AN INVESTIGATION ON THE INFLUENCE OF

COLLABORATIVE PROJECT MANAGEMENT ON THE

SUSTAINABILITY OF TREE PLANTING PROJECTS, A CASE
STUDY OF ZAINA TREE PLANTING PROJECT.

By

Mwangi James Marubu

A research proposal submitted to the School of Business in partial fulfillment

of the requirements of the Bachelor of Project Planning and Management of
Karatina University.

2022-2023

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 DECLARATION
This research report is my original work which has never been submitted to this or any other
institution for an award or comprehensive review and supervision. The references used here from
other authors are indicated in the references section.

Signature:

Mwangi James Marubu Date

B103/0186G/19

This research report has been submitted for examination with my approval as the university
supervisor.

Signature:

Dr. Alice Nderi Date

Department of Business and Economics.

Karatina University.

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3
 DEDICATION
This research work is dedicated to NYEWASCO who fanned the flickering flame of my
intellectual curiosity to a full-blown fire and inspired me to pursue this course.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to acknowledge Karatina University through the Department of Business and
Economics for this initiative and for giving me a chance to learn, apply and implement what I
have learnt. May God bless you abundantly.
My sincere gratitude also goes to my university supervisor Dr. Alice Nderi for assessing,
guiding, and criticism throughout my research proposal. By equal measure, thanks to my
colleagues whom we supported each other through this endeavour.
I wish to thank the Almighty God for His grace for guiding me throughout this research from
initiation to completion of the process. The development of this report and research took effort,
support, and guidance of whom I wish to thank.
I genuinely appreciate those who contributed to the success of this research proposal.
I also wish to pay tribute to my mother and thank her moral and financial support has been
unrelenting whose motivations during the data collection and research proposal and reporting
kept me moving.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION 2
DEDICATION 4
TABLES 8
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 12
1.1 Background of the Study 12
1.2 Statement of the Problem 14
1.3 Purpose of the Study 16
1.4 Research Questions 17
1.5 Justification of the Study 17
1.6 Scope of the Study 17
1.7 Limitations of the Study 17
1.8 Assumptions of the Study 18
1.10 Definition of Operational Terms 18
1.11 Study Organization 19
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 20
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Theoretical Literature Review 20
2.2.1 Social Learning Theory 20
2.2.2 Resource Dependency Theory 22
2.2.3 Institution Theory 23
Empirical Review 23
2.2.2 Stakeholder engagement and Tree-planting Projects Sustainability 25
2.2.3 Collaborative Decision-Making and Tree-planting projects sustainability 27
2.2.4 Resource mobilization and Tree-planting projects sustainability 28
2.3 Summary of Research Gaps 28
2.4 Conceptual Framework 29
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 30
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Research Design 30
3.3 Research Approach 30
3.4 Study Area 30
3.5 Target Population 31

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Table 3.5 Target Population 31
3.6 Sample Size 31
3.7 Sampling procedure 32
3.8 Research instruments 32
3.9 Sampling Design 32
3.10 Data Collection 32
3.12 Data Analysis and Presentation 33
3.13 Ethical Considerations. 33
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND
DISCUSSION 34
4.1 Questionnaire Response Rate 34
4.2 Profile of the Respondents. 34
4.2.1 Distribution Of Respondents According to Gender. 34
4.2.2 Age of the Respondents 36
4.3 Descriptives 37
4.3.1 Analysis on the Sustainability of the Tree-Planting Project. 37
4.3.2 Analysis of Communication on its influence on Sustainability of the Tree-Planting Project. 38
4.3.4 Analysis of Collaborative Decision-Making on its influence on sustainability of the Tree-
Planting Project. 41
4.3.5 Analysis of Resource Mobilization on its influence on sustainability of the Tree-Planting
Project 43
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIOS 46
5.1 Introduction 46
5.2 Summary of findings 46
5.3 Conclusions 47
5.4 Recommendations of the Study 49
5.5 Suggestions for further studies 49

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 TABLES
Table 1.1 …………………………………………………………Project Teams

Table 1.2…………………………………………………………..Budget of the research

Table 4.1 -………………………………………………………..Gender Distribution

Table 4.2……………………………………………………. ...Age distribution of Respondents.

Table 4.4……………………………………………...............Communication

Table 4.5……………………………………………….......... Stakeholder Engagement

Table 4.6 ……………………………………………. Collaborative decision-making

Table 4.7 ……………………………………………. Resource mobilization

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1…………………………………………………. Conceptual Framework

Figure 4.1 …………………………………………………Gender Distribution of Respondents

Figure 4.2……………………………………………………. Age distribution of Respondents

Figure 4.3……………………………………………………. Education level

Figure 4.4 ………………………………………………….. Source of Funds

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 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
PM Project Management

PMI Project Management Institute

NYEWASCO Nyeri Water and Sanitation Company

NGO Non-governmental Organisation

CSR Corporate Social Responsibility

KFS Kenya Forest Service

NEMA National Environment Management Authority

WRUA Water Resource Users Association

SDG Sustainable Development Goals

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 ABSTRACT

Collaborative project management is a process that involves the participation of various

stakeholders in the development of a project plan to its execution. In tree-planting projects, this
approach has been found to have a significant impact on the sustainability of the project.

One of the major benefits of using collaborative project management is that it helps to ensure
that all stakeholders are involved in the project from the beginning up to the termination of the
project. This ensures that their ideas and input are incorporated into the project plan, which
increases the chances of achieving the desired outcomes. Collaborative project management is
that it helps to improve the decision-making process. When stakeholders are involved in the
planning process, they can provide valuable insights based on their expertise, knowledge, and
experience. Hence there has been a greater call for sustainability in tree-planting projects and
have tried different approaches, Collaborative project management proving the most effective. It
is therefore imperative that this research was done in this area to contribute to the body of
knowledge and contribute to best practices. This study is expected to assist organisations, project
teams, project managers, the community and the government to embrace the influence of
collaborative project management on project sustainability. In this study, collaborative project
management on the sustainability of tree-planting projects, on a case study at Zaina tree-planting
project was the dependent variable where an investigation was done on the influence of
independent variables i.e., communication, stakeholder engagement, collaborative decision-
making, resource mobilization on it. The study was anchored on resource dependency theory,
institutional theory and social learning theory. This research targeted 5 collaborative project
teams at Zaina tree-planting project. The sample size of this research was 62 project particiants
in case study of a tree-planting project at Zaina. This research was guided by descriptive survey
and case study research design. The research approach was quantitative. Structured
questionnaires and interviews were used to collect quantitative data. Data was analyzed using
descriptive statistical i.e., mean and standard deviation. Data was presented by statistical
techniques such as frequency distribution tables and percentages.

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Collaborative project management is recently becoming pervasive with many organisations
adapting it, the Project Management paradigm has been shifting from a restrictive (traditional)
management approach toward a more collaborative approach (Cleetus et al.,1996; Jonsson et al.,
2001; Maurer, 1996; Romano et al., 2002). In the more restrictive PM approach, the focus was
on ‘management’ or ‘control’, which implied a top-down view of how projects are conducted
and controlled (Cleetus et al., 1996; Augustine et al., 2005). According to PMI (2013), project
management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to
meet the project requirements. (Singh et al., 2004) defines a project as an endeavour in which
material human and financial resources are brought together and organized in a novel way to
undertake a unique scope of work, of a given specification within constraints of cost, time and
the prevailing environment, so as to achieve beneficial changes defined by quantitative and
qualitative objective.

Good Project Management requires knowledge, expertise, participation, support, coordinated

decision-making, leadership, increased efficiency, improved communication, enhanced
creativity, increased motivation which are the aspects integrated in Collaborative project
management ensuring achievement of the intended project goals with ease. Collaborative project
management though often considered as the coordination of projects through technology of
members in different geographical locations. Collaborative project management is an approach
to managing projects that emphasizes collaboration, communication and teamwork among
project teams i.e., the project stakeholders, government and the community. Therefore, it is
powerful tool that ensures the project constraints are balanced and met on time i.e., project
scope, budget, schedule and quality these are geared to achieving a sustainable project.

Sustainability on the other hand refers to the ability to meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This conception gained
global recognition in the 1987(Our common future). It encompasses environmental, social, and
economic dimensions and is a fundamental principle for addressing the complex challenges

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facing our planet. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals provide a comprehensive
framework for addressing global challenges, including environmental sustainability. SDG 13
specifically addresses climate action, while other goals like SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy)
and SDG 14 (life below water) contribute to environmental sustainability. (United Nations -
2015). Economic sustainability focuses on maintaining a stable and prosperous economy while
ensuring fair distribution of resources and opportunities. Social sustainability focuses on
improving quality of life, promoting social equity, and ensuring the well-being of individuals and
communities. This study highlights on a Corporate Social Responsibilty as a important aspect of
social sustainability where organisations take responsibility for their impact on society. CSR
initiatives may include philanthropy, ethical labour practices, community engagement, and
diversity and inclusion efforts. (Caroll,1999).

