English Wizard (Grammar) 1

BCS mn wewfbœ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvq Parts of Speech Identification GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Item. Parts of
Speech Gi wekvjZvi Kvi‡Y Parts of Speech wbY©q A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q GKwU AZ¨šÍ KwVb I mgm¨vc~Y© KvR e‡j g‡b
nq| GLv‡b G Aa¨v‡q Avgiv KwVb‡K mnR Ges mgm¨v‡K mgvavb Kivi †Póv Kie| Z‡e mivmwi mgm¨vi mgvav‡b
hvIqvi Av‡M Gi ZvwË¡K, gb¯ÍvwË¡K Ges cÖwµqvMZ KviY †R‡b wb‡q Gici mgvav‡b AvZ¥wb‡qvM Kiv DwPZ|

Parts of Speech RwUj g‡b nIqvi KviYmg~n

1. Wrong Way of Identifying : Avcwb nqZ Parts of Speech †kLv Ges Identify Kivi Rb¨ Parts of
Speech Gi †kÖwYwefvMmg~‡ni cuyw_MZ msÁv g‡b ivLvi †Póv K‡ib, †hUv Avm‡jB A‡bK Kómva¨ I
mgqmv‡cÿ Ges G‡Z A‡bK mgq Avcbvi g‡b n‡Z cv‡i †h, Parts of Speech †kLv Ges Identify Kiv
Avcbvi c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| †hgb- msÁvi Dci wfwË K‡i Identification Ki‡Z †M‡j Preposition bv
Conjunction, Abstract Noun bv Verb, Adjective bv Adverb G¸‡jv‡Z A‡b‡KiB Sv‡gjv ˆZwi nq|
ZvQvov Cognate Verb, Linking verb, Factitive verb, Adverb of Manner BZ¨vw` BZ¨vw` A‡bK wKQz
Av‡Q †h¸‡jv g‡b ivLv mwZ¨B KwVb|
Tips : Parts of Speech †kLv Ges Identify Kiv LyeB mnR, hw` Avcwb cÖwZUv Part of Speech Gi
bvgKi‡Yi KviY/ ˆewkó¨/ msÁv Ggbfv‡e wk‡Lb †hfv‡e g‡b ivLv Avcbvi Rb¨ mnR| †ewkifvM Part of
Speech Gi bvgKiY n‡q‡Q Zvi kvwãK A_© Abyhvqx| ZvB fv‡jv K‡i kvwãK A_© wk‡L †djyb| G‡ZB
Avcbvi KvR 80% †kl n‡q hv‡e| GLv‡b Avgiv cÖwZUv Part of Speech Ges G‡`i †kÖwYwefvM Av‡jvPbv
K‡iwQ LyeB ms‡ÿ‡c, wKš‘ Kvh©Kifv‡e| kvwãK A_©¸‡jv †kLvi Rb¨ Avgiv A‡bK kã‡K †f‡½ †f‡½ A_©
w`‡qwQ| †hLv‡b msÁv w`‡qB g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb, †mLv‡b Avgiv msÁv cÖ`vb K‡iwQ| †hLv‡b †Kvb GKUv
ˆewkó¨ g‡b ivL‡j mn‡R Parts of Speech mbv³ Kiv hvq, †mLv‡b Avgiv ˆewkó¨ eY©bv K‡iwQ| Same
medicine is not applicable for every patient of the same disease. A_©vr- GKB †iv‡Mi mKj †ivMxi
Rb¨ GKB ai‡bi Jla cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| ZvB †hUv †hfv‡e g‡b ivLv hvq, †mUv †mfv‡e g‡b ivLvi †Póv Kiv DwPZ|
2. Wrong Focal Point : Avcwb kã covi mgq k‡ãi ïay cÖ_g As‡k Focus K‡ib| wKš‘ Parts of Speech
†ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î wbf©i K‡i k‡ãi †kl As‡ki Dci| †hgbÑ Success (mdjZv) [Noun], Succeed (mdj
nIqv) [Verb], Successful (mdj) [Adjective]| Succ.. ‡`Lvi ciB Avcwb G k㸇jvi †kl As‡k
Focus bv K‡i, me¸‡jv‡K Mixed K‡i †d‡jb, GKUvi RvqMvq Av‡iKUv a‡i †bb| Abyiƒcfv‡e, A_© †kLvi
mgq, Avcwb k‡ãi evsjv A‡_©i †k‡li As‡k Focus bv K‡i cÖ_g As‡k Focus K‡ib| †hgb- wbôzi/ wbôziZv,
cÖvc¨/ cÖvc¨Zv, cÖ‡ek/ cÖ‡ek Kiv, gviv hvIqv/ g„Z/ g„Zy¨ BZ¨vw` A‡_©i g‡a¨ Avcwb mwVKfv‡e cv_©K¨ bv K‡i
KvQvKvwQUv e‡j †d‡jb|
Tips : kã Ges Gi A_© †kLvi mgq Part of Speech †Lqvj K‡i wkL‡Z n‡e, Avi k‡ãi A_© †`‡L kãwU
†Kvb Part of Speech Zv eySvi ÿgZv AR©b Kivi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e, Avi GRb¨ cÖwZUv kã I k‡ãi A_©
†kLvi mgq k‡ãi †kl As‡k †ewk Focus ivL‡Z n‡e| k‡ãi A_© mwVKfv‡e †kLv _vK‡j 80% Gi †ewk
Part of Speech Ggwb‡ZB wbY©q Kiv hv‡e|
2 Parts of Speech

a) Dictionary †Z Verb Gi A‡_©i g‡a¨ mvaviYZ Kiv ev nIqv (Av ev Iqv) jvMv‡bv _v‡K| Z‡e ev‡K¨
e¨eüZ n‡j Tense Abyhvqx iƒc cwiewZ©Z n‡q Kwi, KiwQ, K‡iwQ, nB, nw”Q, n‡qwQ BZ¨vw` iƒ‡c
e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- Do = Kiv| wKš‘ I do = Avwg Kwi, I am doing = Avwg KiwQ, I have done =
Avwg K‡iwQ| Go = hvIqv| wKš‘ I go = Avwg hvB, I am going = Avwg hvw”Q, I have gone = Avwg
wM‡qwQ|
b) Dictionary Abyhvqx- Noun, Verb †_‡K ˆZwi n‡j Kiv ev nIqv ev` co‡e, Ges/ A_ev - KiY/Ab
†hvM n‡e|
Act (V) = KvR Kiv Action (N) = KvR
Pollute (V) = `~wlZ Kiv Pollution (N) = `~lY/`~wlZKiY
❖ Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, ev‡K¨ e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î ÔKiv ev nIqv’ jvMv‡bv _vK‡j †mUv g~jZ Noun wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ n‡e| †hgb-
muvZvi KvUv GKwU fv‡jv e¨vqvg = (Swim) is a good exercise.
Swimming/ To swim (Noun)
wg_¨v ejv gnvcvc = (Tell) a lie is a great sin.
To tell
c) Adjective †_‡K Noun ˆZwi n‡j k‡ãi †k‡l ....Zv †hvM n‡e|
Honest (Adj) = mr, Honesty (N) = mZZv
Cruel (Adj) = wbôzi, Cruelty (N) = wbôziZv
A_ev cÖ_g Aÿ‡ii g‡a¨ wKQz cwieZ©bmn k‡ãi †k‡l h-djv (¨) †hvM n‡e| †hgb-
Bright (Adj) = D¾¡j => Brightness (N) = J¾¡j¨, D¾¡jZv
Poor (Adj) = `wi`ª => Poverty (N) = `vwi`ª¨, `wi`ªZv
G iKg Av‡iv A‡bK MVb Av‡Q †h¸‡jv †`L‡j A_© Abyhvqx Part of Speech mn‡R wbY©q Kiv hvq|
(d) †h †Kvb k‡ãi Av‡M He/ It is ..... (†m / GUv n‡”Q ……….) †hvM K‡i ï× g‡b n‡j, Zv mvaviYZ
Adjective n‡e| †hgb- He is honest/ cruel/ punctual. It is easy/ difficult.
Avi †h †Kvb k‡ãi Av‡M He/ It has ………… (Zvi/ GUvi Av‡Q .......) †hvM K‡i ï× g‡b n‡j, Zv
mvaviYZ Noun n‡e| †hgb- He has honesty/ kindness. It has accuracy/ difficulty.
3. c~e©Ávb mgm¨v : c~e©Ávb ej‡Z Avcwb †Kvb Word †K wbw`©ó Parts of Speech wn‡m‡e Rv‡bb| GLb-
(a) Avcwb Context ev cÖm‡½i Kvi‡Y ev‡K¨i Parts of Speech Gi bvg †h cwieZ©b nq †m e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb
bv †_‡K, Avcbvi c~e©Ávb Abyhvqx Avcwb Parts of Speech wbY©q K‡ib|
(b) ev‡K¨i Structure Gi Kvi‡YI Parts of Speech Gi bvg †h cwieZ©b nq †m e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb bv †_‡K,
Avcbvi c~e©Ávb Abyhvqx Avcwb Parts of Speech wbY©q K‡ib|
Tips : c~e©Ávb ev GKKfv‡e kvwãK A_© Avcbv‡K 70-80% †ÿ‡Î mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| wKš‘ Gi cvkvcvwk cÖm‡½i
wfbœZv Ges k‡ãi I ev‡K¨i wewfbœ MVbcÖYvjx m¤ú‡K© hZ`~i m¤¢e Ávb AR©b Kiæb| wewfbœ wRwbm covi mgq
Parts of Speech wbY©q Kivi †Póv Kiæb| GLv‡b Avgiv D`vniY wn‡m‡e wKQz welq Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| G¸‡jv
fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Kiæb I GKBiƒ‡ci kã Ab¨ ev‡K¨ Avm‡j hv‡Z Avcwb mn‡R Parts of Speech wbY©q
Ki‡Z cv‡ib, †mRb¨ D`vniY¸‡jv‡K m~‡Îi gZ e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ gyL¯Í K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|
1. kãwU AvwfavwbKfv‡e wewfbœ Parts of Speech wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, wKš‘ A_©MZfv‡e KvQvKvwQ A_© cÖ`vb
K‡i| †hgb- help (mvnvh¨, mvnvh¨ Kiv) (Noun, Verb): I need your help. I will help you.
hope (Avkv, Avkv Kiv) (Noun, Verb) : There is no hope of his recovery. I hope you will
help me.
2. kãwU AvwfavwbKfv‡eB wewfbœ Parts of Speech wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, cvkvcvwk G‡KK Parts of Speech
Abyhvqx A_©I G‡KK iKg n‡q _v‡K| †hgb- act (AvBb) [Noun], act (KvR Kiv) [Verb]
English Wizard (Grammar) 3

