Balancing of Rotating Masses 1. Introduction. 2. Balancing of Rotatin; Single Mass Rotating in the Same Plane. Rotatin, 5.1. Introduction The high speed of engines and other machines is @ commen phenomenon now-a-days. It is, therefore, essential that all the rotating and reciprocating parts should be completely balanced as far as possible. If these parts are not properly balanced, the dynamic forees are set up. These forces not only increase the loads on bearings and stresses in the various members, but also produce "unpleasant and even dangerous vibrations, In this chapter wwe shall discuss the balancing of unbalanced forces caused by rolating masses, in orer to minimise pressure ‘onthe main bearings when an engine is running. 5.2. Balancing of Rotating Masses We hive already discussed, that whenever » mass is attached to rolating shaft it exerts some centnfal force, whose effec sto end the shaft and fo produce \ibrations init Inorderto prevent the effet of entifugal fore, another massisallached to the opposite sie ofthe shaft at Such a position so 38 to balance the effec ofthe ential force ofthe frst mass. This is dove in such way, tht the centrifugal forces of both the messes are rade to he equal and opposite. The proces of providing, the second mass in order to counteract the effect ofthe cenfugal force of the frst mas, i called balancing of rotatingmasses. “The following eases are important fom the subject point ofviow: TL Balancing ofa single rotating mass bya single mass rotating inthe same plane 2. Balineing of a single rolaing mass by to rmasscs rotting indifferent planes. 3, Balancing of diffrent masses rotating ina single plane. 4. Balancing of different masses rotating in different planes. We shall now discuss these cases, in detail, allowing pages. 5.3 Balancing of a Single Rotating Mass by a Single Mass Rotating in the Same Plane Considera disturbing mess m, attached toa shaf rotating ate rad/s as shown in Fig.5.1(a). Let r, be the radius of | sotation of the mass m, (ve. distance between the axis of in the i 1g Masses. 3. Balancing of a Single Rotating Mass by a . Balancing of a Single Rotating Mass by Two Masses in Different Planes. 5, Balancing of Several Masses Rotating in the Same Plane. 6. Balancing of Several Masses Rotating in Different Planes. ‘tation oftheshafland the centre of gravity ofthemassm,). ‘We know that the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m, ontheshaft fe amo a) ‘This centrifugal force acts radially outwards and thus produces a bending moment on the shaft. In order to ‘counteract the effect ofthis force, a balancing mass (m,) ‘may be atlached in the same plane of rotation as that of disturbing mass (m,) such that the centrifugal forces due tothe two masses are equal and opposite. Disturbing ‘mass / Axis of rotation Balancing mass 6) Fig 5.1 Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane Lot, = radius of rotation of the balancing mass m, (ie. distance between the axis of rotation ofthe shaft and on the centre of gravity of mass m) «Centrifugal force dueto mass m, kyema slid Equating equations (i) and (i), MOE = MOF, oF ME= Mer, Notes: 1-The produet m,., may be split up in aay convenient ‘way, But the radius of rotation ofthe balancing mass m,) is generally made large in order to reduce the balancing mass, 2.The centrifugal forces are proportional tothe product of. the mass and radius of rotation of respective masses because” issame for each mass. LUPIN tees5.4, Balancing of 2 Single Rotating Mass by Two Masses Rotating in Different Planes We hive diseassed in the previous section that by invoducinga singe balancing mas in the same plane oF fotation as that ofthe distarbing mass, the cotifugal forces are balanced In other ord, the two forces, are qual in agnitude ond opposite in rection. Balancing & Shale rotating ntss by masses in differen planes gives fie to a couple which tends to rock the shaft in is bearings, Therefore in order to put the system incomplete balance, two balancing masses ere placed in two different planes, parallel to the place of rotation of the disturbing, tness, in such a Way that they satisfy the fllowing te ‘conditions of esi 1. Thenet dynamic force acting onthe sheftis equal to aero. This requires thatthe Tine of ation of three cetifugal forees must be the same. In other words, the centre of the masses of the System must lc onthe axis of rotation, Tiss the nition for static balancing 2. The net couple due to the dynamic forces acting con the shaft is equal to zer. In oer word, the flgebraic sum ofthe moments about any point in theplanemust be 2220 ‘The conltions (1) and (2p teyether give dynamic talancing, The following {wo possbiliies may arise while ttaching the two balancing masses: {The pane ofthe asturbing mass may be in between the Planescfthe wo balancing masses nd # The plane ofthe disturbing