Basics of PLC

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PLC Architecture

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PLC System

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 Processor Memory Organization
The memory of a PLC is organized by types.

The memory space can be divided into two broad

categories:

program and data memory.

Advanced ladder logic functions allow controllers to

perform calculations, make decisions and do other
complex tasks. Timers and counters are examples of
ladder logic functions. They are more complex than
basic inputs contacts and output coils and rely
heavily upon data stored in the memory of the PLC.

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 Memory Map
A memory map can be used to show how memory is
organized in a PLC.

▪ Input/output locations
▪ Internal relay and
Data table timer/counter locations

The user program causes

User program the controller to operate
in a particular manner

Used to carry out

Housekeeping memory functions needed to make
the processor operate
(no access by user)

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 Program Files

The user program will

account for most of the
memory of a PLC system.

•Program files contain

the logic controlling
machine operation.

•This logic consists of

instructions that are
programmed in a
Program file organization
for SLC-500 controller. ladder logic format.
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 Data Files
Data file organization
for SLC-500 controller.

The data file portion of memory

stores input and output status,
processor status, the status of
various bits and numerical data.

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 Data Files
Data files are organized by the type of data they contain

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 Input Table File Operation

Input module
Switch Open

Binary 0 stored
0

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 Input Table File Operation

Input module
Processor continually
Switch Closed reads current input
status and updates
input image table file

Binary 1 stored
1

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 Output Table File Operation

Output module
Output
Processor continually OFF
activates or deactivates
output status according
to output image table
file status

Status 0

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 Output Table File Operation

Output module

Processor continually
activates or deactivates
output status according
to output image table
file status
Output
ON
1

Status 1

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 Program Scan
During each operating cycle, the processor reads all
inputs, takes these values, and energizes or de-energizes
the outputs according to the user program. This
process is known as a scan.
I/O scan – records status data of input
devices. Energizes output devices that
have their associated status bits set to
ON (1)

Program scan – instructions are

executed sequentially

Because the inputs can change at any time, the PLC must
carry on this process continuously.
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 Scan Process
The scan time indicates how fast the controller can react
to changes in inputs. Scan times vary with computer
model and program content, and length. If a controller
has to react to an input signal that changes states twice
during the scan time, it is is possible that the PLC will
never be able to detect this change.

Scan time may be a concern

in high speed operations

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 Scan Process
Read inputs

The scan is a
a continuous
and sequential
process
Adjusts Run
outputs program

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 Data Flow Overview

Input Output
data Input data
Input image Output Output
modules table file image modules
table file

Examine data Return results

Program

Check/compare/examine Take some

specific conditions action
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 Scan Process
Input Output
Module Module
Input Output
Output
Input device
file file
device

I:3/6 O:4/7
I:3/6 O:4/7

Program
When the input is
The processor turns
closed, the input
light output O:4/7
module senses a O:4/7
voltage and an ON
I:3/6 ON during the next
I/O scan
condition (1) is During the program scan the
entered into the processor sets instructions
input table bit I:3/6 I:3/6 and O:4/7 to ON (1)

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 Scan Patterns
Horizontal Scanning
Order
The processor examines
input and output
instructions from the
first command, top left
in the program,
horizontally, rung by
rung.

End of ladder
In addition to the program itself, the scan time is also dependent on
the clock frequency of the processor!
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 Scan Patterns

Vertical Scanning
Order
The processor examines
input and output
instructions from the
first command, vertically,
column by column and
page by page. Pages are
executed in sequence.

End of ladder
Misunderstanding the way the PLC scans can cause programming
bugs!
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 PLC Programming Languages
The term PLC programming language refers to the method
by which the user communicates information to the PLC.

The three most common

language structures are:
ladder diagram language, Ladder diagram language
Boolean language, and
functional chart.

Functional
chart
Boolean language

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 Comparing Programming Language
PB1 CR1 CR2 SOL
Relay Schematic
LS1

PB1 CR1 CR2 SOL

Equivalent ladder
diagram language
LS1

Equivalent Boolean language

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 Relay-Type Instructions
The ladder diagram language is basically a
symbolic set of instructions used to create the
controller program.

These ladder instructions symbols are

arranged to obtain the desired control logic.

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 Examine If Closed (XIC) Instruction

Symbol Analogous to the normally open relay

contact. For this instruction we ask
the processor to EXAMINE IF (the
contact is) CLOSED (XIC)

Typically represents any input. Can be a switch

or pushbutton, a contact from a connected output,
or a contact from an internal output.