3. Homonyms: cÖvq m‡gv”PvwiZ wfbœv_©K kã|

Principal (cÖavb) = Common Noun/ Adj, Principle (bxwZ) = Abstract Noun;
Confident (AvZ¥wek¦vmx) = Adj, Confidential (†Mvcbxq) =Adj [wfbœv‡_© `yBwUB Adj]
Affect (AvµvšÍ Kiv) = Verb, Effect (cÖwZwµqv, djvdj) = Noun
4. GKB g~j kã †_‡K MwVZ GKB Parts of Speech nIqv m‡Ë¡I wfbœ A_© n‡Z cv‡i|
(a) Common Noun vs Abstract Noun:
Actor (Awf‡bZv) [Common Noun], Action (KvR, c`‡ÿc) [Abstract Noun],
Patriot (†`k‡cÖwgK) [Common Noun], Patriotism (†`k‡cÖg) [Abstract Noun]
(b) Noun ev Adjective MV‡bi wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y:
Decoration (mvR-m¾v), Decorating (mw¾ZKiY);
Active (Kg©V, mwµq), acting (fvicÖvß);
dying (g„ZcÖvq, gi‡Yv¤§yL) , dead (g„Z);
falling (cošÍ), fallen (cwZZ)
5. GKB kã AvwfavwbKfv‡e GKB Parts of Speech wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I Ae¯’vi wfbœZvi/
e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y wewfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- control (wbqš¿Y Kiv, `gb Kiv), bid (Av‡`k Kiv, wbjvg
WvKv, (we`vq) Rvbv‡bv)
6. fvlvi Aj¼viMZ Kvi‡Y ev Grammar Gi wbq‡gi Kvi‡Y GKB kã wewfbœ A_© I wewfbœ Parts of
Speech wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
The mother rose in her seeing the little baby. (mother = motherly feeling ev gvZ…myjf
Abyf‚wZ, ZvB GUv Abstract Noun)
Helen was a beauty. (beauty = beautiful lady, ZvB GUv Common Noun)
It is a must. (must = obligatory matter ev Avek¨K welq, ZvB GUv Abstract Noun)
They water in the garden. (water = cvwb †`qv, ZvB GUv Verb)
The rich are not always happy. (The rich = rich people ev abx †jv‡Kiv, ZvB GUv Plural
Common Noun)
4. Generalizing Tendency : Avcwb nqZ 2/4 wU †ÿÎ ch©‡eÿY K‡i GKUv Conclusion ˆZwi K‡i iv‡Lb
†h, ÔG iKg n‡j GUv, I iKg n‡j IUvÕ| e¨wZµg †h Av‡Q- G e¨vcviUv‡K Avcwb †gv‡UI ¸iæZ¡ †`b bv|
Kv‡iv Kv‡iv †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, e¨wZµg †Kej bq, eis wbw`©ó GKvwaK Ae¯’v Av‡Q †h G‡KK Ae¯’vq
G‡KKwU K_v cÖ‡hvR¨ nq, †mme †ÿ‡ÎI Zviv GKUv wbw`©ó Ae¯’vi g‡a¨B Zv‡`i wPšÍv‡K mxwgZ K‡i †d‡jb,
GgbwK Ab¨ Ae¯’vUvI eûj e¨eüZ n‡jI| †hgb- after, before, since G¸‡jvi Preposition Ges
Conjunction `y‡Uvi e¨enviB eûj cÖPwjZ| wKš‘ ZviciI Dbviv nqZ G¸‡jv‡K Preposition B ej‡eb|
Tips :
(1) e¨wZµg n‡Z cv‡i- G welqUv me mgq gv_vq ivLvi †Póv Kiæb, we‡klfv‡e hLb †Kvb kã ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ
nq|
(2) Avevi cixÿvi cÖkœ gv‡bB e¨wZµg wKQz Avm‡e- G wPšÍvUv‡KI mxwgZ Kiæb| AwZwi³ e¨wZµg LuyR‡Z
hv‡eb bv| cixÿvq A‡bK cÖkœB G‡Kev‡i mnR Av‡m| †Kvb †cÖÿvcU ev †Kvb jÿY cvIqv bv †M‡j
General Truth Uv‡KB MÖnY Kiæb|
(3) Gevi wKQz Rule †`Lyb :
(a) Adjective + ly = Adverb. †hgb- honest (Adj) + ly = honestly (Adv)
Noun + ly = Adjective. †hgb- love (Noun)+ ly = lovely (Adj), coward (Noun) + ly =
cowardly (Adj)
wKš‘ A‡b‡KB ly †`L‡jB †Kvb wPšÍv bv K‡iB GUv‡K Adverb a‡i †bb|
4 Parts of Speech

(b) wKQz Prefix/ Suffix Av‡Q †h¸‡jv wfbœ wfbœ Part of Speech MV‡b e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- al –
suffixwU Noun I Adjective 2Uv‡ZB cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ A‡b‡KB GUv‡K ïay Adjective Gi
ˆewkó¨ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| †hgb- Usual, Actual, National BZ¨vw` Adjective Gi MVb n‡jI,
Removal, Trial BZ¨vw` Noun Gi MVb|
(c) wKQz wKQz k‡ãi g~j Aÿi¸‡jv Prefix/ Suffix Gi m`„k| wKš‘ A‡b‡KB G¸‡jv‡K Prefix/ Suffix
g‡b K‡i GKUv Category Gi g‡a¨ †d‡j †`b| †hgb- mention (D‡jøL Kiv) GUv verb. GLv‡b
tion k‡ãi g~j Ask| wKš‘ mvaviYfv‡e tion- suffix wn‡m‡e noun Gi †k‡l e‡m|
5. Dictionary hLb Confusion ˆZwi K‡i : Bs‡iwR‡Z A‡bK kã Av‡Q †h¸‡jv Dictionary LyuR‡j wewfbœ
Part of Speech wn‡m‡e cvIqv hv‡e| hw` ev‡K¨ e¨envi _v‡K, ZLb ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ kãwUi Function Abyhvqx
mvaviYZ GKwU Part of Speech wn‡m‡eB MY¨ n‡e| wKš‘ hLb ev‡K¨ e¨envi bv _v‡K, Ges Option wn‡m‡e
GKvwaK Part of Speech (ÒBoth Noun and VerbÓ, ÒBoth Noun and AdjectiveÓ etc.) G iKg †`qv
bv _v‡K, ZLb Part of Speech wbY©q Kiv GKUz KwVb n‡q c‡o|
Tips : Avcwb G‡¶‡Î †hUv Ki‡Z cv‡ib –
1. Avcwb H AckbwU †eu‡Q wb‡eb †hUv †h Part of Speech wn‡m‡e †ewk Kgb| †hgb- water - noun
wn‡m‡eB more common hw`I GUv verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, very - adverb wn‡m‡eB †ewk Kgb,
hw`I GUv Adjective wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| but - conjunction wn‡m‡eB †ewk Kgb, hw`I GUv
Preposition /Adverb/Pronoun wn‡m‡eI e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i and so on.
2. Avcwb H AckbwU †e‡Q wb‡eb †hUv k‡ãi Formation (Prefix/ Suffix) Abyhvqx †ewk AbyK‚j| †hgb-
Plural, Neutral BZ¨vw` k‡ãi †k‡l al †hvM n‡q‡Q †hUv mvaviYZ Adjective - Indicate K‡i| wKš‘
Dictionary LyuR‡j G¸‡jv Adjective Ges Noun `yBfv‡eB cvIqv hv‡e|
3. †Kvb k‡ãi Noun wn‡m‡e Abstract Noun Ges Common Noun `ywU Noun Form _vK‡j
Abstract Noun AMÖvwaKvi cv‡e| †hgb- hw` ejv nq, Patriotic Gi Noun Form Kx? =>
Patriotism/ Patriot. Ans : Patriotism
Gfv‡e Neutral (noun) (wbi‡c¶ e¨w³, is, Ae¯’vb, †`k BZ¨vw`) Avevi Neutral (Adjective)
(wbi‡c¶) Gi Abstract Noun n‡”Q Neutrality. AZGe, Neutral †K mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv Adjective
wn‡m‡eB a‡i †be|
4. Adjective KL‡bv H Adjective + Part/ Position/ Colour BZ¨vw` eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| GUv
†ewk e¨eüZ n‡j Noun wn‡m‡e Dictionary †Z ¯’vb cvq| ZvB G‡¶‡Î Part of Speech wbY©‡q g~j kã
A_©vr Adjective †K Priority w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb- green, yellow, neutral BZ¨vw`| †hgb- Children
like the yellow of an egg. GLv‡b yellow - Noun. wKš‘ ev‡K¨ e¨envi bv _vK‡j Avgiv GUv‡K
mvaviYfv‡e Adjective wn‡m‡eB a‡i †be|
we: `ª: Parts of Speech Gi RwUjZv m¤ú‡K© †gvUv‡gvwU aviYv bv _vK‡j, Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvUv‡KB A‡b‡Ki
Kv‡Q RwUj g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| Nveov‡eb bv| `y-GKevi ïay Reading co–b, mewKQz eyS‡Z n‡e bv| `y-GKevi
Reading c‡o, Av‡M Parts of Speech Gi wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbv c‡o wbb| Gi ci wKQz cÖkœ PP©v Kiæb| hLb
Confusion Zvov Ki‡e, †ek K‡qKwU cÖ‡kœ RwUjZv Abyfe Ki‡eb, ZLb Avevi Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvwU co–b,
ZLbB Avcwb G Av‡jvPbvi ¸iæZ¡ eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
D‡jøL¨, G Av‡jvPbv Avkv Kwi Avcwb Ab¨ †Kvb eB‡q cv‡eb bv|
English Wizard (Grammar) 5