mass may li onthe leo Fett the two planes containing teblancing masses. ‘Weshall now discussboththe above cascs ney one. 1. Whentheplane of he disturbing mass may bein between the planes ofthe two balancing masses Consider a disturbing mass m lying in plane A to be balanced by two rotating masses m, and m, ying into different planes Land Mas shovinin Fig52. Let tou be the adi of rotation ofthe masses in planes A, L, and M respectively. Let |, =Disancebetweenthe planes 4 and |,=Distance between the planes 4and Mand 1 Distance between the planes Land M Fig.52 Balancing of a single rotating mass by to rotating masses in different planes when the plane of ‘ingle rotating mass lies in between the planes ofthe 10 balancing masses 12 ‘We know tha the centrifugal foreeenerted by the mass intheplaned, Fo =mw'r Simitaly, the contrifugal force exerted by mass m,n the planed, mds ov the centitgnl force exerted bythe mass mo he plane Frm 0-6 Since the net free acting onthe shaft mst be equal o Dero, therefore the cenafagal force on the distrbing nase must be equal othe sur ofthe censfugal forces on thetalncing masses therefore FRA RF, oF mo. Smee m oh ey 0 Now in orderto fin the magnitude of the balancing free in te plane L (or the dynamic force t bearing Q of a shaft) take momen about Pwhich the point ofnersecion oftneplae and ie exisofrotton. Therefore Fgxl=Fexl, ot main xl mor xt, h mba mel, om, = met ly, fn order to find the balan {or the dynamic force at the bearing p of a shalt) take ‘moments about Q which s the point of intersection of the plane Landthe axisof rotation, Therefore FaXI= Poh OF m,.w! x= 1 Simndemsh, om, met Gil) may be noted that equation () represents the Condition for static balance, bul in order to achieve. dynamic balance, equations ior Gijenust ao be satistied 2. When the plane ofthe disturbing. mass may Tie om the left or right of the two planes ‘containing the balancing masses Fig 5.3 Balancing of a single rotating mass by two rotating masses in different planes, when the plane of single rotating mass lies at one end of the planes of the balancing masses. 4a this ease mass m lies in the plane A and the balancing masses lie in the planes Land M as shown in Fig 5.3. As discussed above, the following conditions must besatisfied in orderto balance thesystem ic. Ft FoF or ma'rtm,o'=m,0°r, comet mys (ey) Now, to find the balancing force in the plane Lor the 40 6 (6) Force polygon Fig 5.6 1. First ofall, draw the space diagram showing the positions of all the given masses as shown in Fig. 5.6(@). 2. Since the centrifugal force of each mass is proportional tothe product ofthe mass and radius therefore impr, =200%0. m1, 260%03= 78kgm 3. Now draw the vector diagram with the above values, to some suitable scale, as shown in Fig.5.6(b), The closing side of the polygon az represents the resultant force. By measurement, wefind thatue=23 kg.m 4, The balancing force is equal to the resultant force, but opposite in direction as shown in Fig. '5.6(a). Since the balancing force is proportional tom, therefore ectorea=23kg.m or mx m=23/0.2=115ke Ans ‘By measurement we also find tht the angle of inclination ‘of the balancing mass (m) from the horizontal mass of 200k, 201 Ans 5.6. Balancing Several Masses Rotating in Different Planes When several masses revolve in diferent planes, they may be transferred to a reference plane (abbreviated as RP), which may be definedas he plane passing througha point oo the axis of rotation and perpendicular 0 it. The effect of transferring a revolving mass (in one plane) toa reference plane is to cause a force of magnitude equal 10 the centrifugal force ofthe revolving mass to act in the reference plane of rotation and the reference plane. In oder 1 have a complete balance ofthe several revolving masses in different planes, the following two conditions must be satisfied: 1 ‘The forces in the reference plan must balance, i.e. the resultant force must be zero, 2. The couples about the reference plane must balance, 'e. the resultant couple must be zero. Letus now consider four masses m,,ym,andm, revolving in planes 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively as shown in Fig.5.7(@). ‘The relative angular positions of these masses is shown in the end view [Fig. 5.7(b)]- The magnitude of the balancing masses m, and m,, in planes L and M ‘may be obtained as discussed below: 1. Take one of che planes, say Las the reference plane (R.P). The distances of all other planes to the left ofthe reference plane may be regarded as negative, and those to other as postive, 2. Tabulate the data, as shown in Table $.1. The planes are tabulated in the same order in which they oceur, reading from left right Table 5.1 [Pine] Masi eae Deo I i Bil ro . 