonf/ Virus Program onf
tjcm; Program rsm; (odkYr[kwf) tcsuftvufzkdifrsm;ukd zsufqD;jcif;? uGefysLwm\
ykrH eS v
f yk af qmifrrI sm;ukd &yfwefaY pjcif; (odrYk [kw)f aESmifah ES;oGm;apjcif;? ykrH eS rf [kwaf om
vkyfaqmifrIrsm; jzpfay:apjcif;? uGefysLwmtm; tokH;jyK&ef tqifoifhrjzpfapjcif;
ponfwkdYukdjyKvkyf&eftwGuf uG,f0Sufykef;vQKd;aewwfMuonf/ uGefysLwmAkdif;&yfpfrsm;\
obm0onf ul;pufEdkifjcif;? yGm;rsm;Edkifjcif;? zsufqD;Edkifjcif; [laom t&nftcsif;rsm;
&Sdonf/
Adkif;&yfpful;pufwwfaomenf;vrf;rsm;
2/ Adkif;&yfpful;pufwwfaom enf;vrf;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Virus &Sdaom Program (okrYd [kw)f File rsm;ukd Copy ul;,ljcif;aMumifh
ul;pufjcif;/
( c ) csdefukdufAkH;uJhokdYjzpfap? tcsdeftykdif;tjcm;t&jzpfap? Program tm;
tokH;jyKrItBudrfta&twGuft&jzpfap tcsdefukduful;pufjcif;/
( * ) Virus &Sdaom Documents (odkYr[kwf)Text zdkifrsm;? Internet? E-mail
zdkifrsm;udk zGifhjcif;aMumifh 4if;wdkYwGif wG,fuyfaeaom Adkif;&yfpf ul;puf
jcif;/
Adkif;&yfpful;pufyHk
3/ uGefysLwmAkdif;&yfpfrsm;onf Program rsm;? Floppy Disk? Hard Disk,
CDROM ESifh Boot Sector (tcsuftvufokdavSmifaomypönf;rsm;\ yxrqkH;
tpdwftykdif;twGif;) enf;vrf;rsKd;pHkjzihf 0ifa&mufMuonf/ trsm;pkrSm ¤if;wkdY0ifa&muf
aeonfh Program File ukd tvkyfvkyfckdif;onfhtcg PC \rSwfÓPfxJwGif vIyf&Sm;
use&f pfNy;D ? tjcm; Program rsm;okYd ul;pufomG ;Ekid o
f nf/ (okrYd [kw)f Akid ;f &yfpf 0ifaeonfh
uGefysLwmvufpJG 106
Floppy Disk , Hard Disk jzifh tvkyfvkyfonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf zkdiftopfrsm; ESifh

Boot Sector rsm;twGif;odkY Adkif;&yfpful;puf0ifa&mufMuonf/ uGefysLwmAkdif;&yfpfonf
uGefysLwmwpfvkH;rSwpfvkH;okdY ul;pufEkdifonf/ Akdif;&yfpfrsm;onf Executable Program
File rsm;jzpfonfh *.COM (okdYr[kwf) *.EXE rsm;wGifom wG,fuyfavh&Sdaomfvnf;
tcsdKU Akdif;&yfpfrsm;rSm *.DLL, *.PRG, *.SYS, *.LOG, *.DAT, *.DOC, *.HTML,
*.HTM, *.TXT, *.ASP, E-mail File rsm;udy k g wG,u f yfMuonf/
Adkif;&yfpfy½dk*&rfrsm; jzpfay:vm&jcif;taMumif;rsm;
4/ uGefysLwmAdkif;&yfpfy½kd*&rfrsm;udk atmufyg&nf½G,fcsufjzifh a&;om;avh&SdMu
ygonf-
(u) aESmuf,SufzsufqD;vdkía&;om;jcif;/
( c ) rdrd&SmazGavhvmod&Sdxm;aom enf;ynmudkprf;oyfvdkía&;om;jcif;/
( * ) toHk;cs Software xkwfvkyfolrsm;u rdrdxkwfukefrsm;udk w&m;r0if
ul;,ljcif;rS wm;qD;vdkí a&;om;jcif;/
(C) Adkif;&yfpfumuG,fa&;y½dk*&rfrsm; a&mif;csvdkía&;om;jcif;/
Adkif;&yfpftrsdK;tpm;rsm;
5/ Akdif;&yfpfrsm; xdcdkuf^ul;pufaomae&mrsm;ay:wGif rlwnfí atmufaz:jyyg
twkdif;cJGjcm;Ekdifygonf-
(u) Executable File ? System File wGif ul;pufaom trsdK;tpm;/
( c ) Boot Sector wGif ul;pufaom trsdK;tpm;/
( * ) Document ? Text File ? E-mail ? Web Page File rsm;wGif
ul;pufaomtrsdK;tpm;/
uGefysLwmAkdif;&yfpf\aESmuf,SufzsufqD;yHk
6/ uGefysLwmAdkif;&yfpf\ aESmuf,SufzsufqD;yHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) uGefysLwm\pGrf;aqmifrIaES;oGm;jcif; (Degradation the System
Performance)/ tcsKdUAdkif;&yfpfrsm;onf uGefysLwmpGrf;aqmifEdkifrIudk
aES;oGm;apygonf/ (Oyrm- Ping-Pong Virus onf Monitor ay:wGif
abmvk;H wpfv;Hk zefw;D í User ukd aESmuf,u
S o
f nf/ Jurusalem Virus
onf Computer System udk aES;usoGm;aponf/ Data Sent Virus
onf Printer odkYay;ydkYaom Data udk aESmuf,Sufonf/ Keyperss