❖ msÁv : Sentence G e¨eüZ cÖwZwU ÒA_©c~Y© kã‡KÓ G‡KKwU c` ev Part of Speech e‡j| †hgb- They
play cricket in the afternoon. GLv‡b They, play, cricket, in, the, afternoon cÖ‡Z¨KwU G‡KKwU c`
ev Part of Speech.
❖ †kÖwYwefvM : Parts of Speech AvU cÖKvi| G¸‡jv n‡jv--
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
❖ wb‡`©kbv : cÖwZUv Part of Speech Gi bv‡gi A_© fv‡jvfv‡e wkL‡eb, Zvn‡j Definition 80% †kLv n‡q
hv‡e|
Parts of kvwãK A_© cwiwPwZ/ bvgKi‡Yi KviY/ ˆewkó¨ D`vniY
Speech Gi bvg
1. Noun we‡kl¨ †h †Kvb wKQzi bvg‡K Noun e‡j| Jaman, man, table,
†h Word Øviv †Kvb e¨w³, e¯‘, ¯’vb, Kvj, aviYv, chair, Dhaka, flock,
KvR ev ¸‡Yi bvg eySvq, Zv‡K Noun e‡j| bvgwU Friday, water, entry,
honesty
wbw`©ó ev mvaviY bvg n‡Z cv‡i A_ev GKK ev
mgwóMZ bvg n‡Z cv‡i|
Pro mgZzj¨
2. Pronoun bv‡gi mgZzj¨ Noun Gi cwie‡Z© hv e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Pronoun he, I, me, you, this,
ev me©bvg e‡j| that, each
3. Adjective we‡klY hv Øviv Noun ev Pronoun Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, He is a good boy.
msL¨v, cwigvY BZ¨vw` eySvq Zv‡K Adjective
e‡j|
4. Verb wµqv hv Øviv †Kvb wKQz Kiv ev nIqv eySvq, Zv‡K Verb e‡j| do, eat, become
5. Adverb wµqvwe‡klY, hv Øviv Noun ev Pronoun Qvov Ab¨ †h †Kvb He walks fast.
we‡kl‡Yi wKQzi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvY, ¯’vb Kvj, He is very good.
we‡klY, aib, gvÎv BZ¨vw` eySvq Zv‡K Adverb e‡j| He walks very fast.
wµqv-we‡kl‡Yi Ab¨ †h †Kvb wKQz ej‡Z †mUv Adjective, Verb, You are walking slowly.
we‡klY, Adverb A_ev Clause (LÐevK¨), Phrase Actually, he is not good.
ev‡K¨i we‡klY (k㸔Q) ev Sentence n‡Z cv‡i| He came yesterday.
He went there.
Pre c~‡e©
Position Ae¯’vb
6 Parts of Speech

Parts of kvwãK A_© cwiwPwZ/ bvgKi‡Yi KviY/ ˆewkó¨ D`vniY

Speech Gi bvg
6. Preposition hv Noun ev Pronoun Gi c~‡e© Ae¯’vb K‡i on, of, for
c~‡e© Ae¯’vb
Ab¨vb¨ Word Gi mv‡_ m¤úK© ˆZwi K‡i, Zv‡K
Preposition e‡j|
7. Conjunction ms‡hvM, hv `yÕwU kã, k㸔Q (Phrase), LÐevK¨ and, or, but, if, though
ms‡hvRK Ae¨q (Clause) ev ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ˆZwi K‡i, Zv‡K
Conjunction e‡j|
8. Interjection AšÍf©veg~jK kã hv Øviv g‡bi AvKw¯§K Av‡eM, Abyf~wZ BZ¨vw` oh, hurrah, alas
cÖKvk cvq, Zv‡K Interjection e‡j|

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi mv‡_ wKQz kZ© I wKQz Ae¯’v Av‡Q †h¸‡jv g‡b ivLv LyeB cÖ‡qvRb
1. Pronoun †hb †Kvb Noun †K Modify bv K‡i| Ab¨_vq, ZLb †mUv Adjective n‡q hv‡e|
This is my pen. => Pronoun
This pen is mine. => Adjective
Many people died. => Adjective
Many of them were ignorant. => Pronoun
2. †Kvb kã Preposition nIqvi Rb¨ kZ© 2wU| h_v -
a) Preposition -Noun ev Pronoun Gi c~‡e© Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| †hgb- The book is on the table. GUv bv K‡i
hw` Verb Gi c‡i e‡m Verb †K Modify K‡i, ZLb †mUv Adverb n‡q hv‡e| †hgb- The Titanic went
down.
b) Preposition 2wU wfbœ †j‡f‡ji wRwb‡mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ˆZwi Ki‡e| †hgb- The book is on the table. wKš‘
GKB †j‡f‡ji `ywU wRwbm‡K hy³ Ki‡j †mUv‡K Avgiv eje ms‡hvM ev Conjunction. †hgb-
i) †Kvb kã hw` Subject Gi mv‡_ Ab¨ kã‡K GKB Verb Gi Subject wn‡m‡eB hy³ K‡i Z‡e †mUv n‡”Q
Conjunction| †hgb- Kamal and Jamal are going to school. wKš‘ †Kvb kã Subject Gi mv‡_ Ab¨
kã‡K Subject wn‡m‡e bq eis Ab¨ †Kvbfv‡e hw` m¤úwK©Z K‡i Zvn‡j †mUv n‡e Preposition. †hgb- The
book is on the table.
ii) †Kvb kã hw` `ywU Clause †K hy³ K‡i, Zvn‡j †mUv Conjunction. Avi hw` Phrase Gi mv‡_ Clause †K
m¤úwK©Z K‡i Zvn‡j †mUv Preposition. †hgb- wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv‡Z Preposition I Conjunction ¸‡jv
Avgiv mbv³ Kivi †Póv Kwi:
(a) He lives off the town.
(b) His hands were cut off.
Ans : a) Preposition, b) Adverb
(c) He is rising up the hill.
(d) One of the frogs rose his head up.
Ans : c) Preposition, d) Adverb
(e) The patient died after the arrival of the doctor.
(f) The patient died after the doctor had come.
Ans : e) Preposition, f) Conjunction
(g) He bought a shirt for his father.
(h) He is absent, for he is ill.
Ans : g) Preposition, h) Conjunction
English Wizard (Grammar) 7