7 ma a a um “Reouple may be represented by 3 veblor drawn perpendicular 10 the plane of the couple. The couple C, introduced by transferring m, to the reference plane through O is proportional to m,, fi, 1, and acts in a plane throwgh Om, and perpendicular to the paper. The vector ‘representing this couple is drawn in the plane of the paper and perpendicular to Om, as shown by OC, in Fig, 5.7(c). Similarly, the vectors OC, OC, and OC, ate drawn perpendicular to Om (Om, and Om, respectively and inthe plane ofthe paper. “We RP He i |‘The balancing masses m, and m, and their enguler positions may be determined graphically as discussed below: 1. First of all, draw the couple polygon from the data given in Table 5.2 (column 6) as shown in Fig. 5.8(c) tosome suitable scale, The vector do" represents the balanced couple. Since the balanced couple is proportional 10 0.04 m,, therefore by measurement, 004m, =vectord’o'=7.3kg m’ or m,=182.5kg Ans. The angular postion of the mass m, is obtained by drawing Om, in Fig. 5.8(b), parallel to vector o’. By ‘measurement the angular postion of m, is ®, = 12" inthe clockwise citecton frommassm, (i.e. 200 kg). Ans: RP. +} 100 h— 400 —sle—200 a pol | bo | (b) Angular position of masses. All dimensions in mm, A “16 (©) Couple polygon, (4) Force polygon Fig 58 ‘Now draw the foree polygon from the data given in Table $2 (cohunn 4) as shown in Fig. 5.8) The vector eo represents the balanced foree Since the balanced force is proportional 00.1 m,, therefore by measurement, 0.1 my=vectorco=35.5kg m or m,=35Skg Ans The angular position of the mass my is obtained by raving Om, in Fig. $8(b), parallel to vector co. BY ‘measurement, the angular postion of ms, = 145"inthe Clockwise direction from mass, (ic, 200 kg) Ans 2 Examples. Four masses A, B, C and D es shown below are to be completely balanced, A a | oc p> | Masstigy |=] 3050 a0 Radivs nump 180] 280] 120} 450 ‘The planes containing masses B and C are 300 mn apart Theangle between planes containing Band Cis 90" Band (Cmake angles of 210° and 120° respectively with D in the same sense. Find: 1. ‘Themagnitude athe angular positions ofmmass A; and ‘The position of planes and D. Givens, = 180 mm=0.18 m; m,=30kg 024m; m,=50kgs.= 120mm =0.12 mmm, 1, = 150mm = 015m; 2BOC= 90"; ZBOD ZCOD= 126" 1. The magnitude and angular position of mass. Let m,=magnitude ofmass A. istance between the planes B and D, 7 and y= distance botween the planes Aand B.The position of the planes and the angular pasition of the _massesis shown in Fig, 5.9(a) and (b) respectively. Assuming the plane B as the reference plane (R-P.) andthe ‘mass B (m,) along the horizontal line as shown in Fig, 5.906) the data may be tabulated as below: Disianee | Couple =o" lane Mis Ras CFO ie og) cm | weahem | fom pl Bl nc Olaleo} | 6 Am | Ue] Cem, |» | oremy BRE} 30 | ef 73 7 > C [a0] ue] 60s ve (Cobos 6 ae Table $3 ‘The magnitude and angular position of mass A may be determined by drawing the force polygon from the data given in Table 53 (column 4), as shown in Fig. $.9(¢), to some suitable scale. Since the massesare to be completely balanced, therefore the force polygon must be a closed figure. The closing side (i.e. vector do) is proportional to 0.18m,.By measurement, 0.18m,=vectordo=3.6kgm or m,= 20kgAns. Inorderto find the angular position of mass A, draw OA in Fig. 5.9(b) parallel to vector do, By measurement, we find that the angular position of mass A from mass B in the tnilockuigedextions cAOB=236" as > Bc ‘A Pes [00 100 —— we RP ne y © © [ [30 yo — (a) Position of planes, Soke 40kg @ (b) Angular position of masses (a) Coaple polygon Figs9 2. PositionofiplanesAandD. ‘The position of planes A and D may be obtained by ‘drawing the couple polygon, es shown in Fig. 5.9(d), from the data given in Table 5.3 (column 6). The couple polygon is drawn as discussed below: Draw vectoro’e’ parallel to OC and equal to L8kg mto some suitable scale. From points.’ and o°, draw lines parallel OD and OA respectively, such that they intersect at point d’. By ‘measurement, we find that Gxevectore’d’=2.3kgm’ or x=0.383m We sce from the couple polygon that the direction of vector c'é” is opposite (o the direction of mass D, Therefore the plane of mess D is 0.383 m or 383 mm left (of plane B and not towards right of plane B as assumed, Ans ‘Again by measurement ftom couple polygon, -0.18m,y=vectoro’d’ =3.6 kg m° -0.18x20y=3.6 or ‘The negative sign indicates that the plane A is not left ‘of B as assumed but itis 1 m or 1000 mm to the right of | planeB. Ans. Example5.4. ‘A.B, Cand D are fourmasses carried by a rotating shaft at yo-lm IS‘ai 100,125, 200 and 150mm respectively, The planes fomnmass Bin theatlockwise dieton ie inwhih te asses revolve are spared 600 am apertand : the mass of B, C and D are !0kg, Skg, and 4kg £BOA@155' Ans. respecte. Re ve Find the required mass A andthe roativeangulr stings _ ofthe four assess tht te shat sal be incomplete ® € balance. Solution: Given: r, = 100 mm 600+ 