Despite the benefits entailed in Collaborative project management Tree-Planting projects are yet
to adopt this approach. Tree-planting projects are facing sustainability challenges with the
projects having a limited timespan as the major challenge. The trees planted end up being
neglected leading them to dry up, infested by pests and diseases, and animals feed on them.
Collaborative project management ensures sustainability in all aspects; socially, economically,
environmentally. Socially the project teams interact, educate each other and share moments,
economically the tree-planting offers livelihoods to local communities and employment to
organisation employees, environmentally trees protect the planet by acting as carbon sinks. The
forest helps preserve biodiversity and is home to 80% of the world's known terrestrial plants and
animals and they help tackle climate change.

Statistics by Just-One Tree Organisation under the International Tree Foundation (2022) show
Kenya has only 7.2% of the country having tree cover. Kenya is the least forested country in
Africa. That works out as 6 trees per person rather than a global average of 420. Kenya suffered
severe deforestation from the 1960s to the 1990s mainly from various activities such as
unlicensed timber harvesting and charcoal production. After the perpetrators were removed by
the Kenya Forest Service, the degraded lands never regenerated. This has led organisation,
communities and the government to join forces and initiate programs and initiatives to restore
back the forests, protect habitats and tackle climate change. With Kenya experiencing the worst

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drought in four decades it calls for collaborative project management in Tree-Planting projects to
enhance sustainability.

In 2018, The National Environment Management Authority launched a campaign to plant 50

million trees. This ongoing tree planting efforts are geared towards increasing Kenya’s forest
cover from the current 7.2% to the constitutional target of 10%. In line with this initiative Zaina
in Tetu, Nyeri County has had numerous tree-planting projects by the county government of
Nyeri and Nyewasco previously but have not been sustainable. Nyewasco took this challenge
and worked with several teams and stakeholders in 2022 for a Tree-Planting Project at Zaina.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Collaborative project management is gaining some popularity in various organisations as a
means to improve project outcomes and enhance sustainability. The idea behind collaborative
project management is to bring together all the project teams involved in a tree planting project
including land owners, farmers’ groups, individual farmers, non-governmental organisations, the
government and the community to work collectively towards common project goals. This
approach is believed to promote a more efficient use of resources, improved communication,
reduced conflicts, and ultimately better project outcomes enhancing sustainability of projects.

However, despite the growing popularity of collaborative project planning and management
across many industries if not all, there is a lack of consensus on its actual impact on tree-planting
project’s sustainability. While some studies suggest that collaborative project management lead
to better project outcomes in terms of cost, time, and quality, others argue that it can lead to
increased costs and delays. This lack of agreement on the benefits of collaborative project
management makes it difficult for tree-planting firms and organisations to determine the most
effective approach to sustainable projects.

Furthermore, there is a lack of understanding of how collaborative management can be

effectively implemented in the context of tree-planting projects sustainability. This is due, in
part, to the rigid characteristics of government institutions, the sensitive nature of these projects,
and the adversarial relationships that can exist between stakeholders. These factors can make it
challenging to establish effective collaboration among project participants.

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A study by (Martinez et al., 2018) emphasizes the need to engage various stakeholders, including
local communities, non-governmental organizations, government agencies, and scientific
experts, throughout the project lifecycle. By involving diverse perspectives and expertise, a
comprehensive understanding of the social and environmental context can be achieved, leading
to more informed decision-making and project design. Overall, this collaborative approach to
integrating social and environmental dimensions in tree-planting projects offers a framework for
achieving sustainable outcomes. By recognizing the interdependence of social and ecological
systems, and by actively engaging stakeholders, these projects can contribute to both
environmental conservation and human well-being.

Also, a study by (Chen et al., 2017) explored the potential benefits and challenges of adopting
collaborative project management approaches for sustainable tree-planting projects. It revealed
that collaborative project management can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of tree-
planting initiatives by promoting information sharing, fostering stakeholder engagement, and
facilitating coordination among diverse participants. However, the study also highlights several
challenges in implementing collaborative project management in tree-planting projects, including
the need for effective communication channels, stakeholder conflicts, resource limitations, and
the complexity of managing diverse stakeholders' expectations. Arguably, this study contributes
to the growing literature on project management in the context of environmental sustainability by
emphasizing the importance of collaboration and providing practical insights for project
managers and stakeholders involved in tree-planting projects

The statement of problem seeks to address the extent collaborative project management
contributes to long-term sustainability of tree-planting projects. Hence understanding the
influence of collaborative project management on project sustainability. The study aims to
identify the benefits and drawbacks of collaborative project management, as well as the factors
that contribute to effective collaboration among project participants in tree-planting projects. By
doing so, this study will provide valuable insights to tree-planting organisations, movements, the
community, and the government on how to approach project planning and management to
achieve better project outcomes and sustainability in tree-planting projects.

This research aims to bridge this gap by conducting a systematic investigation into the influence
of collaborative project management on the project sustainability of tree-planting initiatives. It

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seeks to identify and analyze the key dimensions of collaborative project management that
positively affect sustainability outcomes, such as communication, stakeholder engagement,
participatory decision-making, resource mobilization, and management.

In conclusion, collaborative project management is more widely acknowledged as a strategy for

fostering sustainability in various projects, but its adoption and efficacy in the context of tree-
planting projects are still unknown. As a result, a study is required to investigate the influence of
collaborative project management on the sustainability of a Tree-Planting project at Zaina and to
identify the elements that either help or impede its effective implementation. This study sought to
investigate the influence of collaborative project management on the sustainability of a tree-
planting project at Zaina. This project is selected because despite the efforts of various
organisations to do the project in the region whose activities are pegged on the improvement of
the environmental, social and economic well-being of the population in the sub-county of Tetu in
Nyeri, there has not been any tangible result in the recent past with the project being
unsustainable.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of Collaborative Project Management
on the Sustainability of a Tree-Planting project at Zaina.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The research objectives of this study were:

i) To investigate to what extent communication influences the sustainability

of a Tree-Planting project at Zaina.
ii) To investigate to what extent stakeholder engagement influences the
sustainability of a Tree-Planting project at Zaina.
iii) To investigate to what extent collaborative decision-making influences the
sustainability of a Tree-Planting project at Zaina.
iv) To investigate to what extent resource mobilization influences the
sustainability of a Tree-Planting project at Zaina.

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1.4 Research Questions
The questions of this study are:

i. To what extent does communication influence the sustainability of a Tree-

Planting project at Zaina?
ii. To what extent does stakeholder engagement influence the sustainability of a
Tree-Planting project at Zaina?
iii. To what extent does collaborative decision-making influence the sustainability of
a Tree-Planting project at Zaina?
iv. To what extent does resource mobilization influence the sustainability of a Tree-
Planting at Zaina?

1.5 Justification of the Study

This study was delimited to a case study of a Tree-Planting Project at Zaina due the numerous
attempts by organisations, the county government of Nyeri, Nyewasco to do this project it has
resulted to being unsustainable with the trees drying up and animals feeding on them. This study
is expected to improve project outcomes and the sustainability of the Tree-Planting project in the
future.
This study is also expected to educate project teams, non-governmental organisations, the
government, and the community to embrace collaborative project management in tree-planting
projects.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study will investigate the influence of collaborative project management on the
sustainability of a Tree-Planting Project at Zaina in Tetu sub-county, Nyeri County 2022. The
project is composed of five project teams; the Nyewasco team, Water Resource Users
Association team, the Humming Bird Organisation team, the Kenya Forest Service, team, and
Community Volunteers team. The project has 62 staff consisting of 8 project managers and 54
staff.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

Harsh weather conditions (heavy rainfall) experienced in the region of Nyeri County made the
roads to the tree-planting site inaccessible. Inadequate financing also limited the use of surveys
as a data collection method which is quite expensive considering I am a student. The time frame
was quite short for exclusive and detailed research. The data analysis methods being used are

17
suitable for quantitative data but collaborative project management and sustainability involve
qualitative data which needs to be sought are the challenges encountered during the study.

1.8 Assumptions of the Study

We assume this case study of the Tree-Planting project covered is a good representation of the
area (Nyeri County) and Kenya at large and the data would be representative and tangible.

