Instructional Module in

LIVING IN THE IT ERA

KAITH ANN MARIE N. DELFIN, MIT
MODULE 1
What is a computer?
Introduction:
In this Module, you will be introduced the ICT (Information and Communication
Technology), wherein there are four (4) lessons to be discussed:
Lesson 1: Introduction to Information and Communication Technology
Lesson 2: Evolution of Technology
Lesson 3: Components of a Computer
Lesson 4: Classification of Computers

LESSON 1
Introduction to Information and Communication Technology

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this topic, you shall have:
• described Information and Communication Technology (ICT);
• differentiated IT from ICT;
• created an ICT hierarchy; and
• appreciated the value of technology that new technologies can have on the
economy and on productivity.

Learning Contents

WHAT IS ICT?

ICT, or information and communications technology (or technologies), is the

infrastructure and components that enable modern computing.

Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is generally accepted
to mean all devices, networking components, applications and systems that combined allow
people and organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments, and criminal
enterprises) to interact in the digital world.

Components of ICT

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a broad term that includes various
components. Here are the main components of an ICT system:

1. People: These are the users of an ICT system. In addition to the users, an ICT system
is dependent on system analysts and ICT support staff.
2. Data: This is the input into an ICT system. Data can be entered manually, transferred
electronically over a network or Internet, read from a smart card, or scanned from
a barcode.
 3. Hardware: These are the physical devices needed by an ICT system to enter data
for processing and to display information in the most appropriate format.
4. Software: These are programs that store data and instruct the processor to produce
the results of the calculations.
5. Procedure: These are the ways in which tasks should be done as required by the
system of an organization.
6. Information: An ICT system processes data to produce useful information which can
be viewed on screen, printed out, or transferred to another ICT system over a
network or the internet.

ICT also includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell
phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems, and so on, as well as the various
services and appliances with them such as video conferencing and distance learning. It covers
any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit, or receive information electronically
in a digital form.

The Significance of ICT in Enterprises

For businesses, advances within ICT have brought a slew of cost savings, opportunities,
and conveniences. They range from highly automated businesses processes that have cut
costs, to the big data revolution where organizations are turning the vast trove of data
generated by ICT into insights that drive new products and services, to ICT-enabled
transactions such as internet shopping and telemedicine and social media that give customers
more choices in how they shop, communicate, and interact.

Information Technology (IT) versus ICT

While IT stands for "information technology," ICT stands for "information and
communications technology." One of the acronyms has a "C," while the other one does not,
and the C, which represents communications, is the whole difference between IT and ICT.
While these two tech-oriented fields share a whole lot of content, the difference between IT
and ICT is a lot more subtle than their many similarities. Start with an understanding of IT as
your foundation, as ICT is an extension of IT.

What is IT?

Information technology, or IT, is all about the collecting, processing, and sharing of –
wait for it – information. The field of IT deals largely with the methods and tools used in said
collecting, processing, and sharing. These methods and tools include coding and programming,
data conversion, means of storage and retrieval, and system analysis and design, among
others.

When someone says they work in IT, they are name-dropping a broad field that can
include a wide range of professions, including network administration, computer support,
computer science, system analysis, programming and more. In its modern usage, IT often
specifically refers to the information technology that keeps businesses running and connected
such as internal servers, web marketing and business software, which IT experts work to
develop and maintain.

As an extension of information technology, the field of information communications

technology includes everything that IT includes but expands the scope. When dealing with ICT,
computer science comes in to play just as much as the collection, processing and sharing of
data.

ICT puts an immediate emphasis on connective communication technologies. This field

homes in on the communications technology that connects the IT world, specifically
telecommunications. In the 21st century, ICT is especially focused on how wireless signals and
the internet drive communication and enable the spread of data.

In general, IT refers to local information technologies, such as the worlds of private

business servers and customized information infrastructures that keep corporations and
governments operational on the tech side of things. In contrast, ICT's tech is more expansive,
with a greater focus on outreach, community building and a desire to explore the ways in which
telecommunications can enrich society. On a macro level, imagine that IT is your home's
collection of immobile appliances, providing heat vents and water faucets inside the house,
while ICT is the collection of pipes and wires that bring the electricity and water into the home.

Summary
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is the infrastructure and
components that enable modern computing. It includes devices, networking components,
applications, and systems that allow people and organizations to interact in the digital world.
The main components of an ICT system are:
1. People: Users, system analysts, and ICT support staff.
2. Data: Input into an ICT system, which can be entered manually or transferred
electronically.
3. Hardware: Physical devices needed for data entry and processing.
4. Software: Programs that store data and instruct the processor.
5. Procedure: The methods for performing tasks as required by the system.
6. Information: Useful information produced by processing data, which can be
viewed, printed, or transferred.

ICT also includes any communication device and services such as video conferencing
and distance learning. It covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit, or
receive information electronically in a digital form.
ICT has brought significant cost savings, opportunities, and conveniences for
businesses, from highly automated business processes to the big data revolution and ICT-
enabled transactions.
While Information Technology (IT) is about collecting, processing, and sharing
information, ICT is an extension of IT that includes communications. IT refers to the methods
and tools used in collecting, processing, and sharing information and often specifically refers
to the technology that keeps businesses running and connected.
LESSON 2
Evolution of Technology

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this topic, you shall have:
• described the history of information technology;
• create a pyramid for the development of the technology according to its history;
and
• appreciated the pervasive effect that new technologies can have on the economy
and on productivity.