Virus onf Keyboard Buffer wGif Character rsm;udk tvdt k avsmuf
jynhfatmifxnhfjcif;jzihf Keyboard Error toHudk tqufrjywf
jrnfaponf/ Stone Virus onf Computer System udk Boot
vkyaf epOf (odrYk [kw)f toH;k jyKaepOf ]Your Computer is Now Stone }
[k owday;pmwrf;ay:vmNyD; &yfwefYoGm;aponf/)
( c) zdkifrsm;ysufpD;qHk;½HI;apjcif; (File Damage )/ tcsKdUAdkif;&yfpfrsm;onf
System File rsm;? Executable File? Data Filersm;udz k suq f ;D ypf\/
(Oyrm-10 Past 3 Adik ;f &yfp?f 144 Adik ;f &yfp?f 337 Adik ;f &yfp?f 382 Adik ;f &yfp?f
927 Ad k i f ; &yf p f ? 1024PSCR Ad k i f ; &yf p f ) tcsKd U Ad k i f ; &yf p f r sm;onf
Command.com File wGif roufqdkifonfrsm; 0ifa&;wwf\/
(* ) okdavSmifypönf;\ tcsuftvufrsm;tm;ysufpD;qHk;½HI;apjcif; (Disk
Damage ) / tcsKUd onf Hard Disk Space trsm;tjym;udk qHk;½IH;ap\/
tcsKdUonf Hard Disk udk Low Level Format jyKvkyfí Data
tm;vkH;udk qHk;½IH;ap\/ tcsKdUonf Boot Sector udkzsufqD;um Disk
udk Unbootable jzpfap\/ (Oyrm- Aircop Adik ;f &yfp?f Antrax Adkif;&yfpf?
Azusa Adkif;&yfpf? Blood2 Adkif;&yfpf? Empire Adkif;&yfpf? Evil Empire
A/B Adkif;&yfpf? Evil Empire C/D Adkif;&yfpf) tcsKdUonf Hard Disk
\ Partition Table udkzsufqD;um Data rsm;udkqHk;½IH;ap\/ tcsKdUonf
File Allocation Table udk Overwrite vkyu f m Data rsm;\ Address
rsm;udk vrf;vTJwwfonf/
uGefysLwmAdkif;&yfpf &Sdwwfonhfae&mrsm;
7/ uGefysLwmAdkif;&yfpfonf atmufazmfjyygae&mrsm;wGif &dSwwfMuygonf-
(u) Hard disk/ uGeyf sLwm Hard Disk \ File Allocation Table? Master
Boot Record ESihf Executable File wdw Yk iG 0f ifEikd yf gonf/
( c ) Floppy disk/ Floppy Disk \f Boot Sector ESihf Executable File
wdw Yk iG f 0ifEikd yf gonf/
( * ) Memory/ uGeyf sLwm\ Mian Memory wGif 0ifa&mufaewwfonf/
(C) Internet E-Mail ESifh Web Page rsm;rSwpfqifh0ifa&mufí HTML
File rsm;? E-Mail File rsm;wGif &Sdaewwfygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 108
jrefrmjynfwGiftjzpftrsm;qkH;Akdif;&yfpfrsm;
8/ jrefrmjynfwGif atmufazmfjyygAdkif;&yfpfrsm;rSm tjzpftrsm;qHk;jzpfygonf-
(u) Anti CMOS
( c ) Stone
( * ) Welcom
(C) Michale Angelo
( i ) Die-Hard, Trojen
( p ) CIH, HTT
(q) Love Bug, Macro
( Z) Macro Virus, Worm
(ps) Sobig, Blaster ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
Love Bug Virus \ zsufqD;yHk
9/ Love Bug Adkif;&yfpfrSm E-mail ESifhtwl Attachment zdkifyl;wGJyg&SdvmNyD;?