We assume that the respondents in this research study will be literate and able to comprehend
questionnaire items and respond to them adequately.

We assume the respondents in this research study are giving accurate information and reliable
data for qualitative analysis and future reference.

1.10 Definition of Operational Terms

Project Management-The use of specific knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to deliver
something of value to people.

Tree-planting Project -This is a temporary tree-planting activity, tasks, and deliverables that are
structured and executed carefully to achieve desired results within a specific time frame with a
start date and a completion date.

Collaborative Project Management- is a process that involves the participation of various

stakeholders in the development of a project plan to its execution.

Parties - refers to the individuals or organizations that are involved in a project and have a stake
in its outcome this includes the project team, stakeholders, and the community.

Project Sustainability-refers to the ability of the tree-planting project to meet its intended
objectives and produce a lasting impact on the environment, social and economic aspects.

Stakeholder Engagement- refers to the process of involving individuals, groups, or organizations that
have an interest or stake in a particular project.

Communication- project refers to the exchange of information, messages, and ideas between
project stakeholders and providing feedback.

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Collaborative decision-making- it is a process that involves group decision-making, in which
members of the group exchange ideas, thoughts, and feedback regarding issues of concern.

Resource mobilization- refers to all activities undertaken by an organization to secure new and
additional financial, human and material resources to advance its project goals.

Stakeholder satisfaction- refers to the level of approval that people and groups with an interest
in the project’s success have.

Cost effectiveness- the degree to which something is effective or productive in relation to its
cost.

1.11 Study Organization

The study is organized into five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction and entails the
background of the study, statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, objectives of the
study, research questions, justification of the study, the scope of the study, limitations of the
study, definition of terms, and the study organization. Chapter two entails the Literature review
composed of an overview of relevant literature, theoretical framework, empirical review,
conceptual framework, and summary of the literature. Chapter three entails the research
methodology which comprises the introduction, research design, data analysis methods, and
ethical considerations. The fourth chapter involves the data analysis, presentation and
interpretation broken into response rate, quantitative data analysis, tables, charts, graphs and
other visual aids. Chapter five of the study contains the discussion, summary and conclusion of
the findings, recommendations and further studies suggestion. It also contains references and the
appendices.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the literature review. It entails the theoretical literature with theories
anchoring this study, empirical review providing hard evidence for the independent variables,
summary of the research gaps, and the conceptual framework for this study.

2.2 Theoretical Literature Review

This section explains theories of collaborative project management in projects sustainability.
Chen (1997) describes the term theory as a frame of reference that helps human beings to
understand their world and how to function within it. Collaborative project management
promotes critical thinking, improved communication, leadership skills and inter dependence
among stakeholders, project teams, managers, and the community in tree-planting projects. It
positively influences the workers’ motivation and affection towards learning. Also improves the
self-esteem of the parties involved. (Piaget.J, 1932), in one of his proposed theories stated that
youth develop morality of cooperation at the age of 10yrs or older creating the urge to work
together as a team since the persons are 18yrs and older. (Morelli,12-24) This means that
adolescence and adults realize that in order to produce common good; people must work
together.

Hence adopting participatory approaches that involve stakeholders in project planning,

implementation, and evaluation. This promotes inclusivity, ownership, and shared responsibility.
Regular stakeholder meetings, focus groups, and community forums provide platforms for open
communication and collaborative decision-making (Odhiambo, 2018; Onduru et al., 2017).

2.2.1 Social Learning Theory

Social Learning theory suggests that individuals can learn from each other through observation,
modeling, and feedback, and that this learning can be applied to enhance sustainable projects. In
collaborative project management, social learning theory emphasizes on the importance of
creating opportunities for stakeholders to interact, share knowledge and learn from each other to
improve sustainable outcomes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of

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the theoretical foundations and empirical evidence that support the role of collaborative project
management and social learning in enhancing the sustainability of tree planting projects. Several
case studies have demonstrated the positive influence of collaborative project management
guided by social learning theory on the sustainability of tree planting projects. A case study of
the "Great Green Wall" initiative in Africa has successfully utilized collaborative approaches,
involving local communities, governments, and international organizations, to restore degraded
lands and mitigate desertification (Cleaver et al., 2022)

Similarly, a case study of the "Million Trees NYC" project in New York City embraced social
learning principles by engaging diverse stakeholders in urban reforestation efforts, leading to
increased community awareness, active participation, and sustained stewardship (Cohen et al.,
2018).

A study showed social learning theory can be effectively operationalized through various
collaborative practices that foster knowledge sharing, mutual trust, and shared decision-making.
For instance, participatory planning processes, such as workshops, focus groups, and stakeholder
consultations, provide platforms for stakeholders to jointly develop project goals, identify
challenges, and co-create solutions (Sarmiento et al.,2020).

Furthermore, a study showed peer-to-peer learning networks and knowledge-sharing platforms

facilitate the exchange of best practices, lessons learned, and innovations, enhancing the
effectiveness and scalability of tree planting projects (Kirk, et al).

According to social learning theory, individuals learn from observing and interacting with others,
leading to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for sustainable
development (Bandura, 1977). In the context of tree planting projects, social learning theory can
be leveraged to enhance stakeholders' understanding of environmental issues, sustainable land
management practices, and the importance of long-term stewardship (Buchy et al., 2021). By
facilitating knowledge exchange, dialogue, and reflection, social learning theory promotes
transformative learning experiences that contribute to the sustainability of tree planting
initiatives.

The integration of collaborative project management and social learning theory holds promise for
enhancing project sustainability in tree planting initiatives. By promoting collaboration among

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stakeholders, collaborative project management provides a platform for social learning processes
to occur. This integration can facilitate the sharing of knowledge, experiences, and best practices
among project participants, thereby fostering mutual learning and collective action. Krasny &
Tidball (2009) highlighted the role of collaborative governance in fostering social learning and
collective action in urban environmental stewardship projects.

Furthermore, (Reed et al, 2010) emphasized the importance of collaborative learning networks in
achieving sustainability goals. These studies suggest that the combination of collaborative
project management and social learning theory can significantly contribute to the long-term
sustainability of tree planting projects.

Various studies have explored the link between social learning theory and sustainable
development outcomes. (Wiek et al., 2011) investigated the role of social learning in
sustainability science and highlighted its potential for facilitating transformative change.
Furthermore, (Luederitz et al., 2017) emphasized the importance of social learning processes in
supporting sustainable urban development. These studies indicate that integrating social learning
theory in tree planting projects can enhance the capacity of project participants to adopt and
sustain environmental and social practices.

2.2.2 Resource Dependency Theory

This theory suggests that organizations depend on external resources to survive, (Pfeffer, ,J and
Salancik et al., 1978) and collaboration helps organizations secure the needed resources. This
theory highlights the importance of managing and securing resources from external entities to
ensure organizational survival and success. In tree planting projects, resources include funding,
technical expertise, community support, land availability, and governmental support. Further
explains that organizations must deal with environmental factors that affect the ability to obtain
resources proposing four strategies; coercion, bargaining, collaboration, and institutionalization.
It can be deduced that tree planting satisfies this role for organisations.

Jeffrey Pfeffer (1981) argues that power is a crucial resource for organisations, and that they
must be able to obtain and maintain it to survive and succeed. This theory ensures sustainability
in projects by providing support, funding and reducing resistance. The theory supports the idea

22
that resource dependency theory has potential relevance when it comes to understanding
collaborative efforts towards sustainability goals in tree-planting initiatives.

2.2.3 Institution Theory

This theory investigates how organizations and their actions are shaped by the broader
institutional environment. You can analyze how collaborative project management practices
align with institutional norms, rules, and regulations related to sustainability, and how such
alignment contributes to the success and longevity of tree-planting projects. (Aylen, 2003).
Collaborative project management practices often prioritize stakeholder engagement,
participation, and knowledge sharing. These practices align with sustainability norms that
emphasize inclusivity, transparency, and social responsibility. By involving diverse stakeholders,
such as local communities, non-governmental organizations, and government agencies,
collaborative project management can leverage their collective expertise and foster a sense of
ownership and commitment to the tree-planting project. (Grime et al., 2001 and Luyssaert et al.,
2008) It argues that collaborative project management fosters shared ownership, knowledge
transfer, and joint problem-solving, all of which contribute to the success and longevity of tree-
planting projects. By aligning with institutional norms and regulations, projects gain credibility
and support from stakeholders, fostering continued commitment and engagement. The
collaborative approach also facilitates adaptive management, allowing for continuous learning,
monitoring, and adjustment based on changing environmental and social contexts. (Busse et al.,
2018, Kozak et al., 2012 and Olsson et al., 2004). Therefore, this theory concludes that by
aligning with institutional norms, rules, and regulations related to sustainability, collaborative
approaches enable stakeholder engagement, participation, and the long-term success of projects.