Learning Contents

History if Information Technology

Information Technology (IT) has a rich history that has evolved over time. There are
four main ages of that divide up the history of information technology.

1. Pre-Mechanical (3000 BC — 1450 AD): This phase was characterized by the

development of basic tools and machines, and the creation of simple data storage
systems.
• Petroglyphs-Pictures CARVED ON ROCKS
• Writing and Alphabets- communication.
• Paper and Pens - Input technologies.
• Books and Libraries:
• Permanent Storage Devices.
• The First Numbering Systems.
• The First Calculators: THE ABACUS.

2. Mechanical (1450 — 1840): During this period, more complex machines were
developed, and the first mechanical computing devices were created.
• The First Information Explosion.
• The first general purpose “computers”
• Technologies like Slide rule was discovered.
• Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline.
• Charles Babbage develops difference engine.

3. Electromechanical (1840 — 1940): This phase saw the advent of electrical machines
and the beginning of telecommunications.
• The Beginnings of Telecommunication.
• Voltaic Battery
• Telegraph was created in early 1800s.
• Morse code was created by Samuel Morse.
• Telephone was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
 • The first radio was developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894.
• First large-scale digital computer in the United State was Mark 1.

4. Electronic (1940 to present): This is the current phase of IT development,

characterized by the creation of electronic computers and the digital revolution.
• The ENIAC was developed.
• Era of vacuum tube and punch card like ENIAC and Mark 1.
• Rotating magnetic drums used for internal storage.
• High-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL.
• Personal Computer was developed.
• GUI (Graphical User Interface) was developed.

What is IT Revolution

The Information Technology Revolution refers to the far-reaching phenomenon related

to innovations that are occurring at a phenomenal rate in the information and communication
technologies (ICTs). It is often associated with the term "Information Revolution", which
describes the radical changes brought about by computer technology on the storage of and
access to information since the mid-1980s. This revolution extends beyond the Industrial
Revolution and is characterized by the growing economic, social, and technological role of
information.

Key aspects of the Information Technology Revolution include:

1. Unprecedented advancements in technological innovation: The revolution has been

driven by rapid advancements in technology, particularly in the fields of computing and
telecommunications.

2. Global proliferation of digital Information and Communication Technologies: The use of

digital technologies has become widespread, impacting various aspects of everyday
life.

3. Data Processing: Information technology has enabled the processing of data into
information at speeds exponentially faster than anything the human mind can achieve.

4. Business Impact: Information technology has revolutionized business practices, driving

innovation and efficiency. It has led to the development of new tools and systems, such
as customer relations management systems, that are at the heart of many businesses
today.

The Information Technology Revolution continues to evolve, influencing various sectors

of the economy and society at large.

Information Technology Revolution or simply I.T. Revolution is the remarkable changes

brought about by information technology in various fields like Education, Entertainment,
Business, Medical, Lifestyle etc.
Information technology has affected different aspect of our lives:
• Education
• Work
• Medicine
• Culture
• Environment
• Communication

For Education
Advantages:
• IT complements traditional educational technique.
• Access to more information resources.
• Distance learning.
• Invisible college network.
Disadvantages:
• Information overload.
• Information may not be correct.

For Work/Business
Advantages:
• Enhanced information management
• Telecommuting
• Reduction in paperwork since most tasks are handled electronically
Disadvantages:
• Unemployment
• Low productivity

For Medicine
Advantages:
• Tele monitoring.
• Interactive services – real time interactions between patients and
healthcare.
• Self-diagnosis
• Enhanced medical work
Disadvantage:
• Sometimes it is difficult to ascertain the quality of service.
• Self-medication.

For Culture
Culture can be defined as the ideas, beliefs, values, customs, and practices
(what they eat, how they dress) of a group of people.
Advantages:
• Promotion and sharing of culture.
• Today’s societies are multicultural.
Disadvantage:
• Blind copying of the western culture.
 For Environment
Advantages:
• IT has enabled the understanding of physical and ecological processes.
• Reduction in use of paper.
• It is not possible to monitor and sometimes control the effects of
changes in earth environment through satellites.
Example: Weather forecast, disaster, and natural hazard.
Disadvantages:
• Global Warming
• E – wastes
• Computer and phones emit dangerous rays and gases that are harmful
to living organism.
• Disappearance of bees.

