MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD A more common way of describing

rotational symmetry is by order of rotation.

CHAPTER 1: Nature of Mathematics A figure has a rotational symmetry of order n
Ponder: Look around you and identify the (n-fold rotational symmetry) if 1/n of a
things from which you can see PATTERNS. complete turn leaves the figure unchanged.

What are patterns? To compute for the angle of rotation, we use

 Patterns are regular, repeated, or the following formula:
recurring forms or designs. Angle of rotation = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝒏
Is studying patterns important? Why? Angle of rotation = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝒏
 Mathematics in the Modern World = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟓
Studying patterns helps us in = 72°
identifying relationships and finding EXPONENTIAL GROWTH MODEL
logical connections to form Formula:
generalizations and make predictions. A = size of the population
P = initial number of people
What are the patterns you can see in the e = Euler’s constant with an
natural world? approximate value of 2.718
 Patterns indicate a sense of structure r = growth rate
and organization that it seems only t = time
humans are capable of producing 𝑨 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒕
these intricate, creative, and amazing
formations. It is from this perspective The exponential growth model
that some people see an “intelligent 𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝒆𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝒕 describes the population of a
design” in the way that nature forms. city in the Philippines in thousands, t years
What is symmetry? after 1995.
 Symmetry indicates that you can draw
an imaginary line across an object and EXAMPLE:
the resulting parts are mirror images of A. What was the population of the city in
each other. 1995?

B. What will be the population in 2017?

a. What was the population of the city

in 1995?
𝑨 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒕
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝒆(𝟎.𝟎𝟐)(𝟎)
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝒆𝟎
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎(𝟏)
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎

b. What will be the population in 2017?

𝑨 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒕
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝒆(𝟎.𝟎𝟐)(𝟐𝟐)
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝒆𝟎.𝟒𝟒
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎(𝟏.𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟏)
𝑨 = 𝟒𝟔.𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟑

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
The image shown is also an example of  13, 18, 23, 28, …
Rotational Symmetry. It is when an object  A sequence are the ordered
still looks the same after some rotation (of less list of numbers, called terms,
than one full turn). that may have repeated values.
The arrangement of these terms
Angle of rotation is the smallest angle is set by a definite rule.
that a figure can be rotated while still
preserving the original formation. Analyze the following:
a) 1, 10, 100, 1000, …
b) 2, 5, 9, 14, 20, …
c) 16, 32, 64, 128, …
d) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, …

 The sequence in item D in the

previous slide is a special sequence
called Fibonacci Sequence.
  Fibonacci Sequence is named after
the Italian mathematician Leonardo of
Pisa, whose nickname was Fibonacci.
 The Fibonacci sequence was the
outcome of a mathematical problem
about rabbit breeding. The problem
was this: Beginning with a single pair
of rabbits (one male and one female),
how many pairs of rabbits will be born
in a year, assuming that every month
each male and female rabbit gives birth
to a new pair of rabbits, and the new
pair of rabbits itself starts giving birth to
additional pairs of rabbits after the first
month of their birth?
CHAPTER 2: Speaking Mathematically
Fibonacci Sequence:
0+1=1 0, 1, 1
Variables – a variable is sometimes thought
1+1=2 0, 1, 1, 2
of as a mathematical “John Doe” because
1+2=3 0, 1, 1, 2, 3
you can use it as a placeholder when you
2+3=5 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5
want to talk about something but either
3+5=8 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8
1. You imagine that it has one or more
5 + 8 = 13 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, …
values but you don’t know what
they are or
 The ratios of successive Fibonacci 2. You want whatever you say about it
numbers approach the number Φ to be equally true for all elements in
(Phi), a.k.a. the Golden Ratio. This is a given set and so you don’t want
approximately equal to 1.618. to be restricted to considering only
 The Golden Ratio can also be a particular value for it.
expressed as the ratio between two
numbers, if the latter is also the ratio Example 1:
between the sum and the larger of the Is there a number with the following
two numbers. property: doubling it and adding 3 gives the
1
same result as squaring it?
1
= 1.0000
2
= 2.0000 Solution:
1
3 Is there a number “x” with the following
2
= 1.5000 property: 2x + 3 = 𝑥2
5
= 1.6667
3
8 Example 2:
5
= 1.6000 No matter what number might be
13
= 1.6250 chosen, if it is greater than 2 then its square
8
21 is greater than 4.
13
= 1.6154
34
= 1.6190 Solution:
21
55 No matter what number n might be
34
= 1.6177 chosen if n > 2 then 𝑛2 > 4
89
55
= 1.6182
THREE(3) OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
Geometrically, it can also be visualized KINDS OF MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT
as a rectangle perfectly formed by a square
and another rectangle, which can be repeated 1. Universal statement – says that a
infinitely inside each section. certain property is true for elements
in a set.
Example: All positive numbers are
greater than zero.