Empirical Review

2.2.1 Communication and Tree-planting projects sustainability

Communication in a project refers to the exchange of information, messages, and ideas between
project stakeholders, including team members, community leaders, farmers’ groups, Non-
governmental Organisations, suppliers, and other relevant parties. There has been increasing
recognition of the importance of communication in the successful implementation of
collaborative project planning and management in tree-planting projects in Kenya. Collaborative

23
project planning and management are essential for the success and long-term sustainability of
such initiatives. Effective communication within these projects is a critical component that
influences their overall outcomes, and impacts and is a factor in collaborative project planning
and management. Communication facilitates the coordination of activities, enhance the
understanding, and promotes cooperation, thereby increasing the chances of project success and
sustainability a study by (Bashir, et al., 2019) and Odhiambo (2018).

Another study indicated that communication enables effective stakeholder engagement and
participation in tree-planting projects. By involving local communities, government agencies,
NGOs, and other relevant stakeholders, projects can harness local knowledge, address
community needs, and ensure a sense of ownership. Open channels of communication create
opportunities for dialogue, fostering collaboration, and enhancing the sustainability of projects
(Muriuki 2018; Onduru, et al., 2017).

A study by (Choo et al., 2019) explored the factors that contribute to successful tree-planting
projects in urban areas. The authors found that collaboration among different stakeholder groups
was crucial for ensuring the long-term success of these projects. Specifically, they noted that
effective communication between project managers and community members helped build trust
and support for the initiative, which in turn led to greater participation and investment over time.

A study implied that communication plays a vital role in knowledge sharing and capacity
building within tree-planting projects. By disseminating information about sustainable tree-
planting practices, benefits, and potential challenges, stakeholders can acquire the necessary
knowledge and skills to effectively contribute to project sustainability. Regular workshops,
training sessions, and awareness campaigns serve as platforms for information exchange and
capacity enhancement (Mwabu, 2019; Oballah, et al., 2020).

In addition, a study by Wambui et al. (2019) investigated the impact of communication on the
success of construction projects in Kenya. The study found that effective communication can
lead to improved project performance, increased stakeholder satisfaction, and enhanced project
outcomes. The study also recommended the use of various communication technologies, such as
video conferencing and mobile devices, to facilitate effective communication among project
team members.

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Another study indicated that effective communication channels facilitate conflict resolution and
decision-making processes in tree-planting projects. Conflicts among stakeholders can arise due
to differing interests, resource allocation, or management decisions. Through open and
transparent communication, conflicts can be addressed promptly, leading to consensus-based
decision-making and improved project sustainability (Ng’ang’a, et al., 2020; Wasonga, et al.,
2017). These findings are relevant to our study because it enhances the understanding of
communication and how it is effective in collaborative project management on project
sustainability of tree-planting projects.

2.2.2 Stakeholder engagement and Tree-planting Projects Sustainability

Stakeholder engagement is an important aspect of collaborative project management tree-
planting projects sustainability. Engaging stakeholders, such as organisations, local communities,
farmers’ groups, land owners and the government in project planning and decision-making
processes can lead to improved project outcomes and increased project sustainability. In this
literature review, I will provide some relevant references on stakeholder engagement in tree-
planting projects.

The study found that stakeholder engagement can lead to improved project sustainability by
promoting social and environmental responsibility, enhancing stakeholder satisfaction, and
improving project outcomes. Stakeholder engagement plays a big role in considering the needs
of the local community by providing job opportunities and engaging them enhance tree-planting
projects sustainability. Collaborative project management ensures that these aspects are
addressed and considered throughout the project.

While examining the best method for enhancing effectiveness and efficiency of implementing
aid projects, Crawford and Bryce (2003) argue that the best way to achieve results for a large
organization like a country is through stakeholders‟ participation. Further, Crawford and Bryce
(2003) suggest that the only way for the stakeholders to safeguard the project and guarantee its
sustainability is when the process is inclusive from the project design to its termination. Tree-
planting projects, in particular, have become increasingly important for addressing
environmental challenges, such as deforestation and climate change.

25
A study indicated engaging stakeholders allows for their active participation, input, and support
throughout the project lifecycle, ultimately leading to more sustainable outcomes. According to
the study Chatterjee and Dey (2020), stakeholder engagement fosters a sense of ownership,
facilitates knowledge sharing, and increases accountability, all of which are essential for project
success.

Aitken and Chapman (2018) conducted a case study on a collaborative tree-planting initiative
and found that stakeholder engagement was critical for project success. The authors emphasized
the importance of involving local communities, government agencies, NGOs, and other relevant
stakeholders in decision-making processes, planning, and implementation to ensure long-term
project sustainability.

Also, inclusivity and diversity of stakeholders are key factors in successful engagement. Nguyen
et al. (2021) emphasized the importance of involving a wide range of stakeholders, including
community members, environmental organizations, government representatives, and industry
partners, to ensure diverse perspectives, shared responsibilities, and collective decision-making.
This integrated strategy enhances project sustainability by considering various social, economic,
and environmental dimensions.

Another study indicated that the establishment of feedback mechanisms and ongoing dialogue is
crucial for effective stakeholder engagement. Wei et al., 2020 found that continuous engagement
through feedback loops, workshops, and consultations allowed stakeholders to provide input,
express concerns, and actively contribute to project planning and implementation. This iterative
process strengthens relationships, builds trust, and leads to better project outcomes.

To facilitate stakeholder engagement in collaborative tree-planting projects, various tools and

approaches have been employed. For instance, the use of participatory mapping techniques, as
demonstrated by Fagerholm et al. 2020, enables stakeholders to collectively identify suitable
planting sites, considering local ecological knowledge and preferences. Additionally, digital
platforms and social media can enhance stakeholder engagement by providing accessible
channels for information sharing, public participation, and collaboration by Zhang et al., 2021.

26
It is found stakeholder engagement is an important aspect for effectiveness of collaborative
project management to project sustainability. These findings enable the consensus to which
stakeholder engagement influences project sustainability.

2.2.3 Collaborative Decision-Making and Tree-planting projects sustainability

While investigating collaborative project management collaborative decision-making is vital in
the process. Collaborative decision-making is a process where stakeholders work together to
identify and select a solution to a problem. In the context of tree-planting projects, collaborative
decision-making involves involving all relevant parties, including community leaders, non-
governmental organisations, farmers’ groups and the project sponsors in the decision-making
process to ensure that the project meets its goals and objectives. Benefits of collaborative
decision-making have been highlighted by several scholars. The involvement of multiple
stakeholders in decision-making can increase the complexity and time required to reach
consensus. Balancing diverse perspectives and accommodating various decision-making
approaches may lead to prolonged deliberations and potential project delays. However, the
benefits of inclusivity and shared decision-making outweigh the challenges, as they contribute to
project sustainability in the long run. (Hwang et al., 2020.)

In a study, (Lee and Kim, 2018) found that collaborative decision-making leads to more efficient
and effective decision-making and helps to build trust among stakeholders. Involving
stakeholders in decision-making processes allows for more efficient allocation and management
of project resources. Collaborative approaches enable stakeholders to collectively assess resource
availability, prioritize activities, and optimize resource allocation. This can lead to the effective
utilization of funds, manpower, and equipment, thereby enhancing the overall sustainability of
tree-planting projects. (Zhang et al., 2022). In addition, engaging stakeholders, fostering
knowledge sharing, and improving resource allocation are some of the key benefits associated
with collaborative approaches. Although challenges exist, such as power dynamics and decision-
making complexity, they can be mitigated through effective leadership, communication, and
conflict resolution strategies. These findings consequently relate to our study enhancing the
understanding of collaborative decision-making and how it influences project sustainability in
tree-planting projects.

27
2.2.4 Resource mobilization and Tree-planting projects sustainability
Resource mobilization is a critical aspect of project management that can significantly impact
sustainability outcomes in tree-planting projects. Effective mobilization of resources, including
labor, materials, and equipment, can result in improved productivity, cost efficiency, and
environmental performance. Several studies have examined the relationship between resource
mobilization and sustainability in tree-planting projects.