Summary
The history of Information Technology (IT) is divided into four main ages:
1. Pre-Mechanical (3000 BC — 1450 AD): This phase saw the development of basic
tools, machines, and simple data storage systems, such as petroglyphs, writing and
alphabets, paper and pens, books and libraries, permanent storage devices, the first
numbering systems, and the first calculators like the abacus.
2. Mechanical (1450 — 1840): This period was characterized by the development of
more complex machines and the first mechanical computing devices. Notable
inventions include the slide rule and the Pascaline by Blaise Pascal. Charles Babbage
developed the difference engine during this time.
3. Electromechanical (1840 — 1940): This phase marked the advent of electrical
machines and the beginning of telecommunications. Key developments include the
voltaic battery, the creation of the telegraph, Morse code by Samuel Morse, the
telephone by Alexander Graham Bell, the first radio by Guglielmo Marconi, and the
first large-scale digital computer in the United States, Mark 1.
4. Electronic (1940 to present): The current phase of IT development is characterized
by the creation of electronic computers and the digital revolution. Significant
advancements include the development of the ENIAC, the era of vacuum tube and
punch card like ENIAC and Mark 1, rotating magnetic drums used for internal
storage, high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, the
development of personal computers, and the Graphical User Interface (GUI).
The Information Technology Revolution refers to the significant innovations occurring
in information and communication technologies (ICTs). It is often associated with the term
"Information Revolution", which describes the radical changes brought about by computer
technology on the storage of and access to information since the mid-1980s. This revolution
extends beyond the Industrial Revolution and is characterized by the growing economic, social,
and technological role of information. Key aspects include unprecedented advancements in
technological innovation, global proliferation of digital ICTs, data processing capabilities, and
significant business impact. The IT Revolution continues to evolve, influencing various sectors
of the economy and society at large. It has brought about remarkable changes in various fields
like education, entertainment, business, medicine, culture, environment, and communication.
LESSON 3
Components of a Computer System

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this topic, you shall have:
• identified and categorized the different parts of a computer system;
• connected the different parts of a computer system; and
• appreciated the value of each parts of a computer system.

Learning Contents

What is a computer?

Computers are machines that perform a set of functions according to their users’
directions. Going by this definition, several electronic devices, from laptops to calculators, are
computers.

A computer comprises of some basic elements. These include hardware, software,

programs, data, and connectivity. No computer can function in the absence of these elements.
Apart from these elements, a computer system comprises of three basic components. These
components are responsible for making computers function. Let us look at them in detail.

Components of a Computer System

Every computer system has the following three basic components:

a. Input Unit
b. Central Processing Unit
c. Output Unit
d. Storage

While there are other components as well, these three are primarily responsible for
making a computer function. They must work in complete synergy because that will ensure
smooth overall functioning. Hence, we can even call them building blocks of a computer
system.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

After receiving data and commands from users, a computer system now has to
process it according to the instructions provided. Here, it has to rely on a component
called the central processing unit. The CPU further uses these three elements:

a. Memory Unit

Once a user enters data using input devices, the computer system stores
this data in its memory unit. This data will now remain here until other components
 of CPU process it. The memory unit uses a set of pre-programmed instructions to
further transmit this data to other parts of the CPU.

b. Arithmetic and Logic Unit

This part of the CPU performs arithmetic operations. It does basic

mathematical calculations like addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, etc.
Further, it can even perform logical functions like the comparison of data.

c. Control Unit

This unit is the backbone of computers. It is responsible for coordinating

tasks between all components of a computer system. The control unit collects data
from input units and sends it to processing units depending on its nature. Finally, it
also further transmits processed data to output units for users.

A computer system is a set of integrated devices that input, output, process, and store
data and information. Computer systems are currently built around at least one digital
processing device. There are five main hardware components in a computer system: Input,
Processing, Storage, Output and Communication devices.

1. INPUT DEVICES are devices used for entering data or instructions to the central
processing unit. They are classified according to the method they use to enter data.

a. Keying Devices are devices used to enter data into the computer using a set of Keys
Ex. Keyboard and keypad.

• The keyboard
Keyboard (similar to a typewriter) is the main input device of a
computer. It contains three types of keys-- alphanumeric keys, special keys, and
function keys.

Alphanumeric keys are used to type all alphabets, numbers, and special
symbols like $, %, @, A etc.

Special keys such as <Shift>, <Ctrl>, <Alt>, <Home>, <Scroll Lock> etc.
are used for special functions.

Function keys such as <F1>, <F2>, <F3> etc. are used to give special
commands depending upon the software used e.g.F5 reloads a page of an
internet browser.

The function of every key can be well understood only after working on
a PC. When any key is pressed, an electronic signal is produced. This signal is
detected by a keyboard encoder that sends a binary code corresponding to the
key pressed to the CPU. There are many types of keyboards, but 101 keys
keyboard is the most popular one.
 How the keys are organized

The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on
function:

• Typing (alphanumeric) keys. These keys include the same letter, number,
punctuation, and symbol keys found on a traditional typewriter.
• Special (Control) keys. These keys are used alone or in combination with
other keys to perform certain actions. The most frequently used control
keys are CTRL, ALT, the Windows key, and ESC.
• Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They
are labelled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of these
keys differs from program to program.
• Cursor Movement (Navigation) keys. These keys are used for moving around
in documents or Web Pages and editing text. They include the arrow keys,
HOME, END, PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, DELETE, and INSERT and ARROW KEYS.
• Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers
quickly. The keys are grouped together in a block like a conventional
calculator.

b. Pointing Devices are devices that enter data and instructions into the computer
using a pointer that appears on the screen. The items to be entered are selected by
either pointing to or clicking on them.
Examples: mice, joystick, touch sensitive screen, trackballs

• The Mouse

A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your

computer screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does
look a bit like an actual mouse. It is small, oblong, and connected to the system
unit by a long wire that resembles a tail and the connector which can either be
PS/2 or USB. Some newer mice are wireless.

A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left
button) and a secondary button. Many mice also have a wheel between the two
buttons, which allows you to scroll smoothly through screens of information.