600+ 600 (@) Position of planes The position ofplanesis shown in Fg. 5.10 (a). Assuming the plane of mass 4 as the reference plane (RP). The data ‘maybe tabulated as below: he Plane [Mass Jada] CentFore = | Disease [Cople =o ka} com {os ken fom pace Af skp im olaleol (5) © ‘ \150 Rey m | 01 1m, | 0 0 158" B [io 0125] 125 [06 | 075 cys pep 12 [12 (oa asl 06 18 | 1.08 . B Table 5.4 240! Fest ofall, the angular sotting of mosses C and D is obtained by drawing the couple polygon from the data given in Table 54 (column 6). Assume the position of ‘mass B in the horizontal direction OB as shown in 200 Fig. 5.10(¢)is drawn as discussed below: Draw vector 0° in the horizontal direction (i. parallel 100B)andequal 00.75kg m’,tosome suitable scale ‘From points’ and b’, draw vectors oe" and be" equal 0 Ske 1.2 kgm’ and 1.08 kgm’ respectively. These vectors intersetate! (©) Angular postion of masses Now in Fig.5.10(b), draw OC parallel to vector o’e” and Anenianpes OD parallel to vector b’c’, . By measurement, we find thatthe angular setting of mass C frommassB inthe anticlockwise decton, ie. ZB0C=240" Ans. and angular setting of mass D from mass B in the anticlockwise direction, i. ZBOD= 100" Ans In order to find the required mass A (m,) and ils angular - setting, draw the force polygon to some suitable scale, as__—_‘(©) Couple polygon (@) Force polygon shown in Fig.5.10(d), from the data given in Table 5.4 Fig 5.10 (column), Examples.s, Since the closing side ofthe force polygon (vector do) is shaft caries four masses in parallel planes, A, B, Cand Proportional to 0.1 m,, therefore by measurement, this order along its length. The masses at B and C are tke m or m= kp Ane 18kg and 12.Skg respectively, and each bas en s uo The eccentricity of 60 mm. The masses at A and D have an Now draw OA in Fig. 5.10(b), parallel to vector do. By cccentricity of 80 mm, The angle between the masses at measurement, we fiud that the angular setting of mass AB and C is 100" and that between the masses at B and A 19is 190%, both being measured in the same dizcetion. The axial distance between the planes A and B is 100 mm and thatbetween Band Cis 200 mm. Ifthe shaftisin complete dynamicbalance, determine 1.The magnitude of the masses at A and D; 2. the distance between planes A and D and; 3. the angular position of themass at D Solution: Given: m,= 18kg; m= 12.Skgs 60mm =0.06m; 1, =) 80mm=0.08m; ZBOC'= 100; ZBOA= 190" 1, Magnitude ofthe masses at AandD Let m,=massatA, 'm, =massat D, and x= distance between planes A and D. ‘The postion of the planes and angular position of the ‘masses is showa io Fig. 5.11(a) and (b)_ respectively. The position of mass B is assumed in the horizontal direction, i. along OB. Taking the plane of mass A asthe reference plane, the data may be tabulatedas below. | Plane] Mass [Radius | eat Force= [Distace fom] ceope impke | (eye Jo? em ie] lane ACD | Ge lo=ke | (or te} me AC | oe Lo |e aR Pm, 18 t 100-200 —4 | — x ———_] (8) Position of planes I2.5kg (b) Angular position of masses oe" (c) Couple polygon 0.8m, ° a 078 rae (4) Force polygon Figs. 1] First ofall, the direction of mass Disfixed by drawing the couple polygon to some suitable seale, as shown in ‘Fig_ 5.1(0, from the data given in Table 5.5 (column 6). ‘The closing side ofthe couple polygon (vector ¢'0") is proportional 10.08 mx. By measurement, we find that 0.08m,x=vectore’o=0.235 kgm" @ In Fig. $.11(6), draw OD parallel to veetor eto fix the direction of massD. Now draw the force polygon, to some suitable scale, as shovin in Fig. 5.11(@), from the data given in Table 5.5 (column 4), as diseussed below: 1. Draw the vector ob parallel fo OB and equal to 108kg m. 2, From point b, draw vector be parallel to OC and ‘equal 00.75 kg. 3. Forte shaft io bein complete dynamic balance, the force polygon must be a closed figure Therefore from the point e, draw veetor ed parallel to OA and from point o draw vector od parallel to OD. The vectors ed and od intersect at 4. Since the vector eds proportional 100.08 ni, therefore by measurement 0.08m,=vectored=0.77kg mor 10y=9.625 kg Ans and vector do is proportional 10 0.08 m,, therefore by ‘measurement, 200.08 m,=vectordo=0.6Sky m or my =8.125 kgAns, 2 Distance between planes Aand D Fromequation(i), 0.08m,x=0.235kg mi? 0.088.125 1=0.235kg m'or 0.65x=0.235 x= =0.3615m=361.5 mma. 3. Angularposition of massatD By measurement from Fig. 5.11(b), we fined thet the angular position of mass at D from mass B in the anticlockwise direction, ie. ZBOD=251" Ans. Examples.6 ‘A shaft has three eccentris, cach 75 mm diameter and 25 mim thick, machined in one piece with the shafl. The Central planes of the eccentrics are 6 mm apart. The distance of the centres fom the axis of rotation are 12mm, 18mm and 12mm and their angulr position are 120° apart, The density of the metal is 7000 kg/m". Find the amount of outof-balance force and couple at 600 spn. Ifthe shaft is balanced by adding two masses at a radius 75 mm and at distances of 100 mm from the central plane of the middle eccentric, find the amount of the ‘massesand theirangula: positions. Solution, Given: D = 75 mm = 0.075 m; t= 25 mm = 0.025 m; 1, 12mm= 0.012 m;,= 18 mm=0.018m:F-= 12mm 012m ; p= 7000 kg/m’; N= 600 rpm. orw=2-xx 600160 = 62.84 rads; r,=1.