Resources are key constraints in tree-planting projects hence sourcing and gathering tree-
planting project materials locally enhances sustainability as the community have the technical
knowhow to work around with these materials. Securing funds and land for tree-planting projects
locally ensures sustainability of the projects as the communities tend to support the projects. This
reduces resistance from land owners especially in rural settings to conservational tree-planting
projects which is the case for our research. Effective management of resources can result in
improved efficiency, cost savings, and environmental performance are critical to achieving
sustainable projects. These findings relate to our study because it elaborates to the extent to
which resource mobilization influences project sustainability.

2.3 Summary of Research Gaps

The gaps in this study can be deduced as;

There have several studies on the sustainability of tree-planting projects. A study by Mwabu
(2019) focused on the factors affecting sustainability of tree-planting projects in Kenya. The
study did not consider collaborative project management as a factor therefore it is imperative for
this study to investigate the influence of collaborative project management on the sustainability
of tree-planting projects.

Another study by Ng’ang’a et al., 2020, focused on understanding conflicts dynamics in

collaborative water management. A case of Nyeri County. It is therefore imperative for this study
to conduct a case study at Zaina investigating the influence of collaborative project management
on the sustainability of the project.

28
2.4 Conceptual Framework
This framework is an illustration of the influence of collaborative management on the
sustainability of tree-planting projects. Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework below

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

COMMUNICATION
• Frequency of communication (no. Of
meetings)
• Accessibility and transparency of
information
• Quality of communication(feedback)
• Use of communication channels-internet

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
• Level of stakeholder engagement
• Stakeholder satisfaction
• Number of stakeholders

COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING • Social Impact

• Environmental impact
• Decision implementation • Economic Impact
• Participation • Stakeholder satisfaction
• Level of trust and respect • Quality project outcomes
• Level of education.

RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
• Source of funds
• Consistency of funds
• Availability of planting materials and land
• Cost effectiveness

29
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents a research methodology of the study, shedding light on the research design
used, target population, sampling technique and sample size, data collection instruments and
procedure and data analysis and presentation techniques.

3.2 Research Design

The research study's survey design will be a descriptive one consisting of a census survey and
case study of Zaina Tree-Planting Project research designs. According to (Creswell, 2012),
survey designs are procedures in quantitative research in which investigators administer a survey
to a sample or to the entire population of people to describe the attitudes, opinions, behaviours,
or characteristics of the population. Best (2004) asserts that conducting a survey is a way to learn
more about the traits, behaviors, or viewpoints of a population. This research design were best
suited for this study because of the manageable size of the target population

3.3 Research Approach

This approach uses a questionnaire and interviews to gather unique data in order to describe a
group that is too big to observe in person. The descriptive survey design aids in explaining the
phenomenon under study by providing answers to questions like who, what, where, and how.
This research will employ a quantitative approach.

3.4 Study Area

This study is to done in Nyeri county, Kenya. Nyeri County is one of the five counties in the
previously Central province of the Republic of Kenya. The county covers a total area of
3325Km2 (according to the 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census) and a total population
of 759164 persons.

Nyeri is one of the counties with a vast forest cover which are being restored and protected
through tree-planting projects. This study focused on a tree-planting project at Zaina 2022.

30
Which lies in the slopes of the Aberdare Forest in Tetu, Nyeri County Kenya. It involved
planting bamboo trees along the river banks of Chania and Zaina River 100 metres from the
confluence of the two rivers and trees 10 metres away from the river banks in Aberdare Forest.

3.5 Target Population

Target population refers to the group of individuals or objects that a researcher wishes to study or
make inferences about. In research methodology, target population is an important concept
because it helps in defining the sample, sampling techniques, and generalizability of the findings.
Creswell, J. W. (2013) in a study of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches and
Bryman, A. (2016) on social research methods study. This study focused on a case study of a
Tree Planting Project at Zaina 2022 in Tetu, Nyeri County. This targeted population will be of 5
collaborative project teams at a case study of Tree-Planting Project at Zaina placed to provide the
required information for the purposes of this study.

Table 3.5 Target Population

The table 1.1 shows the teams targeted in a tree-planting project at Zaina, Tetu in Nyeri County.

Table 3.1 Target population

The tree planting project teams Project team Project Managers
1.Nyewasco Project Team 16 3
2.Kenya Forest Service Team 7 1
3.Water Resource Users Association 14 2
team
4.Humming Bird Organisation team 11 1
5. Community Volunteers team 6 1

3.6 Sample Size

This study sampled the five project teams; Nyewasco, Kenya Forest Service, Water Resource
Users Association, Humming Bird Organisation, Community volunteers’ team which had 62
individuals, this sample has 54 project staff and 8 project managers in a Tree-Planting Project
2022 at Zaina, Tetu in Nyeri County. Nyewasco’s team had 19 individuals consisting of 16
project staff and 3 project managers, KFS’ team had 8 individuals consisting of 7 project staff

31
and 1 project manager, WRUA’s team had 16 individuals consisting of 14 project staff and 2
project managers, Humming Bird Organisation’s team had 12 individuals consisting of 1 project
staff and 1 project manager and the Community Volunteer’s team had 7 individuals consisting of
6 project staff and 1 project manager.

3.7 Sampling procedure

Censuses will be used in this research to ensure that data is collected from all samples of the
population under study. It will involve dividing the population into distinct subgroups or strata
based on specific characteristics or variables of interest. In this research census will involve
categorizing the total population in this Tree-Planting Project into different strata based on
stakeholder groups. i.e., the collaborative project teams.

3.8 Research instruments

This research will use structured questionnaires and structured interviews to collect data in Zaina
Tree-Planting Project from the project managers and staff in the five collaborative project teams.

3.9 Sampling Design

Sampling refers to the selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to
estimate characteristics of the whole population. Census will be used since the number of
subjects will be manageable. The census size focus will be on the five project teams.

3.10 Data Collection

I first secured a research permit from The National Commission for Science Technology and
Innovation. During the study, the researcher will administer questionnaires to the project staff
and managers in the five project teams. After one week, the completed questionnaires will be
collected. There will be new arrangements made if the respondents need extra time. In order to
gather in-depth information about the influence of collaborative management to project
sustainability, project managers will be interviewed by use of a structured interview guide.

32
3.12 Data Analysis and Presentation
Data analysis refers to examining what has been collected in a survey or experiment and making
decision and inferences (Donald and Delno, 2006). Respondents' questionnaires will be edited
and tidied up to make sure they are accurate and consistent. The data will then be systematically
organized and converted to numerical codes representing measurements of variables and
analyzed through descriptive statistics. Statistical techniques such as frequency distribution
tables and percentages will be used. To determine the relationship between the different
independent variables and project sustainability means and standard deviation will be used.

3.13 Ethical Considerations.

Ethics are rules or expectations of conduct that direct moral decisions regarding our conduct and
interactions with others. I shall take the utmost care when gathering the data to make sure the
respondents' rights and privacy are respected. I will take the time to explain to the responder why
he or she is participating in the study and obtain consent before administering the questionnaire.
The questionnaires won't be forced upon any respondents. The respondents will be given the
assurance that the opinions they express in the questionnaires will be treated in the strictest
confidence, and that their identities won't be disclosed.

33
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATIONS AND
DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction
This chapter is on data analysis, presentation, interpretation and discussion. The first section in
this chapter is on the response rate of the respondents. The second section of this chapter
presents the profiles of respondents. The third section presents usage of the Likert-type scales in
data presentation, the analysis, presentation, interpretation and discussion of the relationships
under investigation. Since descriptive research design and case study under quantitative research
approach was used in this study, descriptive and quantitative statistical analysis were carried out
in this chapter simultaneously. For each research objective, descriptive analysis was done by use
of the arithmetic mean and the standard deviation in this study. Discussions in this chapter were
done from the analysis and interpretation of descriptive and quantitative data.

4.2 Questionnaire Response Rate

This study’s objective was 62 project participants in five project teams on a case study of a tree-
planting project at Zaina. Out of these, the researcher managed to collect 52 filled questionnaires.
This represented 84% of the response rate. It was determined that this was plausible enough for
statistical analysis. According to Babbie (2002), 50% of the response rate is adequate for
statistical generalization. The American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR)
recommends a minimum response rate of 60% for surveys to ensure statistical representativeness
which was achieved in this study. This high response rate was achieved by educating the project
participants on the significance of this research and making regular visits to the tree-planting
project. It shows the willingness of the respondents to participate in this research.

4.3 Profile of the Respondents.

4.3.1 Distribution Of Respondents According to Gender.

Including gender in the research was necessary in order to obtain the gender composition of the
tree-planting project at Zaina. Table 4.1 shows the population of males stands at 67% while
females stand at 33%.