3. †Kvb kã Verb nIqvi Rb¨ kZ© n‡”Q Zv Tense Abyhvqx e¨eüZ nIqv| jÿ¨ Kiæb,
Dictionary †Z Verb Gi A‡_©i g‡a¨ mvaviYZ Kiv ev nIqv (Av ev Iqv) jvMv‡bv _v‡K| Z‡e ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ
n‡j Tense Abyhvqx iƒc cwiewZ©Z n‡q Kwi, KiwQ, K‡iwQ, nB, nw”Q, n‡qwQ BZ¨vw` iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb- Do = Kiv| wKš‘ I do = Avwg Kwi, I am doing = Avwg KiwQ, I have done = Avwg K‡iwQ| Go =
hvIqv| wKš‘ I go = Avwg hvB, I am going = Avwg hvw”Q, I have gone = Avwg wM‡qwQ|
Dictionary Abyhvqx- Noun, Verb †_‡K ˆZwi n‡j Kiv ev nIqv ev` co‡e, Ges/ A_ev - KiY/Ab †hvM
n‡e|
Act (V) = KvR Kiv; Action (N) = KvR
Pollute (V) = `~wlZ Kiv Pollution (N) = `~lY/`~wlZKiY
❖ Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, ev‡K¨ e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î ÔKiv ev nIqv’ jvMv‡bv _vK‡j †mUv g~jZ Noun wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ n‡e| ‡hgb-
muvZvi KvUv GKwU fv‡jv e¨vqvg = (Swim) is a good exercise.
Swimming/ To swim (Noun)
wg_¨v ejv gnvcvc = (Tell) a lie is a great sin.
Telling/ To tell (Noun)
GQvov Tense Abyhvqx e¨eüZ bv n‡j Ae¯’v we‡k‡l Verb Uv Noun, Adjective ev Adverb n‡Z cv‡i,
hw`I G¸‡jv‡K Non-finite Verb ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Ackb bv _vK‡j Avcwb Kx Ki‡eb? †hgb -
a) A man having a vast reaches does not always lead a happy life.
b) Going home, I will do an important task.
c) He wants to prosper in life.
Ans : a) Adjective b) Adverb c) Noun
4. Noun Gi Function :
a) Subject wn‡m‡e| †hgb-
Honesty is the best policy.
Swimming is a good exercise.
b) Object wn‡m‡e| Object wZb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
(i) Verb Gi Object : They made a noise.
(ii) Preposition Gi Object : It ends in failure.
(iii) Possessive Case Gi Object: My success inspired them a lot.
c) Complement wn‡m‡e| Complement ej‡Z eySvq hv ev‡K¨i Am¤ú~Y© A_©‡K m¤ú~Y© Kivi Rb¨ Subject
ev Object m¤ú‡K© D™¢‚Z ÔKx’ cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb K‡i| Complement `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
i) Subjective Complement:
Beauty is truth. Health is wealth.
ii) Objective Complement:
We made him captain.
❖ Av‡iKUv welq g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Complement wn‡m‡e Noun bv n‡q Adjective I e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb-
He is honest.
It made him nervous.
ZvB Complement-Uv Adjective bv Noun GUv Zvi k‡ãi DciB wbf©i Ki‡e, ev‡K¨ e¨env‡ii Dci bq|
d) Adjective †h Part of Speech †K Modify Ki‡e Zv Aek¨B Noun n‡e| a/an -Article ¸‡jvI
Adjective, ZvB a/an †Kvb Part of Speech †K Modify Ki‡j †mUvI Aek¨B Noun n‡e| †hgb -
good hit, big no, a must
English Wizard (Grammar) 16

BCS & Other Questions

1. Which one of the following words is an e¨vL¨v : whose (†hUvi, hvi) GLv‡b †ewk gvbvbmB|
example of a distributive pronoun? [38th where GLv‡b mwVK g‡b n‡jI, GLv‡b GKUv
BCS]
mgm¨v n‡”Q Rvbvjv¸‡jv †h‡nZz H K¬vmiæ‡giB ZvB
K such L either
windows Gi Av‡M wbw`©ó wn‡m‡e the emv DwPZ
M that N any DËi : L
wQj, wKš‘ †mUv †`qv bvB|
e¨vL¨v : Distributive Pronoun ej‡Z eySvq hv
6. Which of the following sentences is
cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e eySvq| †hgb- correct? [16th BCS]
each, every, either, neither etc. K That shirt which he bought is blue in
2. I have read the book ____ you lent me. colour.
[24th BCS]
L The shirt that which he bought is blue
K that L whom
in colour.
M whose N What DËi : K M Which shirt he bought is blue in colour.
e¨vL¨v : whom e¨w³i †¶‡Î e¨eüZ nq| Whose N The shirt which he bought is blue in
n‡”Q Possessive Case hv GLv‡b e¨envi colour. DËi : N
gvbvbmB bq| e¨vL¨v : The shirt which he bought is blue in
hv A‡_© what Ges that `y‡UvB e¨eüZ n‡jI, ÁvZ colour. (†h kvU©Uv †m wK‡bwQj †mUvi is bxj|)
wRwb‡mi †¶‡Î what e¨eüZ nq bv| A_©vr What The shirt Gi ci relative pronoun wn‡m‡e
Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Antecedent (c~‡e©v³ Noun) which hyw³msMZ|
_v‡K bv| GLv‡b †h‡nZz Antecedent wn‡m‡e The (K) AckbI Structure I A_© Abyhvqx ï× (H
book Av‡Q, ZvB GLv‡b GKgvÎ Ackb that. kvU©Uv †hUv †m wK‡bwQj, †mUvi is bxj|)
3. Tell me ____ that. [24th BCS] (M) Ack‡bI †Kvb fzj †bB| (†h kvU©UvB
K whom told you L that told you (KZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU) †m wK‡bwQj †mUv n‡”Q
M who told you N told you DËi : M bxj)| †hgb G iKg evK¨ : Which word he
e¨vL¨v : evK¨wUi ïb¨¯’v‡b Wh word hy³ Clause uttered is wrong. (†h K_vB (†mUv hvB †nvK) †m
n‡e| GB wn‡m‡e (L, N) ev`| (K) mwVK n‡Zv hw` D”PviY K‡iwQj †mUv fzj|)
Gfv‡e _vK‡Zv whom you told that. (M) †Z AZGe, Avgv‡`i g‡Z, GLv‡b cÖkœUv nIqv DwPZ
who w`‡q ïay evK¨wUi mwVK A_© cÖKvk K‡i (†K wQj: Which of the following sentences is
†Zvgv‡K IUv ejj)| myZivs (M) mwVK DËi| incorrect? Ges ZLb GUvi mwVK DËi nZ (L),
4. One should be careful about ____ duty. KviY GLv‡b that I which GKmv‡_ e¨eüZ
[23rd BCS] n‡q‡Q, hv wbqgwm× bq|
K his L her Z‡e hvB †nvK cÖkœ Abyhvqx me‡P‡q my›`i evK¨
M one's N The DËi : M n‡”Q (N) |
e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b one kãwUi possessive form n‡”Q 7. My uncle has three sons, ____ work in
one's. ZvB GLv‡b one's B e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| the same office. Which of the following is
5. The children studied in a classroom ___ the best form of pronoun in the above
windows were never opened. [22nd BCS] sentence? [15th BCS]
K that L which K all of them L who all
M where N whose DËi : N M they all N all of whom DËi : N
English Wizard (Grammar) 195

BCS & Other Questions

1. “To win a prize is my ambition”. The 5. Churulia is the village where Kazi
underlined part of the sentence is a/an- Nazrul Islam was born. What type of
[41st BCS] clause is the underlined one?
K adjectivephrase K Noun Clause
L noun phrase L Adjective Clause
M adverb phrase M Adverb Clause
N conjunctional phrase DËi : L N Principal Clause DËi : L
e¨vL¨v : cÖ‡kœ DwjøwLZ ev‡K¨ To win a prize e¨vL¨v : “where Kazi Nazrul Islam was
K_vwU GB ev‡K¨i Subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ born”, village- Noun †K Modify Kivi Kvi‡Y
n‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv Phrase- Subject n‡j GwU GUv Adjective Clause.
Aek¨B Noun Phrase n‡e| 6. In case it rains, we will not go out. What
2. This is the book I lost. Here 'I lost' is- type of clause is the underlined one?
[37th BCS]
K Noun Clause
KA noun clause
L Adjective Clause
L An adverbial clause
M Adverb Clause
M An adjective clause
N Principal Clause DËi : M
N None of the three DËi : M
e¨vL¨v : I lost g~jZ wQj “Which I lost/ that I e¨vL¨v : GUv Adverb Clause of Condition,
lost”.
KviY GUv w`‡q †Kvb k‡Z© Avgiv evB‡i †ei ne
GLv‡b “I lost” phrase wU Noun “the book” bv, cÖKvk cv‡”Q|
†K modify K‡i‡Q| ZvB GwU adjective clause 7. As the sun had set, they started feeling
n‡e| more insecure. What type of Adverb
Clause is the underlined one?
3. ''Strike while the iron is hot'' is an
K Adverb Clause of Condition
example of ---- [38th BCS]
L Adverb Clause of Time
K Noun clause
M Adverb Clause of Manner
L Adjective clause
M Adverbial clause
N Adverb Clause of Concession DËi : L
N Subordinate clause DËi : M e¨vL¨v : As GLv‡b hLb A‡_© e¨eüZ| ZvB mgq
e¨vL¨v : Strike- Verb Gi mgq eySv‡bvi Kvi‡Y wb‡`©k Kivi Kvi‡Y GUv Adverb Clause of
Adverbial clause of Time n‡q‡Q| Time.
4. Identify the type of clause: I can’t 8. If you eat too much, you will be sick.
remember what his name was. What type of clause is the underlined
K adjective clause
one?
L noun clause K Noun Clause