~75 mm =0.075 m We know that mass ofeach eccentric, m,=m,=m,=Volumex Density= 4D? xt'xp =J (0.075) (0.025) 7000=0.77 kg Let/.andM be the planes at distances of 100 mm trom the central plane ofthe middle eccentric. The position of the planes and the angular postion of the three eccentrics is shown in Fig, 5.12(a) and (b) respectively. Assuming Las the reference plane and mass of the eccentric A in the vertical direction, the data may be tabulated as below Pane) Mass] Radius] Con Frce= [Dies romfCoupe aig] (Om [oS mapkgn] PBBEL foreign! ‘im ole} | « ( . TRA]_m | 07s] 75x10" | 0 @ ‘A_|07| 0012| 924,10" | 0.04 _[03696%10) 81077] oie] 1386x107] oj | 13R6eI0™ ¢ Lor7t oor] 92410" [016 [La78I0 M [mm [0075] 7sxi0%m | a20 | 15*10"m able 5 Out-of-batanceforce TIE S6 The out-of-balance force is obtained by drawing the force polygon, 2s shown in Fig. 5.12(c), from the data given in Table 5.6 (column 4). The resultant o¢ represents the out- ‘of-balance force. N RE_te Lao a) Poston ofplanes —_(b)Angulw postion of masses Sept ch 2410" cers2iei0 oxmoseuan 2 92*10", 13.86 x10" a'b'=1.386x10° he = 9.24.x 107 conte" pennarenin” Mase tige Sraeetcrion Gicamseeeids RET, Fies2 Since the centrifugal force is proportional to the product ‘ofmass and radius (ie. m.1), therefore by measurement. Out-of-balance force = vector o¢=4.75% 10" kgm 15x10 "x0 =4.75x 10 "(62.86)" 18.76NAns. Ourof-batancecouple ‘The out-of-balance couple is obtained by drawing the couple polygon from the data given in Table 5.6 (column 6), as shown in Fig. 5.12(d). The resultant oc’ represents the ‘out-of-balance couple. Since the couple is proportional to the product of force and distance (mI), therefore by ‘measurement, =vectoroe'= 1x 10°kg—m? 1.1 10"x0"= 1.1 10 (62.84)'=4.34N mans, Amount of balancing masses and their angular positions. The vector 0’ inthe direction fom é to 6), a8 showin in Fig 5.12 (@) represents the balancing couple and is proportional to 1510" my ie 15x10°m,=veetoroe'= 1.1% 107kg=m! or 70.073 ken Draw OM in Fig. 5.12(b) parallel to vector co! By. ‘measurement, we find that the angular position of balancing mass (m,) is 5" from mass A in the clockwise direction. Ans Inorderto find the balaneing mass (m,)a force polygon as shown in Fig.1(e) is drawn, The closing side of the U3 ti ait cua acapolygon ie, vector do (in the direction from d 10 ©) represents the balancing force and is proportional to 7510" m,, By measurement we find that 75x10°m, = vectordo~ $.2x10°kg-m orm, = 0.0693kg Ans Draw OL in Fig. $.12(b), parallel to vector do. By measurement, we find that the angular pesition of mass (mis 124" from mass An the clockwise direction, Ans. Example5.7. A shalt is supported in bearings 1.8 m apart and projects (0.45 m beyond the bearings st each end, The shaft caries thee pulleys one at each end and one atthe middle of ts length. The mass ofthe end pulleys is 48 ky and 20 kg and their center of gravity are 1S mm and 12.5 mm respectively from the shaft axis. If the pulleys are franged so as to give static balance, determine: 1. relative angular positions of the pulleys, and 2. dynamic forces produced on the bearings when the shaft rotates 1300 p.m. Solutions. Given: m, = 48 kg; m= 20 kas r,= 15 mm = 0.015 m; 1.2 12.5 mm =0.0125m ; m,= 56 kg: fy = 15 mm=0,015 m;N=300rp.moro=2nx300/64=31.42 rad’s 1, Relativeangular position ofthe pulleys The position of the shaft and pulleys is shown in Fig.5.13(a) Let mandm,=massat bearings Land M, and sand = radius of rotation ofthe masses at Land respectively ‘Assuming the plane of bearing L as the reference plane, the data may be tabulated as below: 9m (b) Angular position of pulleys 0.72 os (€ Couple polygon. (e)Force polygon. 08 . | 0.25 ol Balanced’, 0.72 force mr, ‘a (©) Force polygon. lane | Mass] Rad [Cet Fore = [Dsuce om] Coops oie] Om fotcartganl PL Na spigt ole! @) ) 6) ‘A | 48 | 0015] 072 | c04s | 0.308 RPP mf |r, 0 0 B | 36 | oor] oss oo [0756 M [le | te 8 | PBiare © [20 [oo125| a25 225] 05es 18m 20m () Position of shaft and pulleys Fig 5.13 First of all, draw the polygon 1 som suitable scale, as shown in Fig 5.13(c), fom the data given in Table 5.7 (column 4). iis assumed thatthe mass of pulley B ats in the vertical direction. We know that forthe static balance ofthe pulleys, the centre of gravity ofthe system must le on the axis ofrotation. Therefore a force polygon must be a closed figure, Now in Fig. 5.13(b), draw OA paralel 1 vector be and OC parallel to vector co. By