Table 4.1: Gender Distribution of the Respondents

34
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 35 67.3
Female 17 32.7
Total 52 100
These findings show that there is a relative gender parity in the tree-planting project which meets
the two thirds gender rule in Kenya. This implies that the views expressed in these findings are
gender sensitive and can be taken as a representative of the opinions of both males and females
in regard to collaborative project management on project sustainability. Which is a fair
illustration of gender equality in tree-planting projects.

However, the study observed a lack of gender parity in the case of project managers. Out of the 8
project managers interviewed, 6 were males while 2 were females. This shows gender imbalance
in senior management in tree-planting projects.

This distribution is summarized in figure 4.1:

Gender Distribution

33%

67%

Male Female

From figure 4.1 majority of the respondents were male.

35
4.3.2 Age of the Respondents
The respondents were required to indicate their age. The collaborative project teams had majority
in the 21-30 age bracket. The distribution is summarized in table 4.2

Table 4.3: Age distribution of Respondents

Age Frequency Percentage

20 years and below 3 5.8
21-30 21 40.4
31-40 14 26.9
41-50 9 17.3
51-60 5 9.6
Total 52 100

The results show that 5.8% of the population were 20 years and below. Majority (40.4%) of the
respondents were aged between 21 and 30, while those aged 31 to 40 comprised 26.9 % of the
respondents. 17.3% of the respondents were aged 41-50 and those aged 51 and above were only
9.6%.

This age distribution shows that most of the tree-planting project participants are below the age
of 40 a vast majority being in the 21-30 age bracket. This could be connected to the fact
collaborative project management is as a relatively new discipline in the tree-planting industry in
Kenya and most of the personnel with requisite qualifications in this field are relatively young.

36
This distribution is summarized in figure 4.2 below:

AGE DISTRIBUTION

10% 6%

17%

40%

27%

20yrs and below 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60

From figure 4.2 majority of the respondents were below 40. This shows Collaborative Project
Management is relatively new in the tree-planting projects.

4.4 Descriptives

4.4.1 Analysis on the Sustainability of the Tree-Planting Project.

The respondents were asked to rate in a scale of 1-5 whether they agree or disagree with 1 being
strongly disagree and 5 being strongly agree the sustainability of the tree-planting project and the
influence of collaborative project management on it.

Parameter Mean Standard Deviation

Collaborative project management practices are essential for 4.1 1.39
promoting sustainability in tree planting projects
Collaborative project management improves communication and 3.5 1.18
coordination among project team members, which enhances
project sustainability
Collaborative project management enhances stakeholder 3.7 1.18

37
engagement, which is critical to achieving sustainable outcomes
in tree planting projects
Collaborative project management practices promote the use of 3.8 0.99
sustainable design and sustainable practices in tree planting
projects
Collaborative project management practices improve the project 3.4 1.23
team’s ability to identify and manage sustainability risks in tree
planting projects
Collaborative project management practices facilitate resource 3.9 1.08
mobilization in the community in tree planting projects
Composite mean score-3.7
Composite Standard Deviation-1.18

4.4.2 Analysis of Communication on its influence on Sustainability of the Tree-Planting

Project.
Communication is bound to have an effect on the sustainability of tree-planting projects. Factors
such as frequency of communication, accessibility and transparency of information, quality of
communication and communication channels from the planning to the completion of the project,
all critical factors in the sustainability of tree-planting projects. Using these indicators to measure
and evaluate communication in influence of collaborative project management on the
sustainability of this tree-planting project.

The respondents were required to rate given statements on communication in a Likert scale of 1
– 5. The scores were as shown in Table 4.4
Parameter Mean Standard deviation
1. You get information when you need it 4.8 0.75
2.How would you rate your awareness on the project’s 4.7 0.86
goals?
3.Do you know how your work helps the project meet its 4.6 0.84
goals and objectives
4.How would you rate your Project’s managers effort to 4.5 0.81

38
keep you informed
5.The use of internet and social media such as shared 3 1.39
calendars and task lists facilitates timely and effective
project planning, which is critical to achieving sustainable
outcomes in tree-planting projects.
6. How well are you informed about how the Project is 4.4 0.96
performing
7. The use of visual aids (e.g., diagrams, charts, graphs) in 3.6 1.34
communication enhances the effectiveness of
communication and promotes understanding among
project team members, which is critical to achieving
sustainable outcomes in tree planting projects.
8. Effective communication among project team members 4.0 0.97
is essential for achieving sustainable outcomes in tree
planting projects.
Composite mean score-4.2
Composite Standard Deviation-0.92
Standard deviation is a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean. Low
standard deviation means data are clustered around the mean and high standard deviation
indicates data are more spread out.

The first item sought to establish whether the project staff and managers received information
when they need it. This had a mean of 4.8 and a standard deviation of 0.75. This means that a
majority of the respondents strongly agree that receive information when they need it. The
second item was the respondents to rate their awareness of project’s goals. This gave a mean
score of 4.7 and a standard deviation of 0.86. The second last item to the respondents was to
determine whether uses of visual aids enhanced understanding and effective communication
among team members to achieving sustainable outcomes in the tree-planting project. The last
item had a mean score of 4.0 and standard deviation of 0.97. This shows that a majority of the
respondents agree that effective communication greatly influences the sustainability success of
tree-planting projects and establishes there is effective communication among project staff and
managers. The low standard deviation of 0.97 is a pointer that there is a convergence of opinion

39
in regard to this item. The composite mean is 4.2 with a standard deviation of 0.92. This mean
indicates that a majority of respondents agree that communication influences the sustainability of
the tree-planting project.

4.4.3 Analysis of Stakeholder Engagement on its influence on Sustainability of the Tree-

Planting Project.

The study sought to find out the influence of stakeholder engagement on project’s sustainability
of a tree-planting project at Zaina.

The results are as illustrated in Table 4.5

Parameters Mean Standard

Deviation
Stakeholders meet frequently in meetings, discussion forums, 4.5 0.7
online to be updated on the project’s status
Stakeholder engagement greatly impacts the sustainability of 4.8 0.45
collaborative managed tree-planting projects
How would you rate the sustainability of this project? 4.7 0.53
Stakeholders are effectively engaged in Collaborative Project 4.6 0.62
Management
How often is collaborative project management used tree- 2.7 1.54
planting projects you have worked on?
Stakeholders are satisfied with the level of engagement in this 3.9 1.27
collaboratively managed tree-planting project.
How would rate the level of collaborative project management 3.6 1.48
in this project?
The local community ensures sustainability of this tree-planting 4.3 0.96
project.
Composite Mean Score-4.1
Composite Standard Deviation-0.94

40
The first item was to establish whether the project embraces stakeholder engagement. This
generated a mean score of 4.5 and standard deviation of 0.7. This establishes that stakeholder
engaged takes place in the project and many the project staff and managers agree on this. The
second item seeks to establish the impacts on project’s sustainability in the tree-planting project.
This gives a mean score 4.8 and standard deviation of 0.45. This shows that the respondents
strongly agree that stakeholder engagement impacts project sustainability. A majority of the
respondents rated the sustainability of the tree-planting project highly with a mean score of 4.7
and a standard deviation of 0.53. A number of respondents agreed that they were effectively
engaged in Collaborative Project Management with a mean score of 4.6 and a standard deviation
of 0.62. Respondents indicated that a significant figure of previously worked on tree-planting
projects were Collaboratively managed. It gives a mean score of 2.7 and a standard deviation of
1.54. The study showed that a chunk of stakeholders was satisfied with the Collaboratively
managed tree-planting project, with a mean score of 3.9 and standard deviation of 1.27. The
second last item measured the level of collaborative project management in this Tree-Planting
Project, it showed that the respondents rated it relatively high with a mean score of 3.6 and
standard deviation of 1.48. Lastly the study showed that the respondents agreed that the
community plays a significant role in ensuring sustainability of this tree-planting project. It had a
mean score of 4.3 and a standard deviation of 0.96.

The composite mean was 4.1 with a standard deviation of 0.94. This mean indicates that a
majority of respondents agree that stakeholder engagement influences the sustainability of the
tree-planting project.

4.4.4 Analysis of Collaborative Decision-Making on its influence on sustainability of the

Tree-Planting Project.
Collaborative Decision-making is a complementary process in collaborative project
management. In this study indicators used were decision implementation, participation, level of
trust and respect, and level of education.

