Numericals

Problem 1
• Calculate the angle of incidence of beam
radiation on a flat plate collector for
• Nagpur (21 ˚ 6 ‘ N, 79 ˚03 ‘ E)
• Slope of the collector = 10 ˚
• Surface azimuthal angle = 15 ˚
• Date = 1st Dec 1979
• Time 9 hr LAT
• Latitude angle = φ =
• Slope of collector = β
• Surface azimuthal angle = 
• Hour angle = w
• n
• Latitude angle = φ =21˚ 06’=21.(06/60)=21.01 ˚
• Slope of collector = β=10 ˚
• Surface azimuthal angle = 15
• Hour angle = w= (180-(9x15))=45˚
• n=31+28+31+30+31+30+31+31+30+31+30+01=335
23.45x sin   deg ree
360
 (284n) 
 365 

22.10

 cos  cos (cos  cos sin  sin  cos  ) 

cos i   cos  sin  sin  sin  

  sin (sin  cos cos  sin  cos  ) 


i 53.34
 Problem 2
• Calculate the angle made by beam radiation
with the normal to a flat plate collector on
May 1st at 9 hr (LAT). The collector is located in
New Delhi (28˚35’N,77˚12’E).It is tilted at an
angle of 36˚ with the horizontal and is pointed
due south. Repeat the calculation for 12 hr.
• Latitude angle = φ =
• Slope of collector = β
• Surface azimuthal angle = 
• Hour angle = w
• n
• Latitude angle = φ =28˚ 35’=28.(35/60)=28.58 ˚
• Slope of collector = β=36 ˚
• Surface azimuthal angle = 0
• Hour angle = w= (180-(9x15))=45˚
• w= (180-(12x15))=0˚

• n=31+28+31+30+1=121
23.45x sin   deg ree
360
 (284n) 
 365 

14.9

 cos  cos (cos  cos sin  sin  cos  ) 

cos i   cos  sin  sin  sin  

  sin (sin  cos cos  sin  cos  ) 

cos i  cos  cos (cos )sin (sin ) 

49.87 , 22.32
 Problem 3
• Calculate the declination angle of beam
radiation on a plane surface, tilted by 45° from
horizontal plane and pointing 30° west of
south located at Mumbai at 1:30 PM (LAT) on
18° 54' N on 15th November. The longitude
and latitude of Mumbai are 72° 49' E and 18°
54’ N respectively.
23.45x sin   deg ree
360
 (284n) 
 365 

n 319(date15 th november)

19.148
 Problem 4
• Calculate the declination angle of beam
radiation on a plane surface, tilted by 45° from
horizontal plane and pointing 30° west of
south located at Mumbai at 1:30 PM (LAT) on
18° 54' N on 15th November. The longitude
and latitude of Mumbai are 72° 49' E and 18°
54’ N respectively.
30 , 45 , 18.9

cos i cos  cos (cos  cos sin  sin  cos  )cos  sin  sin  sin  
  sin (sin  cos cos  sin  cos  ) 

37.23
 Sunrise, sunset, Day length
Horizontal surface

0
cos w s  tan  tan , w s cos 1 (  tan  tan ),

w s  ve, w s  ve

2
Td  w s hr
15
Inclined surface facing due south

0
w s min  cos 1 (  tan  tan ) , cos 1 (  tan( )) tan ) 
 
2
Td  w s hr
15
Inclined surface facing due north

180
w s min  cos 1 (  tan  tan ) , cos 1 (  tan( )) tan ) 
 
2
Td  w s hr
15
 Problem 6
• Calculate the hour angle at sunrise and sunset
on June 21 and Dec 21 for a surface inclined at
an angle of 10 degree and facing due south.
The surface is located at Mumbai
(19˚07’N,72˚51’E).
• β=10˚
• φ =19.(07/60)=19.11˚
• γ =0˚
• δ =23.45˚, -23.45˚

0 w s min  cos 1 ( tan  tan ) , cos 1 (  tan()) tan ) 

