SCHOOL: JARAMOGI OGINGA ODINGA UNIVERSITY

SCIENCE AND TECNOLOGY

BSC COMMUNITY HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT
YEAR OF STUDY: YEAR 1 SEM 1
UNIT: FUNDAMENTALS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
UNIT CODE: HPD 3113
LECTURER: NICKSON OGUGU
STUDENT NAME: NAME: DOROTHY A OGIDI
ADM.NO: H131/3539/2016
Email :[email protected]
Tel NO;0725859711
INTRODUCTION
Health promotion enables people to increase control over their own health. It covers a wide range of

social and environmental interventions that are designed to benefit and protect individual people’s health

and quality of life by addressing and preventing the root causes of ill health, not just focusing on

treatment and cure.

Three key elements of health promotion:

1. Good governance for health

Health promotion requires policy makers across all government departments to make health a central line

of government policy. This means they must factor health implications into all the decisions they take,

and prioritize policies that prevent people from becoming ill and protect them from injuries.

These policies must be supported by regulations that match private sector incentives with public health

goals. For example, by aligning tax policies on unhealthy or harmful products such as alcohol, tobacco,

and food products which are high in salt, sugars and fat with measures to boost trade in other areas. And

through legislation that supports healthy urbanization by creating walkable cities, reducing air and water

pollution, enforcing the wearing of seat belts and helmets.

2. Health literacy

People need to acquire the knowledge, skills and information to make healthy choices, for example about

the food they eat and healthcare services that they need. They need to have opportunities to make those

choices. And they need to be assured of an environment in which people can demand further policy

actions to further improve their health.

3. Healthy cities

Cities have a key role to play in promoting good health. Strong leadership and commitment at the

municipal level is essential to healthy urban planning and to build up preventive measures in

communities and primary health care facilities. From healthy cities evolve healthy countries and,

ultimately, a healthier world

Good governance
The breadth and ambition of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the inter-connected

nature of the goals, call for national responses that build synergies across sectors.

Now, more than ever, there is momentum for ‘whole-of-government’ responses, ensuring greater

coordination and coherence of policies.

This approach is based on the rationale that health is determined by multiple factors outside the direct

control of the health sector like education, income, and an individual living conditions and that decisions

made in other sectors can affect health of individuals and shape patterns of disease distribution and

mortality.

Health gains, as well as the realization of health as a fundamental human right and health equity, require

that policy making in other sectors routinely consider health outcomes, including benefits, harms, and

health related-costs.

Action across sectors for health was the powerful conclusion set forth in the Helsinki Statement on

Health in All Policies (2014), the foundation for which was laid over the years by the Alma Ata

Declaration on Primary Health Care (1978), the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986), the Rio

Political Declaration on the Social Determinants of Health (2011) and numerous other high-level

political resolutions and fora.

The WHO Framework for Country Action across Sectors for Health and Health Equity 1 provides

Member States with a guiding framework for realizing intersectoral action for health.

Critically, action across sectors for health and health equity is not just about achieving better health

outcomes through securing ‘favours’ from other sectors. Rather, it is about the health sector supporting

and collaborating with other sectors to develop and implement policies, programmes and projects in their

own remit, in a way that optimizes co-benefits for all sectors involved. The broad and interlinked

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) make this more possible and indeed necessary than ever before,

while presenting unique challenges. At the same time, health threats such as Ebola have renewed
attention to how weak health systems pose global security threats, and the need to recognize health

promotion as a foreign policy and security priority as well.

From Ottawa to Shanghai & the sustainable development agenda

Thirty years ago, the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion recognized the need to enable people to increase

control over and to improve their health and well-being by ensuring healthier, sustainable environments

where people live, work, study and play.

Social justice and equity were highlighted as core foundations for health, and there was agreement that

health promotion is not simply the responsibility of the health sector.

Subsequent WHO global health promotion conferences have reiterated these elements as key for health

promotion.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the world’s ambitious and universal “plan of action for

people, planet and prosperity”, includes 17 Goals, 169 targets and 231 initial indicators. The Agenda offers

a new opportunity to involve multiple stakeholders to ensure that all people can fulfil their potential – to live

in health and with dignity and equality.