measurement, wwefind that ‘Angle between pulleys BandA=161"Ans, Angle between pulleys Aand 16'Ans. Angle between pulleys Cand B= 123'Ans. and 2e2. Dynamic forcesat the vo bearings In order to find the dynamic forces (or reactions) atthe ‘wo bearings L and M, le us first ealeulate the values of sm,.1,and Mery as discussed below J. Draw the couple polygon to some suitable scale, 48 shown in Fig5.13(@), ftom the data given in Table 5.7 (cohunin 6). The closing side ofthe polygon (vector c'o') represents the balanced couple and is proportional 10 1.8 fy. hy. BY ‘measurement, we find that 1.8 my fy =veetore'e Phe 054 kgs Dynamic forceat bearingM ~My 140° 0.54(31.42)'=$33N Ans 2. Now draw the forve polygon, as shown in Fig5.13(€), from the date given in Table 5.7 (olumn 4) and taking my. f= 0.54 kg-m. The closing side ofthe polygon (vector do) represents the balanced fosce and is proportional om, By measurement, we find that yf" 0.54kg-m Dynamic forceatbearing L =m, 10" 0.5403 1.42)'=$33N Notes: 1, The dynamic force atthe two bearings are equel inmagoitude butoppositein dzection 2. The dynamic force atthe two bearings may also be obtained as discussed below: From the couple polygon as shown in Fig. 5.13(d), we see ‘hat the veetoro'e’ ia the direction from oto represents the out-of balance couple. ‘By measurement we find that the out of balance vouple~ vectoro'e'=0.97 km" 0.97 ««9"=0.97(31.42)'=957.6N-m 197 kgm! oF Ans Since the shatt is in static balance, therefore itis only subjected to an unbalanced couple which is the same ‘aboutall planesand the bearing reactions are then equal and ‘opposite, We know that dynamic force on each bearing 9576 gutoFbaane couple 9576. ssn “istance between bearings Tutorial Problems 1 Four masses A, B, C and D are attached to a shaft and revolve in the same plane. The masses are 12kg, 10g, 18kg, and 1Skp respectively and their radii of rotations are 40mm, 50mm, 60mm, and 30mm. The angular position of the masses B,C and D are 60°, 130’, and 270" {rom the mass A. Find the magnitude and position of the balancing mass ata radius of 100 mm, [Ans.8.1 kg; 93" clockwise from] 2.Fourmasses,B,C, and D revolve at equal raditand are equally spaced along a shaft. The mass B is Tkg and the radii of Cand D make engles of 90° and 240° respectively ‘with the radius of B. Find the magnitude ofthe masses A, 23 B, Cand D asd the angular position ofA so that the system ‘may be completely balanced fans, 3 kgs eg; 4.67Kg; 205" from mass B in ‘anticlockwise direction) 3. A rotating shaft carries four masses A, B, C, and D which are radially attached to it. The mass centres are 30 sm, 38 mom, 40 mm, and 35 mm respectively from the anis of rotation, The masses A, C and D are 7.ke. 5 ke, and 4 kg respectively. The axial distances between the planes of rotation of A and B is 400 mm and between B and Cis $00 mm, The masses Aand Care aright angles to ‘ach other Find fora complete balance, |. the angles between the masses BandD frommassA, 2.the axial distance between the planes of rotation CandD, 3. the magnitude of mass B (Ans. 162.5',47.5', 460. mm:8.75 kg} 4.4 rotating shaft carries four unbalanced masses 18 kg, 14kg, 16kg and 12 kg atradi 50 mm, 60 mm, 70 mm and 60 mim respectively. The 2%, 3" and 4" masses revolve in planes 80mm, 160mm and 280mm respectively measured from the plane of the first mass and are angularly located at 60', 135! and 270° respectively measured clockwise ftom the first mass looking from this mass end of the shaft, The shaft is dynamically balanced by two masses, both located at 50 mm radi and revolving in planes mid. way between those of the 1" and 2” masses and midway between those of the 3° and 4° masses. Determine, _araphically or otherwise, the magnitude of the masses and {heir respective angular positions (ans, 13.3kg and 10.4kg at 25° and 275° from mass A in {nticiockwise direction} 5.A shaft carries five masses, A, B, C, D and E which ‘evolve atthe same radius in planes which are equidistant from one another. The magnitude of the masses in planes A, Cand D are 50 kg. 40 kg and 80 kg respectively. The angle between A and Cis 90° and that between C and D ig 135°, Determine the magnitude of the masses in planes B ‘and E and their positions to put the shaft in complete rotating balance (Ans. 12kg, 15kg ; 130° and 24° from mass A in the anticlockwise direction) 6.Ashaft with 3 meters span between two bearings carries to masses of 1Okg and 20kg acting atthe extremities of the arms 0.45m and 0.6m long respectively. The planes in which these masses rotate are 1.2m and 2.4m respectively from the left end bearing supporting the shaft, The angle betwen the arms is 60". The specd of rotation of the shaft is 200 rpm. ifthe masses are balanced by two counter. ‘masses rotating with the shaft acting a radi of 0.3m and placed at 0.3m from each bearing centre, estimate the ‘magnitude