2. Conditional Statement – says that

if one thing is true then some other
thing also has to be true.
Example: if 378 is divisible by 18
then 378 is divisible by 6.
 3. Given a property that may or may  Addition of a superscript + or – or the
not be true an existential letters nonneg indicates that only the
statements says that there is one positive or negative or nonnegative
thing for which the property is true. elements of the set, respectively, are to
Example: there is a prime number be included.
that is even.
Answer : 1 Thus 𝑹+ denotes the set of positive
real numbers, and 𝒁𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒈 refers to
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS the set of nonnegative integers: 0, 1, 2,
Use of the word set as a formal 3, 4, and so forth.
mathematical term was introduced in 1879 by  Some authors refer to the set of
Georg Cantor. For most mathematical nonnegative integers as the set of
purposes we can think of a set intuitively as natural numbers and denote it as N.
cantor did simply as a collection of elements. Other authors call only the positive
integers natural numbers.
Examples :
a. If C is the set of all countries that are SUBSETS
currently in the United States Nations
then the united states is an element of If A and B are sets, then A is called a
C. subset of B, written A ⊆ B, if, and only if,
b. If I is the set of all integers from 1 to every element of A is also an element of B.
100 then the number 57 is an element  Symbolically: A ⊆ B means that for all
of I elements x, if x ∈ A then x ∈ B
The phrases A is contained in B and B
NOTATION contains A are alternative ways of saying that
If S is a set, the notation x ∑ 𝑺 means A is a subset of B.
that x is an element is S. The notation x ≠ 𝑺
means that x is not an element of S. It follows from the definition of subset
a. A set may be specifies using the set- that for a set A not to be a subset of a set B
roster notation by writing all of its means that there is at least one element of A
element between braces that is not an element of B.
Example : {1,2,3}  A ⊄B means that there is at least one
element x such that x ∈ A and x ∉ B.
b. A variation of the notation is
sometimes used to describe a very ORDERED PAIR
large set. Given elements a and b, the symbol (a,
Example: {1,2,3,….,100} b) denotes the ordered pair consisting of a
and b together with the specification that a is
c. A similar notation can also describe the first element of the pair and b is the
an infinite set. second element.
Example: {1,2,3…}  E.g.: Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c,
d) are equal if, and only if, a = c and b
 The symbol “…” is called an ellipsis = d. (a, b) = (c, d) means that a = c and
and is read “and so forth”. b = d.
d. The axiom of extensions says that a THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS
set is completely determined by what
its element are, not the order in which Let A = {0, 1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and let us
they might be listed or the fact that say that an element x in A is related to and
some elements might be listed more element y in B if, and only if, x is less than y.
than once.  Let us use x R y as a shorthand for the
Example : sentence “x is related to y.”
A = {1,2,3},
B= {3,2,1}, 0R1 since 0 < 1,
C= {1,1,2,2,3,3} ` 0R2 since 0 < 2,
0R3 since 0 < 3,
 Certain sets of numbers are so 1R2 since 1 < 2,
frequently referred to that they are 1R3 since 1 < 3,
given special symbolic names. 2R3 since 2 < 3.
 On the other hand, if the notation x R y
a. R = set of all real numbers represents the sentence “x is not
b. Z = set pf all integers related to y.”
c. Q = set of all rational numbers or
quotient of integers. 1R1 since 1 < 1,
2R1 since 2 < 1,
2R2 since 2 < 2.
CHAPTER 3: Problem Solving
The following table shows some results
INDUCTIVE REASONING obtained for pendulums of various lengths.
The type of reasoning that forms a For the sake of convenience, a length of 10
conclusion based on the examination of inches has been designated as 1 unit.
specific examples is called inductive Example 3:
reasoning. The conclusion formed by using Use Inductive Reasoning to Solve an
inductive reasoning is a conjecture, since it Application
may or may not be correct.
Length od Period of
Inductive reasoning is the process of pendulum in pendulum in
reaching a general conclusion by examining units Heartbeats
specific examples. 1 1
4 2
Example 1: 9 3
Use Inductive Reasoning to Predict a 16 4
Number 25 5
a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ? 36 6
b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ?
Solution: The period of a pendulum is the time it takes
a) Each successive number is 3 larger than for the pendulum to swing from left to right and
the preceding number. Thus we predict that back to its original position.
the next number in the list is 3 larger than 15, a. If a pendulum has a length of 49
which is 18. units, what is its period?
b) The first two numbers differ by 2. The b. If the length of a pendulum is
second and the third numbers differ by 3. It quadrupled, what happens to its
appears that the difference between any two period?
numbers is always 1 more than the preceding
difference. Since 10 and 15 differ by 5, we Solution:
predict that the next number in the list will be a. 7 heartbeats
6 larger than 15, which is 21. b. Quadrupling the length of a pendulum
doubles its period
Example 2:
Use Inductive Reasoning to Make a COUNTEREXAMPLES
Conjecture A statement is a true statement
Consider the following procedure: provided that it is true in all cases. If you can
find one case for which a statement is not
EXAMPLE: Pick a number. Multiply the true, called a counterexample, then the
number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide the statement is a false statement. In example 4
sum by 2, and subtract by 3. we verify that each statement is a false
Solution: statement by finding a counterexample for
Suppose we pick 5 as our original number. each.
Then the procedure would produce the
following results: Example 4: Find a Counterexample
5 x 8 = 40 Verify that each of the following statements is
40 + 6 = 46 a false statement by finding a
46 / 2 = 23 counterexample.
23 – 3 = 20
We started with 5 and followed the procedure For all numbers x:
to produce 20. Starting with 6 as our original a. |x| > 0
number produces a final result of 24. Starting b. x2 > x
with 10 produces a final result of 40. Starting c. x2 = x
with 100 produces a final result of 400. In
each of these cases the resulting number if Solution:
four times the original number. We conjecture A Statement may have many
that following the given procedure produces a counterexamples, but we need only find one
number that is four time the original number. counterexample to verify that the statement is
false.
Scientists often use inductive a. Let x = 0. Then |0| = 0. Because 0 is
reasoning. For instance, Galileo Galilei not greater than 0, we have found a
(1564-1642) used inductive reasoning to counterexample. Thus “a” is a false
discover that the time required for a pendulum statement.
to complete one swing, called the period of b. For x = 1 we have 12. Since 1 is not
the pendulum, depends on the length of the
greater than 1, we have found a
pendulum. Galileo did not have a dock, so he
counterexample. Thus “b” is a false
measured the periods of pendulums in
statement.
“heartbeats.”
 c. Consider x = -3. Then ( ― 3)2 = 9 = CHAPTER 4: Statistics
3. Since 3 is not equal to -3, we have The Arithmetic Mean
found a counterexample. Thus “c’ is a
false statement. Statistics involves the collection,
organization, summarization,
DEDUCTIVE REASONING presentation, and interpretation of data.
Another type of reasoning is called The branch of statistics that involves the
deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning collection, organization, summarization, and
is distinguished from inductive reasoning in presentation of data is called descriptive
that it is the process of reaching a conclusion statistics. The branch that interprets and
by applying general principles and draws conclusions from the data is called
procedures. inferential statistics.
One of the most basic statistical
Example 5: Use Deductive Reasoning to concepts involves finding measures of
Establish a Conjecture central tendency of a set of numerical data.
Use deductive reasoning to show that the It is often helpful to find numerical values that
following procedure produces a number that locate, in some sense, the center of a set of
is four times the original number. data.

Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the EXAMPLES: Suppose Elle is a senior at a

number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide the university. In a few months she plans to
sum by 2, and subtract by 3. graduate and start a career as a landscape
Solution: architect. A survey of five landscape
Let n represent the original number. architects from last year’s senior class shows
Multiply the number by 8: 8n that they received job offers with the following
Add 6 to the product: 8n + 6 yearly salaries.
Divide the sum by 2:
8𝑛 + 6
= 4n + 3 $43,750 $39,500 $38,000 $41,250
2 $44,000
Subtract by 3: 4n + 3 – 3 = 4n Before Elle interviews for a job, she
wishes to determine an average of these 5
LOGIC PUZZLES salaries. This average should be a “central”
Logic puzzles can be solved by using number around which the salaries cluster. We
deductive reasoning and a chart that enables will consider three types of averages, known
us to display the given information in a visual as the arithmetic mean, the median, and the
manner. mode. Each of these averages is a measure
of central tendency for the numerical data.
Example 7: Solve a Logic Puzzle The arithmetic mean is the most
Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, commonly used measure of central tendency.
and Brian, has a different occupation (editor, The arithmetic mean of a set of numbers is
banker, chef, or dentist). From the following often referred to as simply the mean. To find
clues, determine the occupation of each the mean for a set of data, find the sum of the
neighbor. data values and divide by the number of data
1. Maria gets home from work after the values. For instance, to find the mean of the 5
banker but before the dentist. salaries, Elle would divide the sum of the
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from salaries by 5.
work, is not the editor.
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work 43,750 + 39,500 + 38,000 + 41,250 + 44,000
at the same time. 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
5
4. The banker lives next door to Brian. 206, 500
Editor Banker Chef Dentist 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = 41,300
5
 The mean suggests that Elle can
Sean X3 / X3 X4 reasonably expect a job offer at a
Maria / X1 X3 X1 salary of about $41,300.
 In statistics it is often necessary to find
Sarah X2 X2 / X3 the sum of a set of numbers. The
Brian X3 X4 X3 / traditional symbol used to indicate a
summation is the Greek letter sigma,
Σ.
Sean is the banker  Thus the notation Σx, called
Maria is the editor summation notation, denotes the
Sarah is the chef sum of all the numbers in a given set.
Brian is the dentist We cam define the mean using
summation notation.