When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen
moves in the same direction. (The pointer's appearance might change
depending on where it is positioned on your screen.) When you want to select
an item, you point to the item and then click (press and release) the primary
button. Pointing and clicking with your mouse is the main way to interact with
your computer. There are several types of mice: Mechanical mouse, optical
mouse, optical-mechanical mouse, and laser mouse.
c. Scanning Devices are devices that capture an object or a document directly from
the source. They are classified according to the technology used to capture data
e.g. Scanners and Document readers.

• Scanners are used to capture a source document and converts it into an

electronic form.
Examples are - Flatbed and Handheld scanners.

• Document readers are scanners that reads data directly from source document
and convey them as input in the form of electronic signal.

Types of Document Readers

1. Optical Mar Reader (OMR)
2. Barcode Reader
3. Optical Character Reader
4. Magnetic Reader Reads data using magnetic ink. It uses principle of
magnetism to sense data that have been written using magnetized ink.

The System Unit

The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually, it is a rectangular box
placed on or underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components
that process data. The most important of these components is the central processing
unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another
component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information
that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased
when the computer is turned off.

Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using
cables. The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system
unit. Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral
device. Peripheral devices can be external such as a mouse, keyboard, printer, monitor,
external Zip drive or scanner or internal, such as a CD-ROM drive, CD-R drive, or internal
modem. Internal peripheral devices are often referred to as integrated peripherals.
There are two types according to shape: tower and desktop.

• Tower System Unit and Desktop System Unit

A motherboard (mainboard, system board, planar board, or logic board) is

the main printed circuit board found in computers and other expandable systems.
It holds many of the crucial electronic components of the system, such as the
central processing unit (CPU) and memory and provides connectors for other
peripherals.

• Types Of Processors
1. Completed Instruction Set Computers (CISC)
2. Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC)
Storage Devices

Storage devices are the computer hardware used to remember/store data.

There are many types of storage devices, each with their own benefits and drawbacks.

Types of Storage Devices

a. Non-Volatile Memory

• Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

Hard disk drives are non-volatile magnetic storage devices capable of

remembering vast amounts of data.
An electromagnet in the read/write head charges the disk’s surface with
either a positive or a negative charge; this is how binary 1 or 0 is represented.

• Solid Stated Drive

A solid-state drive (SSD) is a new generation of storage device used in

computers. SSDs replace traditional mechanical hard disks by using flash-based
memory, which is significantly faster. Older hard-disk storage technologies run
slower, which often makes your computer run slower than it should.

• ROM (Read Only Memory) - is a non-volatile memory chip whose contents

cannot be altered. It is often used to store the start-up routines in a computer.
Example: BIOs

b. Volatile Memory - any data stored in RAM is lost when power is removed.

• RAM (Random Access Memory)

Two (2) types of RAM

1. Static RAM (SRAM) - data on require refreshing. It is more expensive than
DRAM
2. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) - Data needs to be continually refreshed otherwise,
it fades away. Continually refreshing the data takes time and reduces
performance speeds.

• CD, DVD and Blu-Ray Discs

a. CD- Audio and small amounts of data
b. DVD- standard definition movies and data
c. Blu-Ray-HD video and large amounts of data

• USB Flash Memory

Flash memory are non-volatile solid-state devices, which use NAND flash
memories to store data (millions of transistors).
Output Devices

An output device is a piece of computer hardware that receives data from a

computer and then translates that data into another form. That form may be audio,
visual, textual, or hard copy such as a printed document.

The key distinction between an input device and an output device is that an
input device sends data to the computer, whereas an output device receives data from
the computer.

There are four different categories of output device: visual, data, print, and
sound. Each output device example has a specific history, so here I cover specifically
how each device works, when it became a part of technology history, popular brands
on the market selling the device, and a fun fact.

Examples of Output Devices

• Monitor

Function: A monitor is consist of a screen, circuitry, a power supply, buttons to

adjust screen settings, and a casing that contains all of these
components. A monitor displays data from a computer onto a screen so
the user can interact with the data via a digital interface.

Origin Story: The first monitors used the same technology as early televisions,
relying on a cathode ray tube and a fluorescent screen. This
technology was first utilized for computer monitors in 1965 in the
Uniscope 300 machine, which had a built-in CRT display. CRT display
lights up a series of dots with a beam on an active part of the screen.
This resulted in a maximum resolution of 1600 by 1200 pixels. LCD
(liquid crystal display) entered the market in 2000 and outsold CRT
monitors in 2007. Nowadays, monitors incorporate flat display
technology. Plasma monitors are brighter than both CRT and LCD. It
functions by illuminating tiny charged gas bubbles (or plasma) in the
screen.
• Printer

Function: The function of a printer is to create a copy of whatever is sent from the
computer to the printer. Printers take electronic data sent from a
computer and generate a hard copy.

Origin Story: Photocopying, also known as xerography, is the origin-technology of

modern-day printing and was invented in 1938 by Chester S. Carlson
of Queens, New York.

The first inkjet printer was developed in 1951. There are many
different types of printers, with inkjet and laser printers being two of
 the most common. Modern printers usually connect to a computer
with a USB cable or via Wi-Fi.

Fun Fact: A plotter, which is also a type of print output device, is a similar type of
hardware device to a printer. Unlike a printer, however, plotters use
writing tools, such as pen, pencil, marker, to draw lines. Designed to use
vector graphics, plotters were once commonly employed for computer-
aided design but have now been largely replaced by wide-format printers.