,if; E-mail udkzGifhvdkufygu oHk;pGJaeaom uGefysLwmodkY Adkif;&yfpful;pufoGm;rnfjzpf&m
uGeyf sLwm\ Hard Disk twGi;f &Sd tcsut f vufrsm;tm;vH;k ysupf ;D aprnf jzpfygonf/
Love Bug Virus onf yHk(8-1)ygtwdkif; tqifhqifhzsufqD;ygonf-
ykH (8-1) Love Bug Virus vkyfaqmifyHktqifhqifh

csmEkb
d dkif;Adkif;&yfpf\zsufqD;yHktqifhqifh
10/ csmEdkbdkif;Adkif;&yfpfonf Flash BIOS twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufzsufqD;jcif;aMumihf
uGeyf sLwm System Unit udk Power On onft h cg Monitor wGif bmrSray:Edik af wmhyg/
csmEdkbdkif;Adkif;&yfpfonf yHk(8-2)twdkif; tqifhqifhzsufqD;ygonf/
ykH (8-2) csmEdkbdkif; Adkif;&yf

vkyfaqmifyHk tqifhqifh
Adkif;&yfpftEÅ&m,frSumuG,fa&;
11/ uGeyf sLwmAdik ;f &yfpof nf uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH rS tjcm;uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH (odrYk [kw)f
Network csdwfqufxm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm;vHk;udk zsufqD;Edkifojzifh qHk;½IH;rI rsm;pGm
jzpfapEdkifygonf/ odkYjzpfí uGefysLwmudk taumif;qHk;taetxm;wGif xm;&SdEdkif&efESifh
Adkif;&yfpfzsufqD;rIrS umuG,fxm;&dS&ef Virus Protection Utility tygt0if System
Utility rsm;ESifh xda&mufaom Tools Kit rsm;udk aqmifxm;oifhygonf/ vuf&Sdtajc
taet& Adkif;&yfpfrsm;udk umuG,f&mwGif txda&mufqHk;[k ,lqxm;aom trsKd;
tpm;av;rsKd;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Antivirus software
( c ) Utility suites
( * ) Diagnostics software
(C) Uninstallers/undoers
uGefysLwmvufpJG 110
udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmrsm;wGif Virus umuG,fa&;enf;vrf;

12/ uGeyf sLwmudk pwif Power On NyD;? Virus Safe Guard vkyaf qmifap&eftwGuf
Autoexec.Bat udk Update vkyfxm;&ygrnf/ Windows Operating System udk
toHk;jyKcJhvQif Safe Guard udk Windows \ Start Up Group wGif xnfhoGif;
xm;jcif;jzifh pufzGifhwdkif; Virus &dS^r&dSudk &SmazGay;rnf jzpfygonf/ vpOfAdkif;&yfpf
topfrsm; xGufaeojzifh Anti Virus Software udk Update vkyfay;&ef vkdtyfygonf/
tvG,fulqHk; umuG,fa&;enf;vrf;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Floppy disk rsm;udk Write Protect vkyfíoHk;&ef?
( c ) jyifyrS Floppy Disk tm; aemufq;kH ay:Adik ;f &yfpf Protection Program
jzifh Adkif;&yfpfppfaq;NyD;rSomtoHk;jyK&ef?
( * ) aemufq;kH ay:Adik ;f &yfpf Protection Program rsm;udk rdru
d eG yf sLwmxJwiG f
Install jyKvkyfxm;&ef?
(C) jyifyrS&&Sdaom Software rsm;udk tvG,fwul vufcHoHk;pGJjcif;rjyKbJ
Akdif;&yfpfppfaq;NyD;rS toHk;jyK&efwdkY jzpfygonf/
Network ESifh Internet toHk;jyK&mwGif Adkif;&yfpftEÅ&m,fumuG,fa&;enf;vrf;