With this in mind, the theme of the 9th Global Conference on Health Promotion, “Health Promotion in

the Sustainable Development Goals” is both timely and necessary to ensure policy-coherence and

alignment of agendas for action. The slogan: “Health for All and All for Health” captures the

commitment to leave no one behind and to involve all actors in a new global partnership to achieve this

transformative Agenda Health is a precondition for all three dimensions of sustainable development –

social, economic and environmental – and action on the social and environmental determinants of health

is in turn critical to creating inclusive, equitable, economically productive and healthy societies 2.

The mutually reinforcing relationship between health and development makes realizing synergies both

desirable and necessary. However, the adoption of truly integrated ‘whole-of-government’ approaches to

support action across sectors is yet to be achieved in many countries, owing to a range of challenges

described below. Legislation, rules and regulations are important instruments for governments to use in
fulfilling their responsibility to prevent disease and promote population health, and to protect people

from social, economic and environmental harms that threaten the right to health.

But, as Table 1 illustrates, the integrated and indivisible nature of Agenda 2030 offers a game-changing

opportunity to elevate policy coherence and efficiencies above siloed and fragmented approaches to

health, health equity and development. Though needed in all countries, realizing synergies across sectors

is particularly important in low-income countries, where resource constraints make finding win-wins

across sectors even more appealing. The next section provides concrete examples of how action across

sectors can simultaneously advance health, health equity and other sustainable development goals.

Good governance – challenges, opportunities and UN support

The promotion of action across sectors is not an endpoint in itself but rather an important and useful

approach to attaining the SDGs. Yet the utility and plain good sense of collaborating across sectors in

pursuit of coherent and efficient policy can sometimes take a backseat to ingrained challenges, ranging

from departmentalism to conscious antagonism, from systemic misalignment of health and commercial

objectives to non-health sectors of government not having sufficient information on why health matters

for their core objectives.

Even where non-health sectors are ready and willing to support action across secto

ors for health and health equity, there are often gaps in understanding which evidence-based

interventions can best achieve synergies across sectors.

Strengthening multisectoral governance, for example through establishing the type of intersectoral

coordination structures used to address road safety in Viet Nam, can help overcome many of these

challenges. So too can building the capacity of the health sector, and public health practitioners more

broadly, to better understand and weigh the pros and cons of working with non-health

sectors/stakeholders.

Though action across sectors for health and health equity is the responsibility of entire governments, the

health sector must often take a lead role in promoting multisectoral action from both a health and non-

health sector perspective. As decades of experiences in responding to AIDS demonstrate, health can be a

powerful pathfinder for whole-of-government approaches that lift not just health but social and economic
objectives more broadly. Concurrently, it will be essential to build the capacity of health systems at the

country, regional and global levels to address the social, economic and environmental determinants of

health.

As we shift towards effective application of the action across sectors approach, the WHO Framework for

Country Action across Sectors for Health and Health Equity, together with the number of technical

documents, plans, tools and how-to-guides WHO is developing with partners, such as the PAHO Plan of

Action on Health in All Policies (HiAP), HiAP Training Manual, and multisectoral briefs on NCDs with

UNDP, offer countries more detailed guidance.

Efforts are needed on the part of all relevant stakeholders to examine the impact of the action across sector

approach, for example by identifying quantifiable markers for reporting progress, giving an account of the

achievements thus far, and strengthening the evidence base of the many models and methods that promote

action across sectors. Buy-in by countries at all levels of development at the UNGA and WHA will be

critical for ingraining action across sectors as the new and preferred approach in the Agenda 2030 era.

Financing across sectors for health and development synergies

The SDGs demand not just synergies in programming but also in financing for development. With countries

increasingly expected to finance their development priorities domestically, identifying and financing high-

value cross cutting interventions that can achieve multiple goals and targets simultaneously has become

more important than ever.