The researcher sought to find out the level of education and informed collaborative decision-
making sustainability of the project.They were asked to indicate their level of education since
decision-making means requires some skills and knowledge that can be attributed to the levels of

41
education. It was observed that majority of the respondents (43%) were university graduates This
category was followed by Diploma holders who formed 28.5% of the respondent. Certificate
holders were 16.6 % while those with high school certificate were 7.9%. Only 4% of the
respondents had a master’s degree. This shows that the greater majority of the workforce have
high academic qualifications since 75.5% had a Diploma and above.

The fact that collaborative decision-making is a skill intensive endeavour may account for the
high level of education of the respondents. The skills and knowledge utilised in Collaborative
Project Management require a good academic foundation.

The distribution can be summarized in figure 4.3

Eductional Level

4% 8%

17%

43%

29%

High School Level Certificate Diploma Bachelor's Degree Master's Degree

From figure 4.3, it’s evident that a majority has high academic qualifications since 75.5% had a
diploma and above.

Collaborative decision-making is a comprehensive activity that requires critical thinking hence

the number of personnels involved in the decision-making process is a huge indicator of
Collaborative decision-making.

Therefore, it is necessary to measure project staff, community and parties involved in decision-
making in the tree-planting project.

42
The respondents were required to rate given statements on collaborative decision-making in a
Likert scale of 1 – 5. The scores were as shown in Table 4.6
Mean Standard
deviation
How would you rate the overall sustainability of this tree- 4.7 0.53
planting project.
Collaborative decision-making is effective for this tree- 4.4 0.98
planting projects sustainability.
How would you rate the collaborative decision-making in the 4.5 0.87
project in enhancing trust and respect in this project?
Collaborative decision-making ensures all stakeholders are 4.3 0.94
involved in decision-making in the tree-planting project?
All stakeholders are involved in the decision-making process 4.7 0.39
Composite Mean score-4.52
Composite Standard Deviation-0.742

The study shows respondents strongly agreed that all the project parties were involved in the
decision-making process, gives a mean score of 4.7 and a standard deviation of 0.39. The
composite mean score of these items was 4.52 and the composite standard deviation was 0.742
The implication of this result in respect to the study is that respondents’ view of collaborative
decision-making is positive in regard to this project’s sustainability.

4.4.5 Analysis of Resource Mobilization on its influence on sustainability of the Tree-

Planting Project.

The sources of the resources and project budget in this tree-planting project is an indicator in
Collaborative Project Management. Factors such as adequacy of budget, consistence of funding,
prudent use of funds and the stages which funding occur, availability of planting materials and
land are important for sustainability of the tree-planting project.

43
The researcher sought to find out what was the main source of funding for the project. 53%
indicated that their source of funding was from the key stakeholders 32% from the community
while 15% identified other sources.

The data is represented in figure 4.4

Source of Funds

15%

53%
32%

Key Stakeholders Community Others

Figure 4.4 shows source of funds in the tree-planting project.

The respondents were also asked to rate five statements in a Likert scale of 1-5. This was to
measure the influence of resource mobilization on the sustainability of the tree-planting project.
The first item sought to establish whether the funds are adequate for project sustainability. This
generated a mean standard score of 3.3 and a standard deviation of 1.38. This mean indicates that
majority of the respondents were neutral that funds were adequate for sustainability of the tree-
planting project. The second item sought to establish whether the funding was consistent for the
project sustainability. Again, a majority of the respondents (Mean of 3.1 and standard deviation
of 1.19) were neutral on the consistency of funds in the tree-planting project. The third item
sought to establish whether the source of funding influences sustainability of the tree-planting
project. This generated a mean score of 3.9 and a standard deviation of 1.23. This mean shows
that a majority of the respondents agreed that sources of funding influences project’s
sustainability. The fourth item asked the respondents to indicate whether there is sufficient

44
resource mobilization contributes to the sustainability of the tree-planting project. This generated
a mean score of 3.4 and a standard deviation of 1.79. This shows that majority of the respondents
agreed that resource mobilization and management contribute to the sustainability of the tree-
planting project. The second last item had a mean of 3.6 and a standard deviation of 1.61. The
last item sought to establish whether the respondents believed that when the local community
offers materials and land for a tree-planting project it ensures sustainability. This generated a
mean of 4.2 and a standard deviation of 0.87. This shows the respondents agreed the local
materials and land enhances sustainability of the tree-planting project. The composite mean score
for the influence of resource mobilization on the sustainability of the tree-planting project was
3.5 with a composite standard deviation of 1.345. This means that a majority of the respondents
agree that resource mobilization influences the sustainability of the Tree-Planting Project.

The table 4.7 illustrates below:

Mean Standard Deviation

The amounts of funds in this Tree-Planting Project is 3.3 1.38
adequate?
The funding is consistent in the Project? 3.1 1.19
The source of funding influences the Project Sustainability 3.9 1.23
Resource mobilization influences the sustainability of the 3.4 1.79
Tree-Planting Project?
The resources are utilized for the tree-planting project? 3.6 1.61
The community locally providing materials and land 4.2 0.87
ensures sustainability in tree-planting projects?
Composite mean score- 3.5
Composite Standard Deviation-1.345

45
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction
This chapter presents summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations. In the summary
of findings, the results and remarks for each descriptive in the study were presented for the four
research objectives. The conclusions presented in this section were delineated from the research
objectives and informed by the findings, analysis, interpretation and discussions in the study.
Recommendations based on the results collaborative project management and sustainability,
methodology, and scope as well as suggestions for further research were made.

5.2 Summary of findings

This section provides a summary of the findings as presented in the previous chapter. The study
sought to determine the influence of collaborative project management on the sustainability of a
tree-planting project. Demographic characteristics of the respondents were first analyzed. The
study established that the population of males stands at 67% while females stand at 33%. The
results established that 5.3% of the population were 20 years and below. Majority (40.4%) of the
respondents were aged between 21 and 30, while those aged 31 to 40 comprised 27.8 % of the
respondents. 17.9% of the respondents were aged 41-50 and those aged 51 and above were only
8.6%.

The composite mean is 4.2 with a standard deviation of 0.92. This mean indicates that a majority
of respondents agree that communication influenced the sustainability of the tree-planting
project. The first parameter information when you need it had a mean of 4.8 and a standard
deviation of 0.75. The second parameter was the respondents to rate their awareness of project’s
goals. This gave a mean score of 4.7 and a standard deviation of 0.86. The second last parameter
was to determine whether uses of visual aids enhanced understanding and effective
communication among team members to achieving sustainable outcomes in the tree-planting
project. The parameter effective communication is essential had a mean score of 4.0 and standard
deviation of 0.97.

Stakeholder engagement had a composite mean of 4.1 with a standard deviation of 0.94. The first
parameter was measure frequency of meetings. This generated a mean score of 4.5 and standard
deviation of 0.7. The second parameter sought to establish the impacts on project’s sustainability

46
in the Tree-Planting project. This gave a mean score 4.8( great extent) and standard deviation of
0.45. A majority of the respondents rated the sustainability of the Tree-Planting project highly
with a mean score of 4.7( great extent) and a standard deviation of 0.53. A number of
respondents agreed that they were effectively engaged in Collaborative Project Management with
a mean score of 4.6( great extent) and a standard deviation of 0.62. Respondents indicated that a
significant figure of previously worked on tree-planting projects were Collaboratively managed.
It gave a mean score of 2.7( little extent) and a standard deviation of 1.54. The study showed that
a chunk of stakeholders were satisfied with the Collaboratively managed Tree-Planting project,
with a mean score of 3.9( large extent) and standard deviation of 1.27. The second parameter
measured the level of collaborative project management in the Tree-Planting Project, it showed
that the respondents rated it relatively high with a mean score of 3.6( large extent) and standard
deviation of 1.48. Lastly the study showed that the respondents agreed that the community plays
a significant role in ensuring sustainability of this tree-planting project. It had a mean score of
4.3( great extent) and a standard deviation of 0.96.

Collaborative decision-making had a composite mean score of 4.52 while the composite standard
deviation was 0.742. The implication of this result in respect to the study is that respondents’
view of collaborative decision-making is positive in regard to the project’s sustainability. It was
observed that majority of the respondents (43%) were university graduates, 28.5% were diploma
holders, 16.6 were certificate holders and 4% of the respondents had a master’s degree. This
indicted the 75.5% had a Diploma and above. The study indicated that the respondents strongly
agreed that all the project parties were involved in the decision-making process, gave a mean
score of 4.7( great extent) and a standard deviation of 0.39.

It established composite mean score for the influence of resource mobilization on the
sustainability of the Tree-Planting Project was 3.5 with a composite standard deviation of 1.345.
This means that a majority of the respondents agree that resource mobilization influence the
sustainability of the Tree-Planting Project.