M adverb clause L Adjective Clause

N co-ordinate clause DËi : L M Adverb Clause

e¨vL¨v : “what his name was”– “remember” N Independent Clause DËi : M

Verb Gi Object n‡q‡Q| Object memgq e¨vL¨v : Verb msMwVZ nIqvi kZ© eySv‡bvi
Noun nq| ZvB GwU Noun Clause. Kvi‡Y Adverb Clause of Condition.
English Wizard (Grammar) 245

Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg e‡jb :

Òwek¦ RMr †`Le Avwg Avcb nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq cy‡iÓ|
GLb GZ eo wek¦‡K nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq cyi‡Z n‡j Aek¨B G‡K GKwU †Uwbm e‡j cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
wVK Gfv‡e GKwU wekvj Subject ‡K GKwU e‡ji gZ ev GK UzK‡iv B‡Ui (It) gZ g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr- It Gi
gZ Singular ai‡Z n‡e|
❖ Squeezing - 1 : Each, every, one of, any GB k㸇jv _vK‡j Ges not/ no Gi c‡i Plural number
Gi Noun bv _vK‡j hZ eo Subject B †nvK bv †Kb cy‡iv Subject †K GKwU †Uwbm e‡ji gZ ev GK UzK‡iv
it Gi gZ g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e A_©vr It Gi gZ Singular ai‡Z n‡e| †hgb-
1. Each of the boys (be) present.
=> Each of the boys is present.
1. Each boy and each girl (be) present
=> Each boy and each girl is present.
Exercise : [G rule wU Banishing Art A_ev Squeezing the World into a Ball Gi †h †KvbwU w`‡q Kiv
hv‡e| Exercise Av‡M Banishing Art Gi g‡a¨ †`qv n‡q‡Q|]
❖ Squeezing – 2 : (a) ‡h †Kvb Clause, (b) Infinitive (to+Verb) †hgb {(to do)(+ Extension)}, (c)
Gerund ev Verb+ing {(doing)+(Extension)} ev‡K¨i sub n‡j †m¸‡jv‡K GK GKwU it g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e|
A_©vr verb Singular emv‡Z n‡e|
1. Swimming (be) a good exercise.
Gerund
=> Swimming is a good exercise.
2. To help the poor (be) a great virtue.
Infinitive
=> To help the poor is a great virtue.
3. That they are honest men (be) known to all.
Clause
=> That they are honest men is known to all.
• Z‡e G¸‡jv K‡qKwU and ev mgRvZxq kã Øviv hy³ n‡j †m¸‡jv‡K Avevi Plural ai‡Z n‡e| †hgb -
Swimming and walking are not the same.
Exercise :
1. Learning English (be) like riding a bicycle.
2. To earn money (be) not so easy.
3. What is a game to the cat (be) a death to the mouse.
4. That poor people are the most deprived (be) known to all.
5. Teaching the students in an unconventional but easier way (be) my motto.
Answer : (1) is (2) is (3) is (4) is (5) is
❖ Squeezing - 3 : Awe‡”Q`¨ GKwU mgwó wn‡m‡e mgq, `yiZ¡, eqm, UvKv, cwigvY BZ¨vw` Plural n‡jI
verb- Singular n‡e| †hgb-
Fifty miles (be) a long distance.
=> Fifty miles is a long distance.
246 Correction

GLb cÖkœ n‡jv, Fifty miles kãwU Plural nIqv m‡Ë¡I verb †Kb Singular n‡e? aiæb, †gŠjfxevRvi †_‡K
wm‡j‡Ui `~iZ¡ Fifty miles. wKš‘ †gŠjfxevRvi †_‡K †Kej GKwUgvÎ iv¯Ív a‡i 50 gvBj †M‡jB Avcwb
wm‡j‡U †cuŠQv‡eb| Avcwb hw` 50 w`‡K 1 gvBj 1 gvBj K‡i 50 gvBj ågY K‡ib, Avcwb KL‡bv wm‡j‡U
†cuŠQv‡Z cvi‡eb bv| A_ev aiyb, GKUv †Q‡ji eqm 12 eQi| GLb †Q‡jUv‡K †K‡U 12 UzK‡iv Ki‡j wKš‘
wekwU GK eQ‡ii ev”Pv cvIqv hv‡e bv| KviY 12 eQi Zvi g‡a¨ GK mv‡_B Av‡Q| ZvB GB ai‡bi k㸇jv
Plural n‡jI †m¸‡jv‡K Singular g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e| wVK c„w_ex‡K e‡j cwiYZ Kivi gZ|
Exercise :
1. Twenty years (be) Kamal’s age.
2. Thirty thousand taka (have) been spent for this purpose.
3. Fifty minutes (be) the duration of a class.
Answer : (1) is (2) has (3) is
❖ Squeezing – 4 : And hy³ GKK A_© wb‡`©kKvix k㸇jv‡K Squeezing Gi g‡a¨‡g Singular G cwieZ©b
Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb-
1. Slow and steady (win) the race.
=> Slow and steady wins the race.
axiZv I w¯’iZv †`Šo cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Rqx nq| GLb ïay axi ev ïay w¯’i †h †Kvb GKUv n‡j †`Šo cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq †RZv
hv‡e bv, eis `y‡Uv GK mv‡_ _vK‡Z n‡e| K”Qc axi n‡jI, Zvi g‡a¨ w¯’iZv ev Kv‡R AUj _vKvi gvbwmKZv wQj|
Ab¨w`‡K, Li‡Mvk hw` bv NygvZ Zvn‡j †mB Rqx nZ| Zvi MwZ _vK‡jI Zvi g‡a¨ w¯’iZv wQj bv|
2. Bread and butter (be) my favorite food.
=> Bread and butter is my favorite food.
Bread Ges Butter `y‡Uv Avgiv GK mv‡_B LvB|
3. The headmaster and secretary (be) delivering his/their speech/speeches.
=> The headmaster and secretary is delivering his speech.
4. The headmaster and the secretary (be) going to deliver his/their speech/speeches.
=> The headmaster and the secretary are going to deliver their speeches.
▪ Note : And Øviv hy³ 2wU Singular Noun hw` GKB e¨w³/ e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, Z‡e Verb Singular n‡e|
Avi And Øviv hy³ 2wU Singular Noun hw` wfbœ wfbœ e¨w³/ e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Z‡e Verb Plural n‡e|
mvaviYZ Article GKevi e¨eüZ n‡j eySv hvq Noun `ÕywU GKB e¨w³/ e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| Avi Article
`yÕevi e¨eüZ n‡j eySv hvq Noun `ywU wfbœ wfbœ e¨w³/ e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q|
Exercise :
1. The horse and carriage (be) in front of the gate.
2. I had a blue and red pen which (be) lost yesterday.
3. I saw a young and an old deer in the Sundarbans which (be) looking very wonderful.
Answer : (1) is (2) was (3) were
▪ e¨wZµg : Time and tide wait for none. [waits n‡e bv] KviY Time and tide 2wU ci¯úi hy³ †Kvb
wRwbm bq|
❖ Squeezing – 5 : Collective Noun ¸‡jv hw`I GKvwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘ ev cÖvYx‡K AšÍfy©³ K‡i ZeyI
Zv‡`i‡K Squeezing K‡i Singular ai‡Z n‡e| †hgb-
1. A flock of birds (be) flying in the sky.
=> A flock of birds is/was flying in the sky .
Exercise :
1. A herd of sheep (be) grazing in the field.
2. A gang of robbers (be) breaking into the house.
3. The jury (be) unanimous.
Answer : (1) is (2) is/ was (3) is
English Wizard (Grammar) 247

▪ e¨wZµg :
4. Cattle (be) grazing in the field.
=> Cattle are grazing in the field. Cattle me mgq Plural nq|
5. The jury is/are divided in his / their opinions.
=> The jury are divided in their opinions.
Collective Noun Kv‡R wef³ n‡q †M‡j †h‡nZz GK mgwó _v‡K bv, ZvB †mUv Plural n‡q hv‡e| Avi
GUv‡K ZLb Collective Noun bv e‡j Noun of Multitude ejv nq|
❖ Squeezing – (6) : cÖev` ev‡K¨i Subject Gi g‡a¨ All _vK‡jI †mwU Singular n‡e| ZvQvov Uncountable
Noun Gi mv‡_ All, Some BZ¨vw` hvB _vKzK bv †Kb GUv‡K me©`v Singular ai‡Z n‡e| †hgb-
1. All that (glitter) (be) not gold.
=> All that glitters is not gold. (PKPK Ki‡jB †mvbv nq bv|)
2. All (be) well that (end) well.
=> All is well that ends well. (†kl fv‡jv hvi, me fv‡jv Zvi|)
3. All the water (be) spent.
=> All the water is spent. (mg¯Í cvwb e¨q n‡q †M‡Q|)
❖ Summary : Squeezing the World into a Ball Gi GB hv`ywU Avgiv 6wU †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kie|
bs †ÿÎ KvR Exercise Answer
1. Each, every, one of, any Subject – Singular Each boy and each girl → is
GB k㸇jv _vK‡j ai‡Z n‡e| of this class (be)
meritorious.
2. Clause/ Infinitive/ Gerund Subject – Singular That they are honest → is
ai‡Z n‡e| men (be) known to all.
3. Awe‡”Q`¨ GKwU mgwó wn‡m‡e Subject – Singular Twenty years (be) his → is
mgq, `yiZ¡, eqm, UvKv, ai‡Z n‡e| age.
cwigvY BZ¨vw`
4. And hy³ GKK A_© wb‡`©kKvix Subject – Singular Bread and butter (be) → is
k㸇jv ai‡Z n‡e| my favorite food.
5. Collective Noun Subject – Singular A flock of birds (be) → is
ai‡Z n‡e| flying in the sky.
6. cÖev` ev‡K¨i Subject Gi Subject – Singular All that (glitter) (be) not → glitters
g‡a¨ All _vK‡j ai‡Z n‡e| gold.