• Headphones

Function: Headphones output audio from a computer through two individual

headphones for a single listener. Also known as, earphones, headphones
allow you to listen to audio without disrupting other people in the
vicinity.

Origin Story: There is no single figure who invented headphones, but the use of
headphones stems from the military. Nathaniel Baldwin of Utah
submitted a headphone prototype to the U.S. Navy in 1910, which was
adopted some years after by Naval radio operators. Koss Corporation
then created the first commercial stereo headphones in 1958.
Nowadays, headphones come in all shapes and sizes, from basic
earbuds to the traditional style with padding around the earpieces and
a connecting band that fits over the user's head.

Fun Fact: Headphones were popularized for mainstream use in 1979 by Sony
Walkman.

• Computer Speakers

Function: Computer speakers are hardware devices that transform the signal from
the computer's sound card into audio. Speakers create sound using
internal amplifiers that vibrate at different frequencies according to data
from the computer. This produces sound.

Origin Story: Speakers are essential if you want a louder sound, surround sound,
fuller bass, or just higher quality audio. The first internal computer
speaker (a speaker inside the chassis of a laptop) was created in 1981
by IBM. External computer speakers began to appear in stores in the
early 1990s when computer gaming, digital music, and other forms of
media became popular. Some computer speakers are wireless
nowadays, connecting to the computer via Bluetooth.

Fun Fact: You can turn your speakers (or headphones!) into a microphone. The
difference between computer speakers and a microphone is that the
frequency of the vibration originates from external sounds rather than
data from a computer.
• Projector

Function: As its name suggests this output device "projects" computer images or
video onto a wall or screen.

Origin Story: Originally, projectors were not an output device. Projectors were first
created and used in late 19th-century France. Throughout history,
biunial lanterns were used to project ink on glass by photographers,
lecturers, and magicians. A biunial lantern is a lantern with projection
capabilities. "Biunial" means combining two things, so a biunial lantern
is a directional lantern and a glass slide with a print on it for projecting.

In the early 1920s, filmstrips were used to show “films” in classrooms.

Turning the knob allowed teachers to stop on specific slides. Clear film
copies for projectors were not invented until the 1960s, and 3M
became the leading producer in clear film and projectors.

The data projector was invented in 1980. This is the first year it was
considered an “output device.” The data projector was the first
rendition of the projector that was closest to modern-day. Using a
single cathode ray tube (CRT), the first data projector projected only
monochromatically.

Nowadays, projectors are typically used for presentations, watching

movies, or as a teaching aid, as they enable an entire roomful of
people to see images generated by a single computer. Modern
projectors usually connect to the computer via an HDMI (high-
definition multimedia) cable or VGA (video graphics array) cable.

Fun Fact: 3D projectors are designed to project two images of the same thing from
different angles at the same time. Wearing 3D glasses, the viewer can see
a 3D projection composed of multiple superimposed images.

• GPS (Global Positioning System)

Function: GPS is a radio-based navigation system that is composed of a sender

computer and a receiver. The sender broadcasts signals to 24 satellites
that ping to the sender the exact location of the sender computer in the
form of latitude and longitude coordinates. The satellites use microwave
signals to “talk” to the GPS, giving information on location, vehicle speed,
and several other pieces of data.

Origin Story: A Soviet-era technology, GPS was originally used in the 1960s to track
U.S. submarines carrying nuclear missiles. The Department of Defense
deployed more satellites to bolster the burgeoning navigation system.
By 1993, 24 satellites were in orbit and GPS was used broadly across
 the world in agriculture, aviation, the military, athletics, science, and
the list goes on.

Fun Fact: Until May 1, 2000, high-quality GPS signals were confined for use by the
government.

• Sound Card

Function: The sound card controls the output of sound signals, enabling devices like
speakers and headphones to work. The sound card is known as an
expansion card, which means it can be added to the motherboard.
Although a sound card is not essential to a computer's basic functionality,
you need one if you wish to play games, watch movies, listen to music,
and use audio and video conferencing.

A computer sends data to the sound card, which then translates the
data into vibrational patterns. These patterns are output by speakers as
sound.

Origin Story: The first sound card was invented by Sherwin Gooch in 1972 and was
used in PLATO systems (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching
Operations). PLATO was the first computer-assisted learning system in
widespread use. It was not until 1988 that sound cards were widely
used in PCs.

When computer data is sent through a sound card, it is sent to the

card digitally. The sound card then translates the digital information
(in the form of binary, or 0s and 1s) into analog information:
vibrations, output in the form of sound.

Fun Fact: The popularization of sound cards originated in the gaming realm. Sierra
Entertainment, a gaming platform, began supporting add-ons like sound
cards and this enabled the sound card industry to grow without being an
underground solution to a growing issue: shallow sound while gaming.

• Video Card

Function: As with the sound card, the video card is an expansion card that slots into
the motherboard. The video card processes images and video, enabling
visuals to be seen on a display. Most computers have basic video and
graphics capabilities built into the computer's motherboard, but for
faster, more detailed graphics, a video card is required.

A video card can greatly improve a computer user's gaming experience.

Origin Story: Video cards are also known as GPUs or graphics processing units.
Before modern-day GPUs, IBM introduced the MDA (monochrome
 display adapter). The MDA supported visuals such as text and lines
for uses such as drafting but did not offer any graphical experiences.