13/ E-mail oHk;pGJvQuf&Sdaom uGefysLwmrsm;onf E-mail rSwpfqifh 0ifa&muf
vmEdkifygojzifh atmufygtwdkif;umuG,f&Sif;vif;&ygrnf-
(u) vufcH&&Sdaom E-mail \ Subject wGif ]]I Love You” Message }}
ponfjzifh ygvmygu ,if; E-mail tm; vH;k 0zGirhf Munf&h ef/
( c ) aemufqHk;ay: Anti Virus Scan jzifh uGeyf sLwmtm; &Si;f vif;&ef/
( * ) Adkif;&yfpfumuG,fEdkifonfhaemufqHk;ay: Anti Virus Software rsm;udk
uGefysLwmpepfwGif xnfhoGif;umuG,fxm;&ef/
(C) tjcm;wpfae&mrS rdrduGefysLwmjzihf qufoG,fjcif;rsm;udk vHkNcKHrIpepf
wpfcck jk zihf pDrx
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tcsdefudkufAHk;uJhodkYaygufuGJapEdkifaomAdkif;&yfpftEÅ&m,frSumuG,fa&;
14/ csdefudkufAHk;uJhodkY aygufuGJapaom Adkif;&yfpfrsm; wdkufcdkufrIrcH&ap&eftwGuf
uGefysLwmtwGif;&Sd &ufpGJESifhtcsdefudk ajymif;vJxm;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? þ&ufrsm;wGif
uGefysLwmudkvHk;0toHk;rjyKapjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; umuG,fEdkifygonf/
uGefysLwmAdkif;&yfpfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;onfhy½dk*&rfrsm;
15/ y½kd*&rfrsm;udk DOS, Windows, Windows NT, Internet wkdYtwGuf oD;jcm;
xkwv f yk af &mif;csygonf/ Anti Virus y&k*d &rftcsKd Utm; Internet rSwpfqifh tcrJhjzpfap?
tcay;íjzpfap 0,f,l&&SdEkdifygonf/ toHk;rsm;onfh Adkif;&yfpf&Sif;vif;onfhy&dk*&rf
rsm;rSm atmufygwdkYjzpfygonf-
(u) McAfee Anti Virus Utility
( c ) Norton Anti Virus Utility
( * ) IBM Anti Virus Utility
(C) Dr.Solman Anti Virus Tool Kit
( i ) PC-cillin Anti Virus Utility
( p ) F.prot Professional Anti Virus Utility
(q) Thunder Byte Anti Virus Utility
( Z ) Command Anti-Virus
( ps ) Panda Anti-Virus
Antivirus Software rsm;\vkyfaqmifyHk
16/ Antivirus Software rsm;\vkyfaqmifyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Virus rsm;&SmazGjcif;/
(c) Virus 0if a &muf r I t m; umuG , f & ef TSR(Terminate and Stay
Resident) tjzpfxm;&Sdí Guard vkyjf cif;/
(*) Virus aESmuf,SufzsufqD;jcif;cH&ygu Recovery jyKvkyf&ef pDpOf
xm;&Sdjcif;/
(C) Virus data file tm; Update jyKvkyfaqmif½Guf&ef data ay:rlwnfí
owday;aqmif½Gufjcif; ( Internet rSwpfqif)h /
Virus rsm;&SmazGjcif;
17/ uGeyf sLwmudk Power On NyD;? Virus Safe Guard udk vkyfaqmifapjcif;jzifh
Anti Virus Program onf Main Memory wGif Virus &dS^r&dSudk &SmazGygrnf/
oufqdkif&m Storage Devicesrsm;udk Adkif;&yfpftqifhqifh&SmazG&Sif;vif;yHktm; yHk(8-3)
wGif awGUEdkifygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 112
yHk (8-3) Virus &SmazGyHktqifhqifh