Number Person Gi Ab¨vb¨ Rule

1. memgq Singular : wb¤œwjwLZ k㸇jv mvaviYZ memgq Singular wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡e :
Information, scenery, machinery, advice, furniture, news, wages (cwiYvg), hair, alphabet,
luggage, politics, physics, economics, poetry, The United States of America BZ¨vw`|
Inc : I have bought a lot of furnitures which were very cheap.
Cor: I have bought a lot of furniture which was very cheap.
Inc : The sceneries of Kuakata are charming.
Cor: The scenery of Kuakata is charming.
English Wizard (Grammar) 265

wKQz Confusing A_©

1. Kijvg, Ki‡j, Kij/ K‡iwQjvg, K‡iwQ‡j, K‡iwQj/ K‡iwQ, K‡iQ, K‡i‡Q :
▪ Kijvg, Ki‡j, Kij : Kijvg, Ki‡j, Kij, †Mjvg, †M‡j, †Mj, nuvUjvg, nuvU‡j, nuvUj BZ¨vw` mvaviYZ
AZxZ Kvj wb‡`©k K‡i| AZx‡Zi NUbv avivevwnKfv‡e eY©bv Ki‡j mvaviYZ G MV‡b wµqv e‡m _v‡K Ges
Past Indefinite Tense nq| †hgb- Avwg evMv‡b †Mjvg| Ny‡i Ny‡i A‡bK dzj †`Ljvg| Zvici A‡bKÿY
c‡i evwo wdijvg| = I went to the garden. Moving around, I saw many flowers. Then, after a
long time, I returned home.
Avevi hLb AZx‡Z 2wU KvR msNwUZ nq Ges GKwU Av‡M Avi Av‡iKwU c‡i N‡U _v‡K, Z‡e †hUv Av‡M N‡U
†mUv Past Perfect Tense nq, Avi †hUv c‡i N‡U †mUv Past Indefinite Tense nq| †hgb-
Wv³vi Avmvi c~‡e© †ivMx gviv †Mj = The patient had died before the doctor came.
Wv³vi Avmvi c‡i †ivMx gviv †Mj = The patient died after the doctor had come.
Avevi GKB MV‡bi Verb w`‡q hw` wbKUeZ©x AZxZ wb‡`©k K‡i, Z‡e †mUv Present Perfect Tense nq|
†hgb- Avwg GBgvÎ Gjvg = I have just come. B‡Zvg‡a¨ †m P‡j †Mj= He has already gone.
▪ K‡iwQjvg, K‡iwQ‡j, K‡iwQj : K‡iwQjvg, K‡iwQ‡j, K‡iwQj, wM‡qwQjvg, wM‡qwQ‡j, wM‡qwQj, †nu‡UwQjvg,
†nu‡UwQ‡j, †nu‡UwQj BZ¨vw`I mvaviYZ AZxZ Kvj wb‡`©k K‡i| mvaviYZ wew”Qbœ AZx‡Zi NUbv eY©bvq G
MVbwU e¨eüZ nq| †h †Kvb GKwU evK¨ Past Tense G _vK‡j evsjvq Abyev` Ki‡j G MVbwU e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb-
Avwg †mw`b A‡bK KvR K‡iwQjvg = That day, I did many works.
MZ †mvgevi †m Avgv‡`i evwo‡Z G‡mwQj = Last Monday, he came to our house.
Avevi hLb AZx‡Z 2wU KvR msNwUZ nq Ges GKwU Av‡M Avi Av‡iKwU c‡i N‡U _v‡K, Z‡e †hUv Av‡M N‡U
†mUv Past Perfect Tense nq, Avi †hUv c‡i N‡U †mUv Past Indefinite Tense nq| †hgb-
Wv³vi Avmvi c~‡e© †ivMx gviv wM‡qwQj= The patient had died before the doctor came.
Wv³vi Avmvi c‡i †ivMx gviv wM‡qwQj= The patient died after the doctor had come.
▪ K‡iwQ, K‡iQ, K‡i‡Q : K‡iwQ, K‡iQ, K‡i‡Q, wM‡qwQ, wM‡qQ, wM‡q‡Q, †nu‡UwQ, †nu‡UQ, †nu‡U‡Q BZ¨vw` mvaviYZ
wbKUeZ©x AZxZ wb‡`©k K‡i| wKš‘ wbKUeZ©x AZxZ Past Tense bv n‡q, Present Perfect Tense nq|
†m G‡m‡Q = He has come.
Z‡e AZxZ wb‡`©kK Adverb of Time Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Past Indefinite Tense G cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
†m MZKvj G‡m‡Q = He came yesterday.
2. Continuous vs Perfect Continuous : evsjv A‡_© Continuous Avi Perfect Continuous Gi g‡a¨
†Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| cv_©K¨ ïay GZUzKzB †h Perfect Continuous G c~e© †_‡K ïiæ nIqvi K_v D‡jøL _vK‡e|
ZvB Gi g‡a¨ mg‡qi †Kvb Point (†Kvb mgq †_‡K KvR ïiæ n‡q KvR Pj‡Q) A_ev †Kvb Period (KZÿY
a‡i KvR Pj‡Q) D‡jøL _vK‡e| Dfq Tense-G evsjv wµqvi MVb GKB iKg n‡e| †hgb-
Avwg KiwQ = I am doing. (Continuous)
Avwg 2N›Uv a‡i KiwQ = I have been doing for two hours. (Perfect Continuous)
3. AZx‡Zi †cÖÿvcU : †cÖÿvcU hw` AZx‡Zi nq, GgZve¯’vq evsjv wµqv Present ev Future Gi Abyiƒc n‡jI
Bs‡iwR‡Z mvgÄm¨c~Y© Past Tense n‡e|
Present Indefinite = Past Indefinite
Present Continuous = Past Continuous
Present Perfect = Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous = Past Perfect Continuous
Future (will/can/may) = Past Future (would/ could/might)
266 Correction

1. †m Avgv‡K K_v w`‡qwQj Avgv‡K 5000 UvKv w`‡e = He committed that he would give me Tk.
5000. (w`‡e = will give => would give)
2. Avwg †mLv‡b †Mjvg| wM‡q †`Ljvg mevB B‡Zvg‡a¨ P‡j †M‡Q = I went there. Going there, I saw
that all had already gone. (B‡Zvg‡a¨ P‡j †M‡Q = Present Perfect Tense => Past Perfect
Tense)
3. †m e‡jwQj †h, †m †mLv‡b hvq bv = He said that he did not go there. (hvq bv = Present
Indefinite Tense=> Past Indefinite Tense) wVK G ai‡bi ev‡K¨i evsjv Abyev` Ki‡j evsjvq A_©
†hfv‡e my›`i nq, †mfv‡eB evsjvq Abyev` Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb-
He committed that he would give me Tk. 5000. = †m Avgv‡K K_v w`‡qwQj Avgv‡K 5000 UvKv w`‡e|
mvaviYZ he would give A_© - †m w`Z| wKš‘ GLv‡b evsjv wµqv e¨env‡ii wbqg Abyhvqx GLv‡b Ò†m
w`‡eÓ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
4. KiZvg vs KiZvg :
Avwg KiZvg = I used to do.
Avwg KiZvg = I would do.
AZx‡Zi Af¨vm eySv‡bvi Rb¨ mvaviYZ used to ‡hvM K‡i wjL‡Z nq|
Z‡e Negative ev‡K¨ used to e¨envi bv K‡i mvaviY wbqg Abyhvqx did not e¨envi Ki‡jB P‡j| †hgb-
ivRv e¨vqvg Ki‡Zb bv = The king did not take physical exercise.
AZx‡Zi fwel¨r eySv‡bvi Rb¨ would/ could/ might BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq| G¸‡jv w`‡q g~jZ †h mg‡qi K_v
ejv n‡”Q H mg‡qi cieZ©x †Kvb mgq‡K eySv‡”Q| †hgb- Avwg Zv‡K mvnvh¨ KiZvg| wKš‘ †m Avgvi K_v ïbj
bv Ges P‡j †Mj = I would help him. But, he did not listen to me and went away.
5. Ki‡Z cviZvg vs Ki‡Z †c‡iwQjvg : Could mvaviYZ ÔKi‡Z cviZvgÕ G RvZxq A‡_© e¨eüZ nq, A_©vr
Past Future (AZx‡Zi fwel¨r) Indicate K‡i| †hgb- Avwg cvjv‡Z cviZvg, wKš‘ Avwg Zv Kwiwb = I
could escape but I did not. AZGe, Ki‡Z †c‡iwQjvg A‡_© could e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv, eis managed
to e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb- Ae‡k‡l †m duv` †_‡K gy³ n‡Z cvij = At last, he managed to get rid of
the trap.
6. Conditional Sentence Gi A_© :
a. 1st Conditional g~jZ Future Gi A_© eySvq| †hgb- Avwg hw` XvKv hvB (fwel¨‡Z), Z‡e †Zvgvi mv‡_
†`Lv Kie = If I go to Dhaka, I will meet you.
b. 2nd Conditional g~jZ Present Tense Gi A_© eySvq| †hgb- Avwg hw` cvwL nZvg (GLb), Zvn‡j
AvKv‡k DoZvg = If I were a bird (now), I would fly in the sky.
c. 3rd Conditional g~jZ Past Indefinite Tense Gi A_© eySvq| †hgb- Avwg hw` abx nZvg (ZLb),
Zvn‡j Zv‡K mvnvh¨ KiZvg = If I had been rich (then), I would have helped him.
7. Stative Verb : Stative Verb ‡hgb see, watch, notice, understand, seem BZ¨vw` verb mvaviYZ
Continuous Tense Gi cwie‡Z© Indefinite, Ges Perfect Continuous Gi cwie‡Z© Perfect Tense
e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-
Avwg GKwU cvwL †`LwQ = I am seeing a bird. => I see a bird.
Avwg †Zvgvi mgm¨v eyS‡Z cviwQ = I am understanding your problem. => I understand your problem.
Avwg Zv‡K mvZ eQi a‡i †`LwQ = I have been seeing for seven years. => I have seen him for
seven years.
272 Correction