In order to increase the functionality of the burgeoning computing

technology, Hercules Computer Technology invented the Hercules
Graphics Card, which integrated with the MDA to offer a bitmapped
(or "rasterized," or pixelated), graphics experience. From the 1990s
on, graphics technology was increasingly like modern-day graphics
cards and has increased in graphic quality and speed significantly
since then.
Fun Fact: Video cards can work in both 2D images and 3D images. Images like
browsers, computer desktops, and PDFs are considered 2D images,
whereas computer games are considered 3D.

• Braille Reader

Function: A braille reader is a peripheral device that enables a blind person to read
text displayed on a computer monitor. The text is sent by the computer
to the device, where it is translated into a braille format and made
readable by pushing rounded pins up through a flat surface. Braille
readers are also called braille displays and come in various sizes. Braille
readers come in the form of separate devices from a keyboard or as part
of a keyboard. Most use piezoelectric technology, or electricity generated
by mechanical stress, to create a single line of text at a time in the form of
raised bumps.

A braille reader uses the kinetic nature of the piezoelectric-driven

keyboard to send braille letters in the form of raised bumps to the user.

This was the case until late 2018 when Blitlab proposed an electronic
solution to the limited capabilities of braille readers. Blitlab, upon its
release, will allow the visually impaired to use the internet and read books
and newspapers more independently. The technology is still in
development. The device will cost only around $500, which is little
compared to traditional braille readers, which cost around $5,000 to
$11,000.

Origin Story: Braille is a 63-character alphabet invented in 1824 by Louis Braille.

Braille was embossed on paper and other materials for decades before
braille reader technology was invented. The first braille output
technology was patented in 1975 by the Schönherr Company, and
braille reader technology has evolved slowly since.

Fun Fact: Blitlab is the first tablet-style braille reader technology that will utilize a
perforated glass screen that raises bumps as the computer reads the text
from websites and translates it to braille.
• Speech-Generating Device (SGD)

Function: SGDs, also known as voice output communication aids, generate text to
speech. A user types something and when the command is sent, the SGD
reads the sentence aloud.

SGDs can read text from typing or track eye movement to generate
sound output of the message. | Source

Origin Story: The first version of the SGD used print output. The “patient-operated
selector mechanism,” or POSSUM, found symbols on a display and
illuminated them for the reader. In the 1980s Dynavox was formed by
students from Carnegie Mellon University with the goal to make an
effective SGD for a young woman with cerebral palsy. This resulted in
the invention of the EyeTyper, a device that allowed the user to spell
with their eyes that would then be spoken.

Fun Fact: The most famous use of an SGD was by Stephen Hawking. Hawking was
an astrophysicist with Lou Gehrig’s disease (also known as ALS). Lou
Gehrig’s disease slowly deteriorates nerves in the spine and brain that
results in gradual loss of muscle control. This often includes the ability to
speak.

Other Output Device Examples

• Computer Output Microfilm (COM, or Microfiche): COM is used to create a film
image of the page sent from a computer.
• Plotter: A plotter interprets vector graphics files and draws lines between points.
• Television: A television (TV) is fed video and sound data which is output to the user
in the form of synchronized sound and pictures.

Devices That Both Output and Input Data

• Modem: A modem sends and receives information over a telephone line or cables.
• Touch Screen: Touch screens accept input in the form of touch and display the
output from the computer.
• Network Card (NIC): A network card is an expansion card for a computer that allows
the device to connect to the network or internet.

Output Device Knowledge: An Evolving Topic

The variety and complexity of output devices evolve with technology.

Conceptually output devices have existed for decades. The biunial lantern, for example,
sufficed in lieu of a more advanced option for projecting pictures; most output devices
(like projectors) as they are known today didn't come into widespread use until the
popularization of computer use at home in the 1980s.
Summary
A computer is a machine that performs functions based on user directions. It consists
of basic elements like hardware, software, programs, data, and connectivity. The three primary
components of a computer system are the Input Unit, Central Processing Unit (CPU), and
Output Unit.

The CPU, which processes data and commands from users, consists of the Memory
Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit, and Control Unit. The Memory Unit stores data entered by
users, the Arithmetic and Logic Unit performs basic mathematical calculations and logical
functions, and the Control Unit coordinates tasks between all components of a computer
system.

Input devices are used for entering data or instructions to the CPU. Keying Devices like
keyboards are common input devices. A keyboard has alphanumeric keys for typing alphabets,
numbers, and special symbols, special keys for special functions, and function keys for special
commands. The keys on a keyboard are divided into groups based on function: Typing
(alphanumeric) keys and Special (Control) keys.

In summary, a computer system is a set of integrated devices that input, output,

process, and store data and information, built around at least one digital processing device.
LESSON 4
Classification of Computers

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this topic, you shall have identified the following:
• computer according to its classification;
• IT from ICT; and
• the value of technology.

Learning Contents

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

There are the different types of computers available these days. The function of each
type of computer is to process the data and provide some output to the users. However, the
methods or techniques used by these computers to process and handle the data may be
different. We can classify the computer according to the following three criteria:

a. Based on Operating Principles

Based on the operation performed and methods used to store and process the data
information, computers can be classified into the following categories:

• Analog computers

The analog computers represent data in the form of continuous electrical

signals having a specific magnitude. These computers are very fast in their operations
to be carried out at the same time. They are a powerful tool to solve differential
equations.