of the two balancing masses and their ‘orientation with respect tothe X-axis, i. the mass of 10kg. [Ans. 12.6kg and 38.2kg at 200" and 235° from X-axis in theanticlockwise direction} 7.A,B, Cand D are fourmasses carried by rotating shaft at radii 100mm, 150mm, 150mm and 200mm ‘respectively. The planes in which the masses rotate are 9 is - COI) Oaspaced at 500mm apart and the magnitude of the masses B, C, and D aze 9kg, Skg and 4g respectively. Find the required mass A and the relative angular settings of the four masses so that the shaft shall bein complete balance. [Ans. 10kg : Between B and A 165°, Between B and C 295", Between Band D 145°] 8. A.3.6m fong shaft carries tree pulleys, 10 tits two ends and third atthe mid-point. The two end pulleys have aims of 79kg and 40 kg respectively and thir centres of fravity are 3mm and S mm respectively fom th as oF theshaf The mide pulley mass 50 kyanditscenre of gravity is 8 mm from the shaft axis. The pulleys are #0 Keyed tothe shaft thatthe asseraby isin tate alaze The shaft rotates a 300 pa. in wo beatings 2.4 m apart With equal overhang on ether side. Determine 1 th felatve angular postions of the pulleys, and 2. dyna Feaotonsatthe two bearings 9. The camshaft of a bigh speed pump consists of a pall sha 25 mm diameter and 480 mim long. cazies three eccentrics each of diameter 60 mm and uniform thickness of 18 mun. The asiembly is symmetrical as shown in Fig. 5.14 andthe bearings are at And B The angle between the ecentris is 120" and the eccenticity ‘each i 125 mon. The material density is 7000 ken andthe speedofzoatonis 14307 m do 10° 7 Fig 5.14 Find: 1. dynamic load on each bearing due to the out-of ‘balance couple ; and 2. kinetic energy of the complete assembly. [Ans.6.12kg;8.7N-m] DOYOU KNOW? |. Why is balancing rotating parts necessary for high speedengines? 2. Explain the terms ‘static balancing’ and ‘dynamic balancing. State the necessary conditions to achieve them. 3. Discuss how a single revolving mass is balanced by two masses revolving in the same plane. 4. Explain the method of balancing of different masses revolving inthe same plane 5. How are the different masses rotating in different planes balanced? ‘OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS |The balancing of rotating and reciprocating parts of an engine isnecessary when itruns at (@slowspeed (b) medium speed () high speed 2. A disturbing mass m, attached ta rotating shaft may be balanced by a single mass m, attached in the same plane ofrotation as that om, such that G@)m.rem.6, (b)m.r=MF, Ce) mam, 3 Forastatic balancing of shaft (@) the net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to z210 (bythenet couple due tothe dynamic forces acting on the Shaftisegual ze70 (both (a)and(b) (@)noncoftheabove 4.Forthe dynamic balancing ofa sha, (@) the net dynamie force acting on the shaft i equel to 2310 (the net couple due to the dynamic forces acting on the shaftisequal zero (@boih a)and(o) (@nonc ofthe sbove 5. In order to have a complete balance of the several revolving masses in differen planes (a) theresultant force mustbezer0 (b)the resultant couple mustbezer0 (both the resultant force and couple mustbe22r0 (@)noneoftheabove ANSWERS, 1(e) 2.0) 3(2) 40) 5.(0) 24Mechanical Engineering Department (MECM 138 &331: MECHANICS OF MACHINES 111) LAB PRACTICAL 1; BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES. (TM102 STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCING APPARATUS) Introduction If the mass centre of a component of a mass ‘m’ is rotating at an angular velocity & at distance ‘r' from the axis of rotation, then the component is subjected to force of mrti®, The ‘out of balance’ forces increase beering loads, and introduce stresses in the rotor and framework of a machine. The so called ‘inertial forces’ may introduce dengerous vibrations, structural failure or unacceptable noise, and may limit the operating speed range of a machine. The magnitude of these forces may be reduced or eliminated in the design stage by ‘balancing’ the effects of the various mass elements of the device. Additionally, extra balance may be deliberately added to a rotating system in order to cancel out the residual design imbalance This experiment involves balancing four masses on a rotating shaft. Objectives The objective of the practical is to determine the angular positions end the axial displacements of the third and fourth rotating masses (blocks) necessary to statically and dynamically balance the shaft. The effectiveness of the balance’is then demonstrated by rotating the balanced shatt. Equipment TM102 static and dynamic balancing epperatus Procedure See next pegeLab Report (write up) The report should include th 3: Aim/ Title Introduction / Theory In your own words describe in brief the theory behind the practical, Objectives Two or three objectives of