Unit-III (CAM)

Computer Numerical Control: Introduction,

numerical control, numerical control
modes, numerical control elements, CNC
machine tools, feedback devices, coordinate
system.
Numerical Control
Machines
 NC machine
Machine Control Unit

4
D C
P L 3
U 1 U

POWER 2

Simple Drilling operation

 NC machines

Motion control is done by: servo-controlled motors

Table
Leadscrew
Encoder A/C Motor
~

Servo Controller

Counter Comparator

Input (converted from analog to digital value)

NC machining setup

Open loop

Closed loop
Components of Servo-motor controlled CNC

Motor lead screw rotation table moves

Motor speed control feedback position sensed by encoder

Two types of encoder configurations

 Topic: Nomenclature of the NC machine axes:

AXIS - Standards

Co-ordinate system Designating the axis

3 axis boring mill 4 axis boring mill

5 axis CNC Vertical axis M/C centre

Various types of NC machines

Automation lab

CNC lathe

Desktop tutor
CNC Milling Machine
Types of NC machine tools or Types NC control systems
or Modes of NC control systems
G00 Rapid Positioning

G01 Straight cut (Linear Interpolation)

G02 Circular interpolation,CW

G03 Circular interpolation, CCW

NC MACHINE CLASSIFICATIONS

1. Motion control: point to point (PTP)

and continuous (contouring) path

2. Control loops: open loop and closed loop

3. Power drives: hydraulic, electric,

or pneumatic

4. Positioning systems: incremental and

absolute positioning

5. Hardwired NC and softwired Computer

NC Tooling:
Features of NC Machine Tools (Machining Centres)

The features that typically characterizes the NC machining centre include

the following and it must perform variety of operations on single set up
•Automatic tool – changing capability (ATC)
•Automatic work part positioning
•Automatic Pallet shuttle
•Tool magazine

Brand New Model of Machining Centre

 Agenda
• INTRODUCTION
• ABSOLUTE AND INCREMENTAL PROGRAMMING
• ELEMENTS OF NC PROGRAM
• NC WORDS (G, M, T, S, … CODES)
• EXAMPLES
• CUT TER COMPENSATION AND OFFSETS
• EXAMPLES
• CONCLUSIONS
Introduction to NC
programming
Manual part programming
Computer-assisted part programming
Formats
◦ Fixed-Address
◦ Tab-Sequential
◦ Word-Address
 Manual NC programming

Absolute Programming
Incremental Programming
Example (on Board)
Basic Elements of NC Program

Blocks of Commands
NC Words
NC Function ~ NC word(s)
Several Functions in one block
When viewing, a block is same as a line of text
Pre-defined Terminator
Optional Blocks
 NC WORDS

A G-code program consists the following words:

N, G, X, Y, Z, A, B, C, I, J, K, F, S, T, R, M

An EIA standard, RS-273 defines a set of standard codes.

Basic Elements of NC Program
a. Preparatory functions: which unit, which interpolator, absolute or
incremental programming, which circular interpolation plane, cutter
compensation, etc.
b. Coordinates: three translational, and three rotational axes.
c. Machining parameters: feed, and speed.
d. Tool control: tool diameter, next tool number, tool change.
e. Cycle functions: drill cycle, ream cycle, bore cycle, mill cycle, clearance
plane.
f. Coolant control: coolant on/off, flood, mist.
g. Miscellaneous control: spindle on/off, tape rewind, spindle rotation
direction, pallet change, clamps control, etc.
h. Interpolators: linear, circular interpolation
 NC WORDS – G codes
Table 9.1 G codes
g00 Rapid traverse g40 Cutter compensation - cance

N code. g01 Linear interpolation g41 Cutter compensation - left

sequence *
g02 Circular interpolation, CW g42 Cutter compensation -right
number
example: g03 Circular interpolation, CCW g70 Inch format
N0010 g04 Dwell * g71 Metric format

G code. g08 Acceleration g74 Full circle programming Off

preparatory g09 g75 Full circle programming On
Deceleration
word.
g17 X-Y Plane * g80 Fixed cycle cancel
*g18 Z-X Plane g81 -9 Fixed cycles

g19 Y-Z Plane g90 Absolute dimension

* programming
g33 Thread cutting, constant lead g91
Incremental deimension
g34 Thread cutting, increasing programming
NC WORDS – Circular Interpolation
Circular Interpolation:

Full circle ON
(5.000,4.000) ? destination
sequence no.
center
N0100 G02 X7.000 Y2.000 I5.000 J2.000

Cut from (5.000,4.000) to (7.000,2.000) CW

(7.000,2.000)
(5.000,2.000)
 NC WORDS- F and S Codes
F Code. feed speed.
inch/min (ipm), or ipr.