Time Machine - I wb‡Pi me¸‡jv Conjunction †K GKB gvjvq †Mu‡_ w`‡e| wew¶ß KZ¸‡jv gy³v‡K gvjv †Mu‡_
wb‡j †hfv‡e G¸‡jv mn‡R cwiavb Kiv hvq I mn‡R enb Kiv hvq, GKBfv‡e Time Machine-I wb‡Pi me¸‡jv
Conjunction Gi Rule †K GKB m~‡Î †Mu‡_ w`‡e Ges G¸‡jv †kLv Ges g‡b ivLv AZ¨šÍ mnR g‡b n‡e|
Conjunction ¸‡jv n‡jv-
a. If, in case, provided, provided that, providing that = hw`
Unless = hw` bv
b. So that, in order that, that = hv‡Z
c. Lest = hv‡Z bv
d. So ...... that = GZB †h .............
Structures : Time Machine - I Gi structure n‡”Q 3wU| h_v-
1. Present + Future Indefinite :
(If + Sub + V1), (Sub + will/can/may/must +V0)
Ex : If I do, you will do.
G Structure Gi Sentence †K ejv nq 1st Conditional (kZ©‡evaK) Sentence.
2. Past Indefinite+ Past Future:
(If + Sub + V2), (Sub + would/could/might/must + V0)
Ex : If I did, you would do.
G Structure Gi Sentence †K ejv nq 2nd Conditional (kZ©‡evaK) Sentence.
3. Past Perfect + Past Future Perfect :
(If + Sub + had + V3), (Sub + would/ could/ might/ must + have + V3)
Ex : If I had done, you would have done.
G Structure Gi Sentence †K ejv nq 3rd Conditional (kZ©‡evaK) Sentence.

Group-1
(1) Conditionals: If, in case, provided, provided that, providing that = hw`, Unless = hw` bv :
Dc‡i ewY©Z Time Machine-1 Gi wZbwU structure-B G MÖæ‡ci Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨|
mn‡R Rule g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Table Gi Example †K exRMwY‡Zi dgy©jvi g‡Zv gyL¯’ K‡i †djyb|
Conj. Structure
Example/ Formula
Group Conjunctions + Clause-1 + Clause-2
(1.1) If, in case, Present Future If I do, you will do.
provided, indefinite
provided that, Past indefinite Past future If I did, you would do.
providing that, Past perfect Past future If I had done, you would have
unless perfect done.
G ai‡bi evK¨‡K Conditional Sentence ev kZ©‡evaK evK¨ e‡j|
 a + b = b + a †hfv‡e mZ¨, 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 †hfv‡e mZ¨,
If I do, you will do. = You will do if I do. –I mZ¨|
ZvB Dc‡ii Table Uv‡K D‡ë w`‡q Avgiv wjL‡Z cvwi|
English Wizard (Grammar) 273

Conj. Structure Example/ Formula

Group Clause-1 + Conjunction + Clause-2
(1.2) Future indefinite If, in case, Present You will do if I do
Past future provided, Past indefinite You would do if I did.
provided that,
Past future perfect providing that, Past perfect You would have done if I
unless had done.
 GLv‡b will/would Gi RvqMvq gvbvbmB †h †Kvb Modal Auxiliary e¨envi Kiv hv‡e|
▪ will => shall, may, can, must, should (DwPZ), ought to, have to, has to, am to, is to, are to,
had better, would rather, need, dare
▪ would => should, might, could, must, should (DwPZ), ought to, had to, was to, were to,
had better, would rather, needed, dared
Examples :
▪ If I do, you will do. You would do if I did. You would have done if I had done.
▪ If I do, you can do. You could do if I did. You could have done if I had done.
▪ If I do, you may do. You might do if I did. You might have done if I had done.
 If gv‡S _vK‡j †Kvb Kgv em‡e bv| wKš‘ if cÖ_‡g _vK‡j 2wU clause †K Avjv`v Kivi Rb¨ Kgv emv‡Z
n‡e| ‡hgb-
1. If I do, you will do.
= You will do if I do.
 2nd Conditional Sentence G If Clause G Subject Gi ci Ôbe’ Verb _vK‡j Zv me mgq were n‡q
e‡m| †hgb-
1. If I (be) a bird, I would fly in the sky.
= If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
 Conditional Sentence G If Dn¨ K‡i w`‡j, Auxiliary Verb, Subject Gi c~‡e© e‡m| †hgb-
1. If I had a lot of money, I would help the poor.
= Had I a lot of money, I would help the poor.
2. If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
= Were I a bird, I would fly in the sky.

Group-2
(2) So that, In order that, That : G MÖæ‡c Time Machine-1 Gi 2wU Structure e¨eüZ n‡e|
Conj. Structure
Group Clause-1 + Example/ Formula
Conjunction + Clause-2
(2.1) Present so that, Future Indefinite He works hard so
in order that, (can/may) that he can pass.
that [Affirmative n‡j]
Past So that, Past Future He worked hard so
Indefinite In order that, (could/might) that he could pass.
that [Affirmative n‡j]
(2.2) Present So that, Future Indefinite He works hard so
In order that, that (will/may) that he will not fail.
[Negative n‡j]
Past So that, Past Future He worked hard so
Indefinite In order that, that (would/might) that he would not
[Negative n‡j] fail.
English Wizard (Grammar) 339

❖ Avgiv Rvwb, MVb Abyhvqx evK¨ 3 cÖKvi| h_v-

i) Simple (mij evK¨) - †hgb- By working hard, you can prosper in life.
ii) Complex (RwUj evK¨) - †hgb- If you work hard, you can prosper in life.
iii) Compound (†hŠwMK evK¨) - †hgb- Work hard and you can prosper in life.

MVb Abyhvqx ev‡K¨i iƒcvšÍi wbf©i K‡i Clause Ges Phrase Gi Dci| ZvB Clause Ges Phrase m¤ú‡K© Av‡M
Av‡jvPbv Kiv evÃbxq|
❖ Clause : Clause (LÐevK¨) n‡”Q ev‡K¨i Ggb GKwU Ask hv‡K Avjv`vfv‡e ev‡K¨ cwiYZ Kiv hv‡e| Gi
g‡a¨ Aek¨B GKwU Subject I GKwU Finite Verb (Tense Abyhvqx Verb) _vK‡e| Z‡e Subject ev Verb
ev `ywUB †Kvb mgq Dn¨I _vK‡Z cv‡i| GKwU Clause GKwU Part of Speech Z_v Noun/ Adjective/
Adverb Gi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
❖ Phrase : Phrase ev k㸔Q n‡”Q ev‡K¨i GKwU Ask hv K‡qKwU kã wb‡q MwVZ Ges me¸‡jv wg‡j GKwU
Part of Speech Gi KvR K‡i|
❖ Clause Gi mv‡_ Phrase Gi cv_©K¨ n‡jv-
▪ Clause †K Avjv`v evK¨ evbv‡bv hv‡e wKš‘ Phrase †K Avjv`v evK¨ evbv‡bv hv‡e bv|
▪ Clause Gi g‡a¨ Aek¨B GKwU Finite Verb ev mgvwcKv wµqv _vK‡e wKš‘ Phrase Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb
Finite Verb ev mgvwcKv wµqv (Tense Gi Structure Abyhvqx Verb) _vK‡e bv| Ab¨ K_vq Clause
Gi g‡a¨ Verb-Tense Gi Structure Abyhvqx _vK‡e, wKš‘ Phrase Gi g‡a¨ Verb bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i,
Avi hw` _v‡K Zvn‡j Tense Gi Structure Abyhvqx _vK‡e bv|
Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z Clause & Phrase Aa¨vq †`Lvi Rb¨ Aby‡iva KiwQ|
❖ MVb Abyhvqx evK¨ 3 cÖKvi| h_v-
i) Simple Sentence ev mij evK¨
ii) Complex Sentence ev RwUj evK¨
iii) Compound Sentence ev †hŠwMK evK¨
❖ Z‡e GLv‡b, wKQy myweav cvIqvi Rb¨ MVb Abyhvqx evK¨‡K wZb fv‡M fvM bv K‡i Avgiv 2 fv‡M fvM Kie|
h_v-
(i) Simple
(ii) Complex & Compound
❖ 2 fv‡M fvM, 2wU Kvi‡Y Kiv nj| h_v-
(1) Simple : Clause _vK‡e 1wU|
Complex & Compound: Clause _vK‡e Kgc‡ÿ 2wU|
(2) Complex & Compound Gi g‡a¨ Conjunction _vK‡e|
wKš‘ Simple Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb mgq Preposition _vK‡e, †Kvb mgq Preposition ev Conjunction †Kvb
wKQzB _vK‡e bv|
340 Sentences & Transformation