• Digital Computers

The digital computer is also known as the digital information processing system,
is a type of computer that stores and processes data in the digital form. Therefore, each
type of data is usually stored in these computers in terms of 0s and 1s. The output
produced by these computers is also in the digital form.

• Hybrid Computers

The hybrid computer is a combination of analog computer and digital computer

because it encompasses the best features of both these computers. Therefore the
hardware components of hybrid computers are usually the mixture of analog and
digital components. The hybrid computer is also less expensive than the digital
computers.
b. Based on Application

Different computers are designed for a different purpose so that they can perform
their tasks according to their capabilities. Based on different applications or purpose,
computers can be classified into the following categories:

• General purpose computers

They are designed in such a manner that they can work in all environments. The
general-purpose computers are versatile and can store several programs meant for
performing distinct tasks. The general-purpose computers are not efficient and
consume a large amount of time in generating the results.

• Special purpose computers

They are designed in such a manner that they can perform only a specified task.
The special purpose computers are not versatile, and their speed and memory size
depend on the task that is to be performed. The special purpose computers are
efficient and consume less amount of time in generating the results.

c. Based on size and Capabilities

Computers differ from each other in terms of their size, shape, and weights. Each
type of computers performs some unique functions and can be employed in the fields
suited to them. Based on size, shape the computers can be classified into the following
categories.

• Microcomputers

A microcomputer is a small and cheap digital computer that is designed to be

used by individuals. It is built around a microprocessor, a storage unit, and an I/O
channel. The microcomputers are generally in the form of PCs, workstations, and
notebook computers.

• Minicomputers

A minicomputer was first introduced in the year 1960 by Digital Equipment

Corporations (DEC). They were called minicomputers because of their smaller size than
the other computers of those time.

• Mainframe computers

A mainframe computer is a very large computer that is employed by the large

business organization for handling major applications such as financial transaction
processing.
 • Supercomputers

A supercomputer is the fastest type of computers that can perform complex

operations at a very high speed. The supercomputer was first presented in the year
1960s by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC). They are more expansive
than the other categories of computers.

COMPUTER SIZES AND POWER

Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is
considerable overlap:

• Personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.

• Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal
computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and, in general, a higher-
quality monitor.
• Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of
users simultaneously.
• Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds
or thousands of users simultaneously.
• Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions
of instructions per second.

Supercomputer and Mainframe

• Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available.
Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications
that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching).
For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of
supercomputers scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic
calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological
data (e.g., in petrochemical prospecting). Perhaps the best-known supercomputer
manufacturer is Cray Research.

• Mainframe was a term originally referring to the cabinet containing the central
processor unit or "main frame" of a room-filling Stone Age batch machine. After the
emergence of smaller "minicomputer" designs in the early 1970s, the traditional
big iron machines were described as "mainframe computers" and eventually just as
mainframes. Nowadays a Mainframe is a very large and expensive computer
capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. The
chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a
supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as
possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs
concurrently. In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers
because they support more simultaneous programs. However, supercomputers can
execute a single program faster than a mainframe. The distinction between small
mainframes and minicomputers is vague, depending really on how the
manufacturer wants to market its machines.

Minicomputer

It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large

minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction
between small minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is
a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from up to 200 users
simultaneously.

Workstation

It is a type of computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM),

desktop publishing, software development, and other types of applications that
require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics
capabilities. Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics
screen, at large amount of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user
interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as a disk drive,
but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a
disk drive. The most common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and
Windows NT. Like personal computers, most workstations are single-user
computers. However, workstations are typically linked together to form a local-area
network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.

Personal Computer

It can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for

an individual user. In price, personal computers range anywhere from a few
hundred pounds to over five thousand pounds. All are based on the microprocessor
technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip.
Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting, desktop
publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database management applications.
At home, the most popular use for personal computers is for playing games and
recently for surfing the Internet.

Personal computers first appeared in the late 1970s. One of the first and
most popular personal computers was the Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple
Computer. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and competing
operating systems seemed to appear daily. Then, in 1981, IBM entered the fray with
its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC. The IBM PC quickly became the
personal computer of choice, and most other personal computer manufacturers
fell by the wayside. P.C. is short for personal computer or IBM PC. One of the few
companies to survive IBM's onslaught was Apple Computer, which remains a major
player in the personal computer marketplace. Other companies adjusted to IBM's
dominance by building IBM clones, computers that were internally almost the same
as the IBM PC, but that cost less. Because IBM clones used the same
microprocessors as IBM PCs, they could run the same software. Over the years, IBM
has lost much of its influence in directing the evolution of PCs. Therefore, after the
release of the first PC by IBM the term PC increasingly came to mean IBM or IBM-
compatible personal computers, to the exclusion of other types of personal
computers, such as Macintoshes. In recent years, the term PC has become more
and more difficult to pin down. In general, though, it applies to any personal
computer based on an Intel microprocessor, or on an Intel-compatible
microprocessor. For nearly every other component, including the operating system,
there are several options, all of which fall under the rubric of PC

Today, the world of personal computers is basically divided between Apple

Macintoshes and PCs. The principal characteristics of personal computers are that
they are single-user systems and are based on microprocessors. However, although
personal computers are designed as single-user systems, it is common to link them
together to form a network. In terms of power, there is great variety. At the high
end, the distinction between personal computers and workstations has faded.
High-end models of the Macintosh and PC offer the same computing power and
graphics capability as low-end workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard,
and DEC.