Social protection is one such intervention; it helps reduce poverty, reduce economic and gender inequalities,

as well as exclusion, build human capital and advance human development, through direct benefits to

education and health outcomes1 .

But high-value interventions like social protection are often under-funded and achieve less than optimum

coverage, largely because conventional evaluation methods fail to capture their range of costs and benefits

that in reality are distributed to multiple sectors.

UNDP is working with the STRIVE Consortium and other partners to support governments in sub-Saharan

Africa to identify and fund these interventions more efficiently, through an appropriate pooling of resources
across benefiting sectors, with contributions guided by each sector’s valuation and willingness to pay for

specific results.

The United Nations Development Group (UNDG) has included this “cross-sectoral co-financing” approach

as a key financing strategy under MAPS (Mainstreaming, Acceleration and Policy Support) – the dedicated,

common approach of over 30 UN agencies under the auspices of UNDG to support SDG implementation in

countries.

1
Cash transfers have consistently been shown to lead to better outcomes in nutrition and maternal and

child health. They also increase demand for, and uptake of, essential health and medical services, making

them a critical demand-side structural intervention for achieving UHC.

HEALTH LITERACY

Definition of Health literacy

It’s the ability to make sound health decisions in the context of everyday life - at home, in the community, at

the workplace, the healthcare system, the market place and the political arena’ (Kickbusch et al 2005).

Literacy involves listening, speaking, reading, writing, numeracy and using everyday technology to

communicate and handle information.

It includes more than the technical skills of communication: also has personal, social and economic

dimensions.

Literacy increases the opportunity for individuals to reflect on their situation and initiate change.

Health literacy is an issue that challenges everyone to varying degrees. People who do not experience

literacy difficulties in other areas of life may easily experience difficulty in healthcare settings because they

are not used to the setting or indeed the vocabulary.

They can struggle to make sense of health related materials with unfamiliar concepts. Emotions can also

play a part - when people feel vu lnerable and scared their ability to understand information is inhibited.
Health literacy emerges when the expectations, preferences and skills of individuals seeking health

information and services meet the expectations, preferences and skills of those providing the information

and services’ (Institute of Medicine 2004).

HEALTHY COMMUNITY DESIGN IN HEALTHY CITIES

Healthy community design is planning and designing communities that make it easier for people to live

healthy lives. Healthy community design offers important benefits:

 Decreases dependence on the automobile by building homes, businesses, schools, churches and parks

closer to each other so that people can more easily walk or bike between them.

 Provides opportunities for people to be physically active and socially engaged as part of their daily

routine, improving the physical and mental health of its citizens.

 Allows persons, if they choose, to age in place and remain all their lives in a community that reflects

their changing lifestyles and changing physical capabilities.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF HEALTY CITIES

Healthy places are those designed and built to improve the quality of life for all people who live,work, learn,

and play within their borders—where every person is free to make choices amid a variety of healthy,

available, accessible, and affordable options.

Healthy community design can provide many advantages:

 Promote physical activity

 Promote a diet free of additives, preservatives, and pesticides
 Improve air quality
 Lower risk of injuries
 Increase social connection and sense of community
 Reduce contributions to climate change

PRINCIPLES OF HEALTHY CITIES

 Encourage mixed land use and greater land density to shorten distances between homes, workplaces,

schools and recreation so people can walk or bike more easily to them.

 Provide good mass transit to reduce the dependence upon automobiles. Build good pedestrian and

bicycle infrastructure, including sidewalks and bike paths that are safely removed from automobile

traffic as well as good right of way laws and clear, easy-to-follow signage.

 Ensure affordable housing is available for people of all income levels. *Create community centers where

people can gather and mingle as part of their daily activities.

 Offer access to green space and parks

FINDINGS

Health promotion enhances the quality of life for all people

By focusing on prevention health promotion reduces the cost that the families ,communities and nation

would spend on medical treatment

RECOMMENDATION

Health promotion is recommended for all programs and interventions for achieving Quality of life in Vision

2030

References

https://www.who.int/features/qa/health-promotion/en/

https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/9gchp/good-governance-opportunities/en/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_community_design