MEAN
 The mean of n numbers is the sum of A list of numerical data can have more
the numbers divided by n. than one mode. For instance, in the list 4, 2,
Σ𝑥 6, 2, 7, 9, 2, 4, 9, 8, 9, 7, the number 2 occurs
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛 three times and the number 9 occurs three
times. Each of the other numbers occurs less
Statisticians often collect data from small than three times. Thus 2 and 9 are both
portions of a large group in order to determine modes for the data.
information about the group. In such
situations the entire group under Example 3: Find a Mode
consideration is knows as the population, Find the mode for the following lists.
and any subset of the population is called a a. 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21
sample. It is traditional to denote the mean of b. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23
a sample by x̄ (which is read as “x bar”) and Solution:
to denote the mean of a population by the a. 15
Greek letter μ (lowercase mu). b. None

Example 1: Find a Mean THE WEIGHTED MEAN

Six friends in a biology class of 20 students A value called the weighted mean is
received test grades of often used when some data values more
92, 84, 65, 76, 88, and 90 important than others.
Find the mean of these test scores. SITUATION: For instance, many professors
Solution: determine a student’s course grade from the
The 6 friends are a sample of the population student’s tests and the final examination.
of 20 students. Use x̄ to represent the mean. Consider the situation in which a professor
Σ𝑥 92 + 84 + 65 + 76 + 88 + 90 counts the final examination score as 2 test
x= 𝑛 = 6
495 scores. To find the weighted mean of the
= 𝟔 = 𝟖𝟐.𝟓 student’s scores, the professor first assigns a
The mean of these test scores is 82.5. weight of 1 and the final exam score a weight
of 2. A student with test scores of 65, 70, and
The Median 75 and a final examination score of 90 has a
Another type of average is the median. weighted mean of
Essentially, the median is the middle number (65x1) + (70x1) + (75x1) + (90x2) 390
or the mean of the two middle numbers in a = = 78
5 5
list of numbers that have been arranged in Example 4: Find a Weighted Mean
numerical order from smallest to largest or Many colleges use the 4-point grading
largest to smallest. Any list of numbers that is system:
arranged in numerical order from smallest to A = 4, B = 3, C = 2, D = 1, F = 0
largest or largest to smallest is a ranked list. A student’s grade point average (GPA) is
calculated as a weighted mean, where the
MEDIAN student’s grade in each course is given a
The median of a ranked list of n numbers is: weight equal to the number of units (or
• the middle number if n is odd credits) that course is worth.
• the mean of the two middle
numbers if n is even. Course Course Course
grade units
Example 2: Find a Median English B 4
Find the median of the data in the following History A 3
lists. Chemistry D 3
a) 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12 Algebra C 4
b) 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108
Solution:
a. 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12 The Table shows Dillon’s fall semester course
= 1, 4, 8, 9, 12, 14, 21 grades. Use the weighted mean formula to
=9 find Dillon’s GPA for the fall semester.
b. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108 Course Course grade Course units
= 23, 46, 77, 89, 92, 108
= 83 English B 4
History A 3
The MODE Chemistry D 3
The mode of a list of numbers is the Algebra C 4
number that occurs most frequently. Solution:
Some lists of numbers do not have a Weighted mean =
mode. For instance, in the list 1, 6, 8, 10, 32, (3𝑥4) + (4𝑥3) + (1𝑋3) + (2𝑥4) 35
= 14 = 2.5
15, 49, each number occurs exactly once. 14
Because no number occurs more than often Dillon’s GPA is 2.5
than the other numbers, there is no mode.