What is computer RAM?

RAM is volatile memory, which means that the information temporarily

stored in the module is erased when you restart or shut down your computer.
Because the information is stored electrically on transistors, when there is no
electric current, the data disappears. Each time you request a file or
information, it is retrieved either from the computer's storage disk or the
internet. The data is stored in RAM, so each time you switch from one
program or page to another, the information is instantly available. When the
computer is shut down, the memory is cleared until the process begins again.
Volatile memory can be changed, upgraded, or expanded easily by users. Find
out if your computer needs more memory or learn more about RAM.

ROM computer definition?

ROM is non-volatile memory, which means the information is permanently
stored on the chip. The memory does not depend on an electric current to save
data, instead, data is written to individual cells using binary code. Non-volatile
memory is used for parts of the computer that do not change, such as the
initial boot-up portion of the software, or the firmware instructions that make
your printer run. Turning off the computer does not have any effect on ROM.
Non-volatile memory cannot be changed by users.

What are Embedded

Systems?

First, let’s get the basics out of the way and define embedded systems. In
short, they are simply a combination of computer hardware and software
tools. Specifically, the term refers to hardware that has been embedded with a
particular kind of software to perform a concrete function.

Embedded systems can be independent or work as part of a larger platform,

but whatever the case may be, each unit is programmed to carry out a specific
task. Often, they will be used to monitor the performance and operations of
the device they are embedded into. Thus, helping ensure that everything
works properly.

Overall, the following are the main characteristics of embedded systems worth
keeping in mind:

 Task-specific: these systems tend to perform a concrete task repeatedly

throughout their lifecycle. So, a microwave will only ever function as a
microwave.
 Time frame limit: embedded systems have to perform the required task
within a particular time frame. For example, an anti-lock braking
system needs to work quickly, otherwise accidents can occur.
 Minimal UI: typically the system will have minimal or no user interface
as a comprehensive UI isn’t available due to the size of the system.
 Power efficiency: embedded systems are typically small and can
function with less amount of power while not being overly expensive.
 Durability: the systems need to be reliable and stable in order to work
for a long time without interference.
 Device cost: this is one of the major constraints when it comes to
selecting an embedded system. So, spend some time reviewing the
different options.
 Size: for embedded devices it is also an important aspect since the size
of the system will impact where it can be used.

These solutions are used in a wide range of ways. For example, they are
present in consumer electronics, industrial machinery, automobiles, wearable
devices, medical equipment, and more. So, no matter the business sector you
operate in, chances are high that embedded systems can benefit your firm.

Main Types of Embedded

Systems
Now, let’s move on to the core of today’s topic. Before we outline the main
types of embedded systems that are out there, it’s worth pointing out that
there are multiple ways to classify these tools.
Specifically, an embedded system can be classified based on its performance
and functional requirements or the performance of its microcontroller. So, for
the sake of thoroughness, we will cover both of these classifications below.

Performance and Functionality

Requirements-Based Classification

This classification splits embedded systems into four categories — standalone,

real-time, network, and mobile. Below, we’ll discuss each in more detail.

Standalone Embedded Systems

This type of embedded software, as the name suggests, can work by itself,
without requiring a host like a computer or processor. It simply takes input
data in its digital or analog form and delivers an output that might be
displayed through a connected device.

Instruments like cameras, digital watches, and MP3 players are all examples
of standalone embedded systems. They work by themselves, without relying
on a larger platform.

Real-Time Embedded Systems

This kind of embedded software needs to deliver outputs promptly, within a
particular time frame. Hence, it is often used in time-sensitive sectors
like transportation, manufacturing, and even healthcare, as all of these
spheres rely on delicate processes to perform their business.

Some examples of real-time embedded systems are aircraft or autonomous

vehicle controls, traffic monitoring tools, and the like.
Real-time embedded systems can be further broken down into “soft” and
“hard” categories. The former, refers to those in which the time frame doesn’t
need to be strictly followed. That is to say, if the deadline of a particular task
had passed and the system didn’t produce the needed result in time, the
output would still be accepted.

Conversely, in the case of hard real-time embedded systems, the time frame
has to be followed strictly and if the deadline is not met, the result may not be
accepted. To get a clearer picture of the differences between the two, here are
some examples of each:

 Soft real-time embedded systems: temperature or humidity monitoring

tools. A minor delay in the acquisition of real-time temperature data
might not be considered too critical, and obtaining the information a bit
later will still be valuable.
 Hard real-time embedded systems: aircraft control platforms. In this
case, even a small delay in data acquisition can lead to disastrous
consequences as the pilot might make a decision based on outdated
information.

Read about our Real-Time Cold Chain Monitoring

Project

Network Embedded Systems

This type of embedded system relies on wired or wireless networks for output
generation. Often, these kinds of platforms are built on general-purpose
processors and consist of various components like sensors, controllers, and the
like.

Most popular examples of network embedded systems are home or office

security systems, point-of-sale tools, and ATMs. All of these solutions rely on
networks of other devices to carry out their function. For instance, a security
system includes sensors, cameras, alarms, and similar gadgets to monitor for
intrusions and alert the relevant staff.