the practical must be stated; these must be measurable and must be related to the aim. . Method / Procedure in your own words give a detailed narration of the step by step method that you followed in carrying out the practical. State all the precautions you observed. It is recommended that where applicable make use of diagrams to aid your explanation, The procedure should be written in reported speech. Results and calculations ¥ Compieted table of measur ¥ Allcalculations done. ¥ Drawings indicating all axial and angular positions of masses. V Scaled drawings of the force and couple polygons. ments ( mr values). NOTE: No hend drawn drawings will be accepted Discussion and Conclusions ‘Asimple explanation in your own words of the results that you got and whether the masses were balanced (both statically and dynamically). Did you meet your objectives? Discus any sources of error. Any recommendations? Draw your conclusions. 26LAB REPORT MARKING GUIDE The report should include the following: * Aim / Objectives Clearly state the aim of the practical. Two or three objectives of the practical must be stated; these must be measurable and must be related to the aim. [5] ® Introduction / Theory In your own words describe in brief the theory behind the practical. By] * Method/ Procedure In your own words give a detailed narration of the step by step method that you followed in carrying out the practical. State all the precautions you observed. It is recommended that where applicable make use of diagrams to aid your explanation. The procedure should be written in reported speech. [5] + Results and calculations Completed table of measurements ( mr values). Y Allcalculations done. ¥ Drawings indicating all axial and angular positions of masses. Y Sealed drawings of the force and couple polygons. [22] NOTE: No hand drawn drawings will be accepted + Discussion and Conclusions A simple explanation in your own words of the results that you got and whether the masses were balanced (both statically and dynamically). Did you meet your objectives? Discus any sources of error, Any recommendations? Draw your conclusions. [10] + Report Layout and presentation. [5] TOTAL [50]26PROCEDURE 1 ul 12 13 14 Remove the perspex dome and remove the shati drive belt. Unclip the extension pulley and insert it in the pulley end of the motor driven shai. if the weight bucket chord around the extension pulley. Ensure that there are Loop two or three tur no obstructions to the movement of the buckets. Clamp the rectangular block No.1 to the shaft, such that the protractor scale reads zero. Gradually add steel balls to one of the weight buckets until one of the blocks hes moved through 90° Occasionally tap the shaft mountings while adding the balls, to overcome bearing stiction, Record the number of balls required to raise the block through 90°. This is proportional to the balance moment of the block (1.7). the above procedure with all the other blocks. Since block No.1 is the lightest, one can save Rep stead of starting all over again. Enter the results in the table tithe, by just adding balls to the buckets below: Block No, Le Remove the extension shaft and replace it in its mounting clip, coals) | | | To achieve force balance, it is necessary to assume positions for the first two blocks. Therefore, set the angular positions of blocks No.1 and No.2 at 150°, In order for the complete balance to be achieved, all forces and couples must cancel out each other (i. both the force and couple polygons must close). Therefore, draw'a force polygon, using the m.r values obteined and then, find the angular displacements of blocks No.3 and No.4, ‘Clamp the blocks in their relative angular displacements and check that the static force balance has been achieved. This i done by rotating the shaft by hand to eny position, such thet it remains in that position ‘when the hands have been removed. To balance the couples, it is necessary 10 assume that the shaft-wise displacements of the masses on No. 1 block is set at 20 min and No. 2 block is set at 120 mm. Let the unknown distances of blocks Nos.3 and 4 be Y and Y, respectively. Use block No.1 as the reference plane and draw the polygon of couples (a traigle in this case) using the angular displacements already found and calculate the respective magnitudes of X and ¥. Note that the direction of the couple of block No.3, is in the opposite direction to the force, resulting in its velue of Xbeing negative. Use the sliding linear scale to set the length-wise displacements and the protractor scale for the angular settings. Close the perspex dome over the assembly and run the machine. Should the caleulations and settings be incorrect, the blocks wall not be dynamically balanced. This will be immediately become obvious by the vibration of the suspended 2271G.2, POLYGON OF FORCES S2UNITS ae NOT TO SCALE