Personal Computer Types

Actual personal computers can be generally classified by size and chassis /

case. The chassis or case is the metal frame that serves as the structural support for
electronic components. Every computer system requires at least one chassis to
house the circuit boards and wiring. The chassis also contains slots for expansion
boards. If you want to insert more boards than there are slots, you will need an
expansion chassis, which provides additional slots. There are two basic flavors of
chassis designs–desktop models and tower models–but there are many variations
on these two basic types. Then come the portable computers that are computers
small enough to carry. Portable computers include notebook and subnotebook
computers, hand-held computers, palmtops, and PDAs.

• Tower model

The term refers to a computer in which the power supply, motherboard,

and mass storage devices are stacked on top of each other in a cabinet. This
contrasts with desktop models, in which these components are housed in a
more compact box. The main advantage of tower models is that there are fewer
space constraints, which makes installation of additional storage devices easier.

• Desktop model

A computer designed to fit comfortably on top of a desk, typically with

the monitor sitting on top of the computer. Desktop model computers are
broad and low, whereas tower model computers are narrow and tall. Because
of their shape, desktop model computers are generally limited to three internal
 mass storage devices. Desktop models designed to be very small are sometimes
referred to as slimline models.

• Notebook computer

An extremely lightweight personal computer. Notebook computers

typically weigh less than 6 pounds and are small enough to fit easily in a
briefcase. Aside from size, the principal difference between a notebook
computer and a personal computer is the display screen. Notebook computers
use a variety of techniques, known as flat-panel technologies, to produce a
lightweight and non-bulky display screen. The quality of notebook display
screens varies considerably. In terms of computing power, modern notebook
computers are nearly equivalent to personal computers. They have the same
CPUs, memory capacity, and disk drives. However, all this power in a small
package is expensive. Notebook computers cost about twice as much as
equivalent regular-sized computers. Notebook computers come with battery
packs that enable you to run them without plugging them in. However, the
batteries need to be recharged every few hours.

• Laptop computer

A small, portable computer -- small enough that it can sit on your lap.
Nowadays, laptop computers are more frequently called notebook computers.

• Subnotebook Computer

A portable computer that is slightly lighter and smaller than a full-sized

notebook computer. Typically, subnotebook computers have a smaller
keyboard and screen, but are otherwise equivalent to notebook computers.

• Hand-held computer

A portable computer that is small enough to be held in one’s hand.

Although extremely convenient to carry, handheld computers have not
replaced notebook computers because of their small keyboards and screens.
The most popular hand-held computers are those that are specifically designed
to provide PIM (personal information manager) functions, such as a calendar
and address book. Some manufacturers are trying to solve the small keyboard
problem by replacing the keyboard with an electronic pen. However, these pen-
based devices rely on handwriting recognition technologies, which are still in
their infancy. Hand-held computers are also called PDAs, palmtops, and pocket
computers.

• Palmtop

A small computer that literally fits in your palm. Compared to full-size

computers, palmtops are severely limited, but they are practical for certain
 functions such as phone books and calendars. Palmtops that use a pen rather
than a keyboard for input are often called hand-held computers or PDAs.
Because of their small size, most palmtop computers do not include disk drives.
However, many contain PCMCIA slots in which you can insert disk drives,
modems, memory, and other devices. Palmtops are also called PDAs, hand-held
computers, and pocket computers.

• PDA

Short for personal digital assistant, a handheld device that combines

computing, telephone/fax, and networking features. A typical PDA can function
as a cellular phone, fax sender, and personal organizer. Unlike portable
computers, most PDAs are pen-based, using a stylus rather than a keyboard for
input. This means that they also incorporate handwriting recognition features.
Some PDAs can also react to voice input by using voice recognition
technologies. The field of PDA was pioneered by Apple Computer, which
introduced the Newton Message Pad in 1993. Shortly thereafter, several other
manufacturers offered similar products. To date, PDAs have had only modest
success in the marketplace, due to their high price tags and limited applications.
However, many experts believe that PDAs will eventually become common
gadgets. PDAs are also called palmtops, hand-held computers and pocket
computer.

Summary
Computers can be classified based on operating principles, application, and size and
capabilities:

1. Operating Principles:
• Analog Computers: Represent data as continuous electrical signals and are used
to solve differential equations.
• Digital Computers: Store and process data in digital form (0s and 1s).
• Hybrid Computers: Combine the features of analog and digital computers.

2. Application:
• General Purpose Computers: Versatile and can perform a variety of tasks but
are not very efficient.
• Special Purpose Computers: Designed to perform a specific task, are not
versatile but are efficient.

3. Size and Capabilities:

• Microcomputers: Small, cheap digital computers designed for individual use,
such as PCs, workstations, and notebook computers.
• Minicomputers: Introduced in the 1960s by Digital Equipment Corporations
(DEC), smaller than other computers of that time.
• Mainframe Computers: Large computers used by businesses for major
applications like financial transaction processing.
 • Supercomputers: The fastest type of computers that can perform complex
operations at high speed, first presented in the 1960s by Seymour Cray at
Control Data Corporation (CDC).

In terms of size and power, computers range from personal computers, which are
small, single-user computers based on a microprocessor, to workstations, which are powerful
machines designed for technical or scientific applications.