Has a bit-level address which is examined for an

ON condition.

The status bit will be either 1 (ON) or 0 (OFF).

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Examine If Closed (XIC) Instruction

I:012
I:012

04

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 Examine If Closed (XIC) Instruction

I:012
I:012

04

If the status bit is 0 (OFF), then the instruction

is FALSE.

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 Examine If Closed (XIC) Instruction

I:012
I:012

04

If the status bit is 1 (ON), then the instruction is TRUE.

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 Examine If Open (XIO) Instruction

Symbol Analogous to the normally closed

relay contact. For this instruction we
ask the processor to EXAMINE IF (the
contact is) OPEN (XIO).

Typically represents any input. Can be a switch or

pushbutton, a contact from a connected output,
or a contact from an internal output.
Has a bit-level address which is examined for an OFF
condition.

The status bit will be either 1 (ON) or 0 (OFF).

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 Examine If Open (XIO) Instruction

I:012
I:012

04

If the status bit is 0 (OFF), then the instruction is TRUE.

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 Examine If Open (XIO) Instruction

I:012
I:012

04

If the status bit is 1 (ON), then the instruction is FALSE.

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 Output Energize (OTE) Instruction
Analogous to the relay coil. The
Symbol processor makes this instruction true
(analogous to energizing a coil) when
there is path of true XIC and XIO
instructions in the rung.

Typically represents any output that is controlled by

some combination of input logic. Can be a connected
device or an internal output (internal relay).

If any left-to-right path of input conditions is TRUE,

the output is energized (turned ON).

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 Output Energize (OTE) Instruction

O:013

I:012

I:012 I:012 O:013

11 15 01

OUTPUT ENERGIZE instruction - TRUE

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 Output Energize (OTE) Instruction

O:013

I:012

I:012 I:012 O:013

11 15 01

OUTPUT ENERGIZE instruction - FALSE

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Status Bit Examples
A Input module Bit status

Button not actuated

A Output
OFF

False
A Output
ON
True

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Status Bit Examples
A Input module Bit status

Button actuated

A Output
ON

True
A Output
OFF

False

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 Ladder Rung
Output
instruction
A B C

Input conditions
D

A ladder rung consists of a set of input conditions,

represented by contact instructions, and an output
instruction at the end of the rung, represented by the
coil symbol.
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 Ladder Rung
Output
instruction
A B C

Input conditions
D

For an output to be activated or energized, at least one

left-to-right path of contacts most be closed. A complete
path is referred to as having logic continuity. When logic
exists the rung condition is said to be TRUE.

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 Rung Continuity

Bit in memory Bit in memory

1 1

LS_1 SOL_5

The Examine If Closed instruction is TRUE

making the rung TRUE

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 Rung Continuity

Bit in memory Bit in memory

0 0

LS_1 SOL_5

The Examine If Closed instruction is FALSE

making the rung False

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 Allen-Bradley SLC-500 Controller Addressing Address
output
terminal
Output image table O0:4/6
file 0

O:0:4/6
Bit address
Address
input
terminal Input image table Energized
I1:3/12 file 1 output

I:3/12
Bit address
Closed input
I1:3 O:0:4
User-programmed rung
12 6

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 Structure of A 16-Bit Word
Bit OFF ON

Word
(16 bits)
0 1
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
I/O Connection Diagram
L1 L2 L1 L2
PB1 SOL 1
I:4/5 O:2/3
PL 1
LS1
I:4/6 O:3/6 R

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 Parallel Input Branch Instructions
A C Branch instructions are used
to create parallel paths of
input condition instructions.
If at least one of these parallel
branches forms a true logic
B path, the logic is enabled.

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 Parallel Output Branching
A C

D
B
E

On most PLC models, branches can be established at

both the input and output portion of the rung.
With output branching, you can program parallel outputs
on a rung to allow a true logic path to control multiple
outputs.
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 Nested Input and Output Branches

Input and output branches can be nested to avoid

redundant instructions and to speed up the processor
scan time.
A nested branch starts or ends within another branch.
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 Nested Contact Program
A B C Y
On some PLC models,
the programming of a
Nested
nested branch circuit
D
contact cannot be done directly.
E
A B C Y
Reprogrammed to
obtain the required
Contact logic.
D C instruction
C repeated
E

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 PLC Matrix Limitation Diagram
Max series
contacts

Max parallel No. outputs

lines per rung and
location of the
output in the rung

There may be limitations to the number of series contacts

instructions, number of parallel lines, and the number of outputs and
their location on the rung.
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Programming of Vertical Contacts
A D Y
Original program
C
Y = (AD) + (BCD) + (BE) + (ACE)
B E
A D Y

B C D
Reprogrammed to obtain the
B E required logic
A C E

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Programming for Different Scan Patterns
A B C Y
Original program
D E
F Y = (ABC) + (ADE) + (FE) + (FDBC)

A B C Y

A D E
Reprogrammed to obtain the
F E required logic

F D B C

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 Internal Control Relay
The internal output operates just as any other output
that is controlled by programmed logic; however, the
output is used strictly for internal purposes.