Virus 0ifa&mufrItm; umuG,f&ef TSR tjzpfxm;&Sdí Guard vkyfjcif;
18/ Virus 0ifa&mufrIudkumuG,f&eftwGuf TSR tjzpfxm;&dSí Main Memory
wGif 0ifa&mufae&m,lum Adkif;&yfpfudk wm;qD;&ef toHk;jyKoltm; owday;ygonf/
yHk(8-4) (TSR Program &Sdaejcif;aMumifh uGefysLwmpepf\vkyfaqmifrIrsm; tenf;i,f
aES;oGm;apEdkifygonf)
yHk (8-4) Antivirus TSR Program ae&m,ltvkyfvkyfyHk
Virus aESmuf,SufzsufqD;jcif;cH&ygu Recovery jyKvkyf&ef pDpOfxm;&Sdjcif;

19/ Virus aESmuf,SufzsufqD;rIaMumifh tcsuftvufrsm; ESifh System ydkif;qdkif&m
xdcdkufrIjzpfay:ygu jyefvnf Recovery jyKvkyf&ef Emergency Disk udk AntiVirus
Utility Software Installation jyKvkyfpOf vkyfaqmifxm;&ygrnf/ Emergency disk
onf Hard Disk twGif; Virus &SmazG&Sif;vif;jcif;? tcsuftvufrsm;? Systems
twGuf ta&;BuD;aom File rsm;udk Recovery jyefvnfjyKvkyfay;Edkifojzifh taxmuf
tuljzpfonfh Disk jzpfygonf/ yH(k 8-5)
yHk (8-5) Emergency Disk jyKvkyfyHk

Virus data file tm; update jzpfap&ef aqmif½Gufjcif;
20/ Virus zefwD;olrsm;aMumifh Virus topftopfrsm; tNrJjzpfay:vQuf&dS&m
toHk;jyKoltaejzifh rdrd\ AntiVirus Utility twGuf Virus Data File rsm;udk tNrJ
topfjzpfaeatmif Update jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfygonf/ odkYrSom aemufqHk;ay:Virus udk
&SmazG&iS ;f vif;Edik rf nfjzpfygonf/ Internet rSEpS yf wfwpfBurd &f ,lí Update jyKvyk jf cif;jzifh
aemufqHk;ay: Virus rsm;udk&Sif;vif;Edkif&ef tultnDay;rnfjzpfygonf/yHk(8-6)
yHk (8-6) Internet jzifh csdwfqufjcif;rS Virus 0ifa&mufEdkifyHk
Memory wGifa&muf&Sdaeaom Virus udk&Sif;vif;jcif;
21/ Memory wGifa&muf&Sdaeaom Virus udk atmufygtwdi k ;f &Si;f vif;Edik yf gonf-

(u) uGeyf sLwmudk Shutdown vkyfí Power Off jyKvyk yf gu Memory
wGif &Sdaeaom Virus onf Memory twGif;rSaysmufoGm;rnf/
( c ) az:jycJah om AntiVirus Software rsm;rS Emergency Disk jzifh Boot
vkyfí&Sif;vif;yg/ (odkYr[kwf) Emergency Disk r&Sdygu Virus
r&Sdaom Write Protect jyKvkyfxm;onfh Boot Disk (odkYr[kwf)
AntiVirus Boot CD jzifh Boot vkyy f g/ Ny;D vQif AntiVirus Program
toHk;jyKíVirus rsm;udkqufvuf&Sif;vif;yg/ (rSwfcsuf/ McAFee
uGefysLwmvufpJG 114
AntiVirus Software \ SCAN.EXE ESifh Data File rsm;jzpfaom

SCAN.DAT, CLEAN.DAT, NAME.DAT wdy Yk g0ifonfh Floppy
Disk wpfckudk oD;jcm;pDpOfNyD;? Write Protect vkyxf m;oifoh nf/)
(*) AntiVirus Program rSay;aom Report udkzwfí Adkif;&yfpf &Sif;vif;
NyD;^rNyD; aocsmpGmppfaq;yg/
(C) uGeyf sLwmudk Power Off jyefvkyfNyD;aemuf Hard Disk jzifh Boot
jyefvyk yf g/ Windows 9X oHk; AntiVirus Utility jzifh aocsmatmif
xyfrH&Sif;vif;yg/
McAFee Bootable Disk jzifh&Sif;vif;jcif;
22/ McAFee Bootable Disk jzifh atmufygtwdkif; Virus &Sif;vif;Edkifygonf-