 

min 98.59 ,93.94 ans93.94

min 81.40 ,86.05 ans81.40

 2
Td  w s hr
15
2 2
 93.94 12.52hr, 81.40 10.85hr
15 15
• Local time implies the time of a particular
country, as regards the meridian running
through it.
• Standard time is referred as the official local
time of a region ascertained by the distance
from the Prime Meridian of the meridian
running through the area.
BASIS FOR
LOCAL TIME STANDARD TIME
COMPARISON
Meaning Local time implies the time Standard time refers to the fixed
of a place determined on time for places falling in the same
the basis of apparent meridian, set in a country by law.
movement of the sun.

Variations Changes continuously with Remains same for a particular

the change in longitude. country.

Longitude Places on the same Places on the same longitude

longitude have same local have different standard time.
time.

Reckoned by Shadow cast by the sun. Time zones

 Local Apparent Time (LAT)
Local apparent time is that for the meridian of the observer.

When the apparent (true) sun is (ahead of/behind) the mean

sun, apparent time is (faster/slower) than mean civil time.

The difference between apparent and civil time at any instant is called
the equation of time.

Solar time is measured with reference to solar noon, which is the time
when the sun is crossing observer’s meridian.

At solar noon the sun is at the highest position in the sky. The sun
traverses each degree of longitude in 4 minutes (as earth takes 24
hours to complete one revolution).
 LAT
LAT

Standard Time   4min (Standard Timelongitude Longitude of location)E

ETime Correction Factor

 vewestern hemisphere
 veeastern hemisphere

• E is the correction arising out of the variation in the

length of the solar day due to variations in earth’s
rotation and orbital revolution, and is called
equation of time.
• E can be determined either by calculation using
following equation (within an accuracy of half a
minute) or from the chart given
Time correction Factor
 Problem 7
• Determine the LAT corresponding to
14.30hr(IST) at Mumbai (19˚07’N,72˚51’E) on
July 1. In India the standard time is based on
82.50˚ and the equation of time correction on
July 1st is (-3.5) min.
• IST=14.30hr
• Mumbai (19˚07’N,72˚51’E)
• Time correction (-3.5)min

• LAT=ST+/-4min (STlongitude-Longitude of location)

+Time correction
  51  
LAT14.304 82.50(72 
 ) ( 3.5)
  60  

14.304(82.50 72.85 )( 3.5 ')

14.30(4x(9.65 ))3.5 '

9.65
14.30(4x( ))3.5 '
15
14.30(4x(0.64hr))3.5 '

14.30(4x(0.64x60) ')3.5 '

14.30(38.6 '3.5 ')

14.30( 42.1')

13.47
 Problem 5
• Estimate the monthly average daily Global
radiation on a Horizontal surface at Vadodara
(22˚N,73˚ 10’E) on March 16. If the average
sunshine hours per day is 9.5, a=0.28,b=0.48,

calculate Hg
 Problem 6
• Estimate the monthly average daily Global
radiation on a Horizontal surface at Vadodara
(22˚N,73˚ 10’E) on March 16. If the average
sunshine hours per day is 9.5, a=0.28,b=0.48,

calculate Hg

• Use Gopinathan formula to estimate with

EL=34meters
 Problem 7
• Estimate the monthly average daily diffused
radiation on a Horizontal surface at Vadodara
(22˚N,73˚ 10’E) on March 16.

S9.5hrs, a 0.28, b0.48
 Radiation in Tilted surface
• Tilt factor for beam radiation

• Tilt factor for diffusion radiation

• Tilt factor for reflected radiation

• Total flux on the tilted surface

 Radiation in Tilted surface
cos  1cos  1cos 
rb  , rd  , rr   ( )
cos z 2 2

I T I b rb I d rd (I b I d )rr

IT I b I (I I d )
 rb  d rd  b rr
Ig Ig Ig Ig

IT I g I d Id Ig
( )rb  rd  rr
Ig Ig Ig Ig

IT Id Id
(1 )rb  rd rr
Ig Ig Ig
Problem 8