❖ Avi Complex Ges Compound Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡e †Kvb&& Conjunction e¨eüZ n‡”Q, GUvi Dci wfwË K‡i|
Simple Complex/ Compound
Number of Clause = 1 Number of Clause = 2
Preposition/ × Conjunction
Complex Compound
Conjunction: IT WAS SATIS Conjunction: and, or, but, yet
❖ Complex G cÖavbZ Conjunction _vK‡e :
IT WAS SATIS = If, though, WH words, as, since, so ... that, as soon as, that, in order
that, so that.
If, Though Ges As Gi mgv_©K Av‡iv wKQz kã Av‡Q| h_v-
If = (If, In case, Provided, Provided that, Providing that = hw`, Unless = hw` bv)
Though = (Though, Although = hw`I)
As = [(As, Since, Because = †h‡nZz, KviY); (As, When = hLb); (As = †hfv‡e)]
❖ Compound G cÖavbZ Conjunction _vK‡e:
And, or, but; (for, yet)
and, or, but Gi mv‡_ Av‡iv wKQz kã †hvM n‡q, Av‡iv wKQy Conjunction MwVZ n‡e|
[And (And, and so, and therefore, and then, and instantly, and at once, and at that very
moment)]
[But (But, not only ..... but also, not only .... but)]
[Or (Or, Nor, Either .... or, Neither ... nor)]
Note : Bold Aÿ‡ii †jLv¸‡jv †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

Complex Sentence Gi MVb

❖ Complex Sentence Gi 2wU ˆewkó¨ :
1. ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ 2 ev Z‡ZvwaK Clause _vK‡e|
G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU n‡e Principal Clause ev Independent Clause (hvi c~‡e© †Kvb Conjunction _vK‡e
bv) Avi evwK GK ev GKvwaK Clause n‡e Subordinate Clause ev Dependent Clause (wbf©ikxj
Clause) hvi c~‡e© GKwU Conjunction _vK‡e|
2. Clause ¸‡jv Conjunction (IT WAS SATIS) Øviv hy³ n‡e|
(If = hw`, Though = hw`I, WH Words: (Who = †K, Kviv, †h, hviv, Kv‡K, Kv‡`i‡K, hv‡K, hv‡`i‡K,
Whom = Kv‡K, Kv‡`i‡K, hv‡K, hv‡`i‡K, Why = †Kb, †h Rb¨ etc.) As = †h‡nZz, KviY, hLb, †hfv‡e,
Since = †h‡nZy, KviY, So ... that = GZB †h ..., As soon as = Ki‡Z bv Ki‡ZB, n‡Z bv n‡ZB, That =
†h, hv, hv‡Z, In order that = hv‡Z, So that = hv‡Z) †hgb-
If I do, you will do. (Dependent Clause + Independent Clause)
= hw` Avwg Kwi, Zvn‡j ZzwgI Ki‡e|
He was punished as he killed the bird. (Independent Clause + Dependent Clause)
= ‡h‡nZz †m cvwLwU‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj, ZvB †m kvw¯Í †c‡qwQj|
❖ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e evsjv ev‡K¨ Conjunction ¸‡jv Double AvKv‡i _vK‡e wKš‘ Bs‡iwR‡Z GKevi D‡jøLB h‡_ó|
hw` ... Zvn‡j = If
†h‡nZz ... ZvB = As/ Since
hLb ... ZLb = When
English Wizard (Grammar) 341

❖ wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv A_©mn exRMwY‡Zi m~‡Îi gZ gyL¯’ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ges Ab¨ evK¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j Sub Gi
RvqMvq Sub, Avi Verb Gi RvqMvq Verb ewm‡q Abvqv‡m bZzb bZzb evK¨ MVb Kiv hv‡e|
(Transformation Gi †ÿ‡Î Verb Gi mwVK e¨enviI AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avcwb hw` Right Form of Verb
Gi Sequence of Tenses Ask B‡Zvg‡a¨ c‡o _v‡Kb, Zvn‡j Tense Ges Verb Gi e¨envi wb‡q Sv‡gjv
Avcbvi Kg n‡e| Avcbv‡K cybivq g‡b Kwi‡q †`Iqvi Rb¨ Sequence of Tenses As‡k e¨eüZ gRvi gRvi
Term ¸‡jv GLv‡b D‡jøL K‡i w`‡qwQ|)
1. If = hw` : If (If, In case, Provided, Provided that, Providing that = hw`, Unless = hw` bv: G
me¸‡jvi Rule- If Gi Rule Gi mgvb|)
If I do, you will do. = hw` Avwg Kwi, Zvn‡j ZzwgI Ki‡e|
Time Machine-I (If + Present + Future (will do))
If I did, you would do. = hw` Avwg KiZvg, Zvn‡j ZzwgI Ki‡Z| (GLb/ eZ©gv‡b)
Time Machine-I (If + Past + Past Future (would do))
If I had done, you would have done. = hw` Avwg KiZvg, Zvn‡j ZzwgI Ki‡Z| (ZLb/ AZx‡Z)
Time Machine-I (If + Past Perfect + Past Future Perfect (would have done))
2. Though = hw`I : Though (Though, Although = hw`I ... ZeyI)
Though he is poor, he is honest. = hw`I †m `wi`ª, ZeyI †m mr|
Though he was poor, he was honest. = hw`I †m `wi`ª wQj, ZeyI †m mr wQj|
[Railway Line: (Present + Present)/ (Past + Past)]
3. WH Words : Who = †K, Kviv, †h, hviv, Kv‡K, Kv‡`i‡K, hv‡K, hv‡`i‡K, Whom = Kv‡K, Kv‡`i‡K,
hv‡K, hv‡`i‡K, Why = †Kb, †h Rb¨ BZ¨vw`| [ we¯ÍvwiZ c‡i Avm‡Q|]
4. As = †h‡nZz, KviY, hLb, †hfv‡e [(As, Since, Because = KviY, †h‡nZz) (As, When = hLb) (As = †hfv‡e)]
As/ Since/ Because he killed the bird, he was punished.
= †h‡nZz †m cvwLwU‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj, ZvB †m kvw¯Í †c‡qwQj|
As/ When the sun set, we returned home. = hLb m~h© Wze‡jv, ZLb Avgiv evwo‡Z wdijvg|
Do the work as I have shown you. = Avwg †Zvgv‡K †hfv‡e †`wL‡qwQ, †mfv‡e K‡iv|
[Railway Line: (Present + Present)/ (Past + Past)]
5. Since (†h‡nZz, KviY, mgq)
Since/ As/ Because he killed the bird, he was punished.
= †h‡nZz †m cvwLwU‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj, ZvB †m kvw¯Í †c‡qwQj|
[Railway Line: (Present + Present)/ (Past + Past)]
It is ten years since his father died. = `k eQi (mgq) n‡jv Zvi evev gviv †M‡Qb|
[Time Machine -II : (Present + Past)/ (Past + Past Perfect)]
6. So .... that .... = GZB †h.... [Time Machine-I]
He is so weak that he cannot walk. = †m GZB `ye©j †h nuvU‡Z cv‡i bv|
He was so weak that he could not walk. = †m GZB `ye©j wQj †h nuvU‡Z cviZ bv|
7. As soon as = Ki‡Z bv Ki‡ZB/ n‡Z bv n‡ZB :
As soon as (As soon as, No sooner had ..... than, Hardly had .... when, Scarcely had .... when
= Ki‡Z bv Ki‡ZB/ n‡Z bv n‡ZB)
As soon as I reached the station, the train left. = Avwg †÷k‡b †cuŠQ‡Z bv †cuŠQ‡ZB †Uªb †Q‡o w`j|
[Railway Line : (Present + Present)/ (Past + Past)]
No sooner had I reached the station than the train left. / Hardly had I reached the station when
the train left./ Scarcely had I reached the station when the train left.
= Avwg †÷k‡b †cuŠQ‡Z bv †cuŠQ‡ZB †Uªb †Q‡o w`j|
[Time Machine -II : Past Perfect + Past Indefinite]