(u) Hard Disk(C:) / File ESifh Boot Record wGif&dSaom Virus tm;
&SmazG&Sif;vif;jcif;/
Oyrm- A:\> Scan C: /Clean /Boot
(c ) Hard Disk (C:) wpfckvHk;&Sd File rsm;tm; &SmazG&Sif;vif;jcif;/
Oyrm- A:\> Scan C: /Clean
( *) Hard Disk (C:) wpfckvHk;&Sd File tm;vHk;wGif Virus udk &SmazG&Sif;vif;
jcif;/
Oyrm- A:\> Scan C: /Clean /All
(C) Hard Disk C: ü Virus wG,fuyfaeaom zdkifudk &SmazGzsufqD;jcif;/
Oyrm- A:\> Scan C: /Del
rSwfcsuf/ McAFee Anti Virus Program rSm Updated jzpf
ae&ef vdktyfygonf/ Boot Disk ESifh Anti Virus
Program yg&Sad om Disk wdkYonf Virus Clean jzpf&ef?
Bad Sector r&Sd&efESifh Write Protect vkyfí oD;jcm;
odrf;qnf;xm;&Sd&efvdktyfonf/
Adkif;&yfpfaMumifhtcsuftvufrsm;rysufpD;apa&;
23/ Adik ;f &yfpaf Mumift h csut f vufrsm; rysupf ;D apa&;twGuf atmufazmfjyygtwdik ;f
aqmif&GufEdkifygonf-
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tvufrsm;udk ysufpD;apEdkifojzihf tcsuftvufrsm; vHkNcKHa&;twGuf
rl0g'rsm;? enf;pepfrsm; csrSwfxm;oihfygonf/ oHk;pGJcGihf&Sdolrsm;udkom
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&Sdaewwfonfjzpf&m Akdif;&yfpfwkdufckdufrIaMumifh uGefysLwm\trmxnfrsm; (Computer
Hardware)? uG e f y sLwmpuf v nf y wf r I p epf r sm; ( Operating System)? tok H ; cs
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rsm;onf ta&;BuD; Data rsm;tm; tjcm;trsdK;tpm;rwlaom Media rsm; jzpfonfh
Tape, CD, Zip Jaz, HD, MO rsm;ay:wGif Back up Copy (1) pkHrS (3) pkHtxd
jyKvkyfaqmif½Gufxm;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ Akdif;&yfpfy½kd*&rfrsm;onf tcsdefESifhtrQ topf
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Computer System, Hardware

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Computer System, Hardware

Computer System, Hardware

- Input Hardware System Software Application Software

History of Computer Science (uGey

Generations of Programming Languages (uGefysLwmy½dk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;)

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Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk)

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17/ Monitor wGif Power On / Off Switch, yH&k yd \

9 Pin 00000 15 Pin

18/ Monitor ESiw

Resolution 16 Colors 256 Colors 64K Colors 16.7M Colors

VRAM Requirements for Various (VGA/SVGA/XGA/SXGA)Resolutions/Color Depths

Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifhñTefMum;csufxnfhoGif;onfhypönf;)

PS2 Keyboard Connector yHk (5) 101 Keyboard AT Keyboard Connector

PS2 Mouse Connector

yHk (6) Mouse & Mouse Pad

Daisy Wheel Printer

Dot Matrix Printer

24 Pin 9 Pin Dot Matrix Printer

Laser Jet Printer

Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)

Rear Panel of AT System Unit

DB 25 PARALLEL PORT (F)

DB 9 SERIAL PORT (E)

KEYBOARD INPUT (D)

GAME IN SPK Speaker wyfqif&ef

LPT PORT (G)

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckrS

....... INTERFACE (D)

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY

( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGifwyfqifxm;aom

Starting The Computer (For Windows XP)

(Windows XP toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; pwiftoHk;jyKjcif;)

( *) Monitor Power Switch udk On yg/

Shut Down The Computer (For Windows XP)

(C) Shut Down Button tm; Click vkyy

( p) ATX System jzpfygu uGefysLwmonf tvdktavsmuf Turn Off

Startup Procedure for PC

31/ uGeyf sLwmwpfv;Hk ukd rD;zGiv

(u) Power Supply Unit

(C) Clock Generator

( i) Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse

( p) ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory- Basic Input Output System)

(u) Power Supply Unit (PSU) / Computer wpfvHk;pwiftoHk;jyK&eftwGuf

Power On Self Test (POST) (rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;)

34/ POST onfuGefysLwmwGif Disk Drive ta&twGuf rnfrQ&Sdonf? Serial Ports,

Start -Up Procedure For PC

MOTHER BOARD Internal

1234567 (ii) Boot Strap