F code must be given before either G01, G02, or G03 can be used.

Example:
N0100 G02 X7.000 Y2.000 I5.000 J2.000 F6.00

S Code. cutting speed code.

Programmed in rpm.

S code does not turn on the spindle, spindle is turned on by a M code.

N0010 S1000
 NC WORDS- T and R Codes
T Code. tool number. (1,2,2)
1
Actual tool change does not occur Initial height

until a tool change M code is 0.7" 2

specified.
R plane
0.3"

R Code. cycle parameter. 1" 3 5

The cycle may be programmed in one
Z point
block, such as (cycle programming is 4
vendor specific.):
N0010 G81 X1.000 Y2.000 Z0.000 R 1.300
 NC WORDS – M Codes
M Code. miscellaneous word.

Table 9.2. M codes

m00 Program stop m06 Tool change

m01 Optional stop m07 Flood coolant on

m02 End of program m08 Mist coolant on

m03 Spindle CW m09 Coolant off

m04 Spindle CCW m30 End of tape

m05 Spindle off

 History of CNC

The RS274-D is a word address format

Each line of program == 1 block

Each block is composed of several instructions, or (words)

Sequence and format of words:

N3 G2 X+1.4 Y+1.4 Z+1.4 I1.4 J1.4 K1.4 F3.2 S4 T4 M2

sequence no destination coordinates dist to center of circle tool

feed rate spindle speed

preparatory function
miscellaneous function
Automatic Part Programming
Software programs can automatic generation of CNC data

Define Tool

CNC data

Make 3D model
Simulate
cutting
Automatic part programming and DNC

Very complex part shapes ➔ very large NC program

NC controller memory may not handle HUGE part program

computer feeds few blocks of

NC program to controller

When almost all blocks executed,

controller requests more blocks
 NC machine
Machine Control Unit

4
D C
P L 3
U 1 U

POWER 2
NC machining setup

Open loop

Closed loop
Automation lab

CNC lathe

Desktop tutor
Click the following for animation

INTERPOLATION COMMANDS

•Rapid positioning-G00
•Linear Interpolation-G01
•Circular interpolation,CW-G02
•Circular interpolation,CCW-G03
N01 G92 X0 Y0 Z0 F0 S0 *
NO2 G90*
NO3 G81 X20 Y25 Z-62 R48(R2) TO1 F100
S800 MO3* 25
N04 G80 Z0 F0 S0 MO5*
N05 G00 X100 Y100 * 20
NO6 M02 OR M30*

50 Rapid plane 2

3
Click the following for animation

•Drilling Cycle-G81
•Boring-G86
•Fine boring-G76
•Reaming-G85

• Peck drilling cycle-G73

•Deep hole peck drill-G83

• Left hand tapping-G74(Right hand tapping-G84)

Counter boring-G82

•Counter boring for boring bar-G89

BSPrasad
 Cutter radius compensation(G41/G42/G40)

Radius of cutter
A- profile of work piece to be machined
B- offset for cutter tool path
R- radius of the cutter
- cutter radius compensation vector
Tool length compensation

Tool magazine
Click the following for animation

Cutter radius and tool length compensation

G41-Cutter radius compensation towards LEFT

G42- Cutter radius compensation towards RIGHT

G43- Tool length compensation positive

G44- Tool length compensation negative

G40- cancel radius compensation

G49- cancel tool length compensation
G42

G00
 R 40

E
C 10 R

10 R 60
B
30
F
A 30 40

50
 PART PROGRAM FOR POCKETING

N01 G92 X0 Y0 Z0 *
NO2 G17 G90 *
NO3 MO6 TO1*
NO4 G00 X30 Y30 Z-28 MO3 MO7 F– S--*(Point “B” brought under the control)
NO5 G01 Z-50 F--- *(Tool goes down to full depth)
N06 Y90 *(Tool proceeds to “C”)
N07 X70 *(Tool proceeds to “E”)
NO8 G02 Y70 (IO J-40)/R40 *(Cuts the curved profile)
N09 G01 X30 *(Tool proceeds to “B”
N10 Z0 MO5 *(Tool retracted to initial position)
N11 G00 X0 Y0 *
N12 MO2 *