5.3 Conclusions
This section presents the conclusions made in the study. The study established collaborative
project management elements; communication, stakeholder engagement, collaborative decision-

47
making, resource mobilization all had an influence on the project sustainability. The study
determined that communication, stakeholder engagement and collaborative decision-making had
a huge influence on the sustainability of the tree-planting project. Resource mobilization had a
relative influence on the sustainability of the tree-planting project.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of collaborative project management on
the sustainability of a Tree-Planting Project at Zaina and it was achieved based on our study.

The first research objective sought to investigate to what extent communication influences the
sustainability of a tree-planting project at Zaina. The indicators were frequency of
communication, accessibility and transparency of information, quality of communication and use
of communication channels. It was found the project team managers and members
communicated frequently, project teams accessed with ease transparent information, also the
project managers got feedback from project participants. The study established that the project
staff and managers were not very familiar with collaborative tools and online communication
channels. In conclusion the researcher found that communication had a significant influence on
the sustainability of the Tree-Planting Project at Zaina.

The second research objective was to investigate to what extent stakeholder engagement
influences the sustainability of a Tree-Planting Project at Zaina. The indicators were level of
stakeholder engagement, stakeholder satisfaction and number of stakeholders. The study found
that the level of stakeholder engagement was high, a significant number of project participants
were satisfied, the number of stakeholders was huge indicating engagement. The study
established stakeholder engagement had a very significant influence on social sustainability as
the Tree-Planting Project engaged the community, various key stakeholders in the project and the
project staff. This leads to cost effectiveness and social sustainability.

The third research objective was to investigate to what extent collaborative decision-making
influences the sustainability of a Tree-Planting Project at Zaina. The indicators were decision
implementation, participation, level of trust and respect and level of education. The study found
decisions were implemented as agreed, most project stakeholders participated actively in the
project, level of trust and respect was high, majority of the respondents were educated. It
established collaborative decision-making influenced the sustainability of the Tree-Planting
Project ensuring the project cost is effective and efficient.

48
 The fourth research objective was to investigate to what extent resource mobilization influences
the sustainability of a Tree-Planting Project at Zaina. The indicators of this objective were source
of funds, consistency of funds, availability of planting materials and land and cost effectiveness.
It was found that source of funds enhanced the sustainability of the project, the cost effectiveness
of the project was determined by resource mobilization. It established that it helps the project
secure land and materials from the local community ensuring sustainability.

5.4 Recommendations of the Study

In order to ensure sustainability of tree-planting projects, the study recommends:

1.Promote Collaborative Culture: There is a need to promote a culture of collaboration tree-

planting projects in Nyeri County. This can be done by educating stakeholders on the benefits of
collaboration, establishing collaborative practices, and providing incentives for collaboration.

2.Develop Training Programs- Collaborative project management requires high level of skills
and knowledge. Developing training programs to different project teams such as project
managers, non-governmental organisations, community and the government can improve
collaboration and project sustainability.

5.5 Suggestions for further studies

It is noted that this research was limited to collaborative project management influencing the
sustainability of a tree-planting project at Zaina in Nyeri county. The researcher suggests the
following to be considered for further research:
I. Similar studies should be done in other counties to provide a broader perspective on the
influence of collaborative project on the sustainability of tree-planting projects.
II. Conduct a comparative study to examine the factors that influence the success of
collaborative project management in tree-planting projects in Nyeri County.

49
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 APPENDICES
Appendix I: Questionnaire for Project Staff and Managers Involved in Collaborative Project
Management

This questionnaire is intended to collect information on the influence of collaborative

management on project sustainability in tree planting projects at Zaina. Please read the
instructions for each question carefully before giving the responses required. The identity of all
respondents will be held in strict confidence. Participation in the study is voluntary and the data
collected will be used for the study only. Kindly spare your time to fill in the questions based on
your expertise in collaborative project management in tree planting projects.

Section A: Personal Information

Please put a tick (√) where appropriate
I. Gender (i) Male [ ]
(ii) Female [ ]

II. Age Bracket (i) 20 years and below [ ]

(ii) 21-30 [ ]
(iii)31-40 [ ]
(iv)41-50 [ ]
(v)51 and above [ ]

III. Educational Level (i) High School [ ]

(ii) Diploma [ ]
(iii)Certificate [ ]
(iv)Bachelor’s Degree [ ]
(v)Master’s Degree [ ]

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Section B: Information about the Project
IV. Respondent’s Position …………………………………………………………………

V. Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the following

statements on a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 =
neutral, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree):

1 2 3 4 5
Collaborative project management
practices are essential for promoting
sustainability in tree planting projects.
Collaborative project management
improves communication and coordination
among project team members, which
enhances project sustainability.
Does collaborative project management
enhance stakeholder engagement to achieve
sustainable outcomes in tree-planting
projects?
Do collaborative project management
practices promote the use of sustainable
design and sustainable practices in tree
planting projects?
Do collaborative project management
practices improve the project team's ability
to identify and manage sustainability risks
in tree-planting projects.
Do collaborative project management
practices facilitate resource management
and mobilization in the community in tree
planting projects?

VI. How many collaboratively managed tree planting projects have you worked
on?.............................
VII. Are the tree planting projects sustainable? ………………………………………

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Section C: Communication
VIII. What is the project’s main means of communication for tree-planting
projects?...............................
IX. How did it lead to Project’s Sustainability?....................................
X. Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the following
statements on a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 =
neutral, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree):
1 2 3 4 5
1. Do you get information when you need it?
2. How would you rate your awareness of the
project’s goals?
3. Do you know how your work helps the project
meet its goals and objectives?
4. How would you rate your Project’s managers
effort to keep you informed?
5. The use of the internet and social media such
as shared calendars and task lists facilitates
timely and effective project planning, which is
critical to achieving sustainable outcomes in tree-
planting projects.
6. How well are you informed about how the
Project is performing?
7. The use of visual aids (e.g., diagrams, charts,
graphs) in communication enhances the
effectiveness of communication and promotes
understanding among project team members,
which is critical to achieving sustainable
outcomes in tree planting projects.
8. Effective communication among project team
members is essential for achieving sustainable
outcomes in tree planting projects.

55
Section D: Stakeholder Engagement
XI. Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the following
statements on a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 =
neutral, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree)
1 2 3 4 5
Do stakeholders meet frequently in
meetings, discussion forums, and
online to be updated on the
project’s status?
Stakeholder engagement greatly
impacts the sustainability of
collaboratively managed tree-
planting projects?
How would you rate the
sustainability of this project?
Stakeholders are effectively
engaged in Collaborative Project
Management.
How often is collaborative project
management used in tree-planting
projects you have worked on
Are stakeholders satisfied with the
level of engagement in
collaboratively managed tree-
planting projects?
How would rate the level of
collaborative project management
in this project?
The local community ensures the
sustainability of tree-planting
projects.

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SECTION E: Collaborative Decision-Making
XII. Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the following
statements on a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 =
neutral, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree):
1 2 3 4 5
How would you rate the overall sustainability of
the tree-planting project?
Collaborative decision-making is effective for
tree-planting projects’ sustainability.
How would you rate the level of collaborative
decision-making in the project?
Collaborative decision-making ensures all
stakeholders are involved in decision-making in
the tree-planting project.
All stakeholders are involved in the decision-
making process

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SECTION F: RESOURCE MOBILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
XIII. Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the following
statements on a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 =
neutral, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree):
1 2 3 4 5
The amount of funds for the Tree planting
Projects is adequate?
The funding is consistent in the Projects.
The source of funding influences project
sustainability
Resource mobilization and management
influence tree planting projects’
sustainability
The resources are utilized for the tree-
planting projects?
The community locally provides materials
and funds to ensure sustainability

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION

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Appendix II: Interview Guide for Project Managers
Introduction
The purpose of this interview is to collect information on collaborative project management
influencing project sustainability in a tree planting project in Zaina. The information collected
will be used for academic purposes only and it will be handled with utmost confidentiality.

Section A: General Information

1) What are your academic qualifications?
2) How many Collaborative Project Managed tree-planting projects have you worked on?
3) Do you have any professional training in Collaborative Project Management?

Section B: Specific Information

1) How long has this project been running?
2) How do you rate Collaborative Project Management in your Project?
3) Do you use Collaborative Project Management in your Project?
4) How effective is Collaborative Project Management in tree-planting project
sustainability?
5) What are the challenges hindering Collaborative Project Management from achieving
sustainable projects?

59