The internal output does not directly control an

output device.

The advantage of using internal outputs is that there

are many situations where an output instruction is
required in a program, but no physical connection to
a field device is needed. Their use in this type of
instance can minimize output card requirements.

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 Extending the Number of Series Contacts Using
an Internal Control Relay
Internal
relay coil
Rung 1

Rung 2

Internal Discrete output (requires

relay one physical connection
contact on the output module)

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 Programming The XIC Instruction
PB1 PB2
Hardwired Circuit
PL

PB1 PB2 PL User program

providing the
same results

Note that both pushbuttons are represented by the XIC symbol. This
is because the normal state of an input (NO or NC) does not matter!
What does matter is that if contacts need to close to energize the
output, then the XIC instruction is used. Since both PB1 and PB2
must close to energize the PL, the XIC instruction is used for both.

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 Programming The XIO Instruction
PB1
PB1
CR PL
CR1
PL
User program providing
the same results
Hardwired Circuit

When the pushbutton is open in the hardwired circuit, relay coil CR is de-
energized and contacts CR1 close to switch the PL on. When the
pushbutton is closed, relay coil CR is energized and contacts CR1 open
to switch the PL off. The pushbutton is represented in the user program
by an XIO instruction. This is because the rung must be true when the
external pushbutton is open, and false when the pushbutton is closed.

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 Operation of The XIC and XIO Instructions

Summary of status conditions

The status of the instruction is:

XIC XIO OTE
If the data Examine If Closed Examine If Open Output Energize
table bit is:

Logic 0 False True False

Logic 1 True False True

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Operation of The XIC and XIO Instructions
State of the output as determined by the changing
state of the inputs in the rung
Inputs Output Bit status
Time
XIC XIO OTE XIC XIO OTE

t1 (initial) False True False 0 0 0

t2 True True Goes true 1 0 1
t3 True False Goes false 1 1 0
t4 False False Remains false 0 1 0

Input instructions Output instruction

XIC XIO OTE

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 Entering the Ladder Diagram
A personal computer is most often used to enter the
ladder diagram.

The computer is adapted

to the particular PLC
model using the relevant
programmable controller
software.

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 RSLogix Main Screen
Different screens, toolbars and windows dialog boxes are
used to navigate through the Windows environment

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 Bit Instructions Tool Bar

To place an instruction on a rung, click its icon

on the toolbar and simply drag the instruction
straight off the toolbar onto the rung of the
ladder.

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 Select Processor Type Screen
The programming software needs to know what
processor is being used in conjunction with the program.

1747-L40E

You simply
scroll down
the list until
you find the
processor you
are using and
select it.

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I/O Configuration Screen

The I/O screen

lets you click or
drag-and-drop a
module from an
all inclusive list to
assign it to a slot
in your
configuration.

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Data File Screen
Data file screens
contain data that
is used in
conjunction with
ladder program
instructions. These
include:
Input
Output
Timer
Counter
Integer
Bit

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 Monitoring a Ladder Logic Program
Operation of the logic is apparent from the highlighting
of rungs of the various instructions on screen, which
identifies the logic state in real time and has logic
continuity.

Highlighted rungs indicate the instruction is true

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 Modes of Operation
A processor has basically two modes of operation:
the program mode or some variation of the run mode.
Program Mode – may be used to
➢ enter a new program
➢ edit or update an existing program
➢ upload files
➢ download files
➢ document programs
➢ change software configurations

When the PLC is switched into the

program mode, all outputs from the PLC
are forced off regardless of their rung
logic status, and the ladder I/O scan
sequence is halted.

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Variations of the Run Mode
Run Mode – is used to execute the
user program. Input devices are monitored
and output devices are energized
accordingly.

Test Mode – is used to operate, or monitor,

the user program without energizing any
outputs.

Remote Mode – allows the PLC to be

remotely changed between program and run
mode by a personnel computer connected
to the PLC processor.

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