Mobile Embedded Systems

Finally, mobile embedded systems are those that are portable and easy to
move around. Typically, they are used in different kinds of mobile devices but
naturally have some constraints when it comes to memory size.

As you can imagine, despite the memory and functionality limitations, mobile
embedded systems are quite popular solely because they work on-the-go.
Microcontroller Performance-Based
Classification

Now, let’s take a look at embedded systems from a different perspective and
go through the different types based on microcontroller performance. This
classification splits these tools into three relatively straightforward categories
— small-scale, medium-scale, and sophisticated.

Small-Scale Embedded Systems

These systems are designed using an 8-bit or 16-bit microcontroller and can
be powered by a battery. In this case, the processor leverages very little
memory resources and works at a limited speed.

Small-scale embedded systems are typically used in devices that have basic
functions such as temperature monitoring, simple displays, and basic
input/output operations.

Medium-Scale Embedded Systems

This category is developed with 16-bit or 32-bit microcontrollers and often
with Java, C, or C++ programming languages. Naturally, these embedded
systems are faster and somewhat more complex than the small-scale ones.

For example, these systems are often used in devices that require more
complex functions like digital signal processing, data storage, and UI control.

Sophisticated Embedded Systems

Finally, sophisticated systems work on multiple algorithms and have complex
hardware and software components. Often, they require a processor that can
be configurable and allow for the programming of a logic array. These
solutions are designed using various 32-bit or 64-bit microcontrollers and
require a lot of memory to perform well.
The exact amount of memory required for a given sophisticated embedded
system will depend on its specific requirements and design. In general though,
it may require anywhere from a few megabytes to several gigabytes of
memory.

In essence, these are the most powerful embedded systems that use advanced
microcontrollers with high processing speeds, large memory capacity, and
vast peripheral support. Typically, this category is used in devices that require
complex computations, such as robotics, autonomous vehicles, and advanced
medical equipment.

Recent Trends in Embedded System

Recent trends in embedded systems include adding multiple cores (dual core quads and
quads). This research deals with the integration of all components on a single chip
(SOC).
There is also a trend based on reconfigurable processes associated with the processor.
This design involves an FPGA core and an ASIC core. Embedded systems also focus on
languages such as firmware. Firmware helps interface with memory and hardware
interaction. Embedded system trends also affect operating system updates with kernels
and Python-based language trend.

Challenges in embedded system

o Stability – Unexpected behavior of embedded systems causes disruption and poses
significant risks. It must work consistently under all conditions and stability is
paramount.
o Security – Security is one of the biggest challenges for embedded systems as they
are used in many critical and life-saving functions in any critical environment. It is
characterized by limits and strict requirements for testing, quality, and technical
know-how.
o Connectivity – With so many ways to connect to the Internet, this is one of the
biggest challenges for embedded software developers. Developers can connect via
Ethernet, Wi-Fi, cellular, Bluetooth connectivity, and other sources. Each source
has its own strengths and weaknesses, as well as different software stacks that
developers understand to ensure their hardware works.
o Security issues in embedded system design – Designs can face challenges in
ensuring the safety of these embedded segments, as all the components used have
very limited resources and operate under truly unreliable conditions. It often
happens. These frameworks need to be structured and updated to be strong and
secure using cryptographic algorithms and security techniques.

SoC

A system on a chip, also known as an SoC, is essentially an integrated circuit or an IC

that takes a single platform and integrates an entire electronic or computer system onto
it. It is, exactly as its name suggests, an entire system on a single chip. The components
that an SoC generally looks to incorporate within itself include a central processing
unit, input and output ports, internal memory, as well as analog input and output
blocks among other things. Depending on the kind of system that has been reduced to
the size of a chip, it can perform a variety of functions including signal processing,
wireless communication, artificial intelligence and more.

multicore processor?
A multicore processor is an integrated circuit that has two or more
processor cores attached for enhanced performance and reduced
power consumption. These processors also enable more efficient
simultaneous processing of multiple tasks, such as with parallel
processing and multithreading. A dual core setup is similar to having
multiple, separate processors installed on a computer. However,
because the two processors are plugged into the same socket, the
connection between them is faster.

The use of multicore processors or microprocessors is one approach

to boost processor performance without exceeding the practical
limitations of semiconductor design and fabrication. Using multicores
also ensure safe operation in areas such as heat generation.

The user interface is an essential part of any device. A device must

communicate with the user through switches, lights, or screens.
Devices are usually connected to a PC with a USB cable; software
drivers must be installed and special software is necessary to interact
with the user. Some devices are built based on regular PC hardware
and have their own screens to display data and control functions. In
both cases, the software is typically written using complicated
languages such as C++ and developers need specialized skills to
develop standalone or embedded applications. Such applications are
also OS dependent and can be quite sophisticated when hardware
components, the display for example, are upgraded.

In this article we will explore methods to build GUI for embedded