Scribd
Upload
40 views22 pages

Series Examples

Uploaded by

kanishka.ksp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
40 views22 pages

Series Examples

Uploaded by

kanishka.ksp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22
SEQUENCE & INFINITE SERIES 18.19 Illustrative Examples. Example, 1, Show that the series 1+ Ase ar ++ is convergent. Solution. Let , ("= 1,2,...) denote the -th term of the given series. Then for 1=1,2,... Uy 1 13.5... ton number of factors 1 “135...(2n—1)" 1 le 2" (n= 1) number of factors u, $V,» for n=1,2,... But the series Y v, = > + is convergent iad (G~$) tf Ad [-- it is a geometric series with common ratio 5 < 1]. Hence by comparison. test the series 5, ie. the given series is convergent. Example. 2. Test the convergence of the series ied aiats, 2h 14+=4+—4+—+—+ MWB! jadhrs Al Solution. Let u,(7=1,2,..-) denote the n-th term of the given series. Then for n= 1,2,... 1 at "n= Now, Qirig2 4, =—.—. n-ln-2n- for n>4, Now, 2 nal 2 So by comparison test the series D 4, is convergent nal ie., the given series is convergent. n-3 x (3) is convergent since itis a GP. series with common ratio 2 < 1 a ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -1 Se Example. 3, Test the convergence of the s 6 8 10 CoN ee 7 5.7.9 .) denote the n-th term of the given series, [WB.U.T.2008,2016] Then for = = 1,2, b Solution. Let 1, (1 an+4 ig = a "(20 =1)(2n+1) (2 +3) * Now, in the ratio #,,, Degree of the expression in the denominator — Degree of the expression in numerator = 3-1=2. 1 ¢ So we consider a series © v, where v, is Then lim “= jim ——™2n+4) noe Vv, nv (2n—1)(2n +1) (2n +3) yet Eg lp heegraih oni ot m7 (2-2)2+1)(3+3) Ab —0)(2 +0) (2 +0) r = Gy 2 finite number. Hence by comparison test, > u, is convergent or divergent if D v,, convergent or divergent, . iD F 1. . eI - A But ¥ v, i.e., > —> is a convergent series (being a p-series with n p=2>1). Therefore the series Yu, ie. the given series is convergent, 2 Example. 4, Test the series z ia Solution. Let #, (n = 2,3,...) denote the n-th term of the given series. Then for n = 2, 3,... logn erp Consider a series >’v, where v, logn cry Mpc as Now, lim + = lim NOV, 10 and the series v, SEQUENCE & INFI S 597 ee a ie DJ is divergent (being a p-scries with p = 0. Solution. Let u,(7=1,2,.. Then for 7 = 1, 2, vn ant sh We see in the fraction u,,, (the degree of the expression in denominator) 4, — (the degree of the expression in numerator) = 3 => Fi ; 1 So we consider a series )"v,, where v, = ee ndn__ nt But lim “*= tim 1 a finite number. 20 60 ¥ ~ o ¥ a ar ae aa is In Cahn pee Now >o¥, ie. > ;, is a divergent series (being a p-series with p = 1). Therefore by comparison test the series Du, i.e., the given series is divergent. Example. 6. Test the convergence of the series Yu, where uy, = (0 +14 =n. [B.U.T.2003,2007| Solution. Here 2 } ++ upto ®|—n son Consider a series Sv, where v, ng lim “* = tim [2-4 nso Vy, a@l3 9'n Hence by comparison test, Cw, and Xv, will either both converge or ‘ ; 1. ‘ a . both diverge. But Dv, ie., 2—> is a convergent series (being a p-series n G i ~uplove) =, @ rite number, with p =2> 1). Therefore the series Yu, i.e., the given series is convergent. Example. 7 : 1 2 3 44 ‘xample. 7. Test the convergence of the series | tor tae at me [WB.U.T. 2005,2016] Solution. Omitting the first term, let u,, (” = 1, 2, . . .) be the n-th term of the given series. Then for n = 1, 2, (a4 Since the difference of degree of the denominator and numerator is 1, . : 1 so we consider a series )'v, where v, =—. n n+l In n a Uy ge lim = lim ———— nov, no (n+))"! F 1 = lim no iby aie 1+— n = lim : 1 tf tim (144) e'(1+0) | n+0 n 1 = a non-zero finite number, F ie. Now, Dv, ie., LF is a divergent series (being a p-series with p=1). Therefore by comparison test the series Dw, i.e., the given series is divergent, SEQUENCE & INFINITE sx; 599 2 Example, 8. Test the series > “2=! nt Solution. Let w, (n= 1,2, Then for n=1,2,.., ++) denote the n-th term of the given series. 2n-1 Qn 2 Ma Ss mt nt (w=at [-@-D!s@-n 2), 1>2.2...22=277], u, <=. 2" 1 Let v, = 55. Then u, <8y, forn=1,2,... : 1 But the series Dv, = > oo ie,, the series ; A357 7 +++ is convergent [- it is a geometric series with common ratio 7h Hence by comparison test the series Du, i.e., the given series is convergent. Example. 9. Test the convergence of the series 12.3 lution: Let, >> u, =— Sate Solu Lona 35°57 n So, here = Un (2n-1)(2n+1) Let us compare the given series with another series I Drs, where vp a . ty Now, — lim— = lim—>— = lim 292 V_ moe Ay? | nae Since <1 ”, converge or both of the diverge 4 1 1 But x» De diverges, for Der diverges when p=1 Hence the given series is divergent. #00 ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC! 1 1 1 E 2. 10. P nerles mm bee Hi xample, 10. Prove that the series 133557 I Uy) L } S i Here, ty = ———~—, “2 |2n=1- ‘olution : Here, 1, (2n=1) (2041) Ht ant) is convergent. =3{('-4)*G- =H{-su}+d as noo. 1 Hence the series is convergent, and its sum is 2 : a 1p 2 430 Example. 11. Examine the series for convergence ztetst pe _w _ (ati? Solution : Here, ty = 5 gut = ae 2 ai So, wath (n+1) Zaa{i-4) Uy gml 22 A Therefore, fim Mat 1 2; 1° Uy 2 , ; wv . Hence the given series ys ad ae is convergent. Example. 12. Show that the series), , where 4m convergent. I Solution : “ee Uy “y 43 vo then w,, ¥, iS convergent, Hence 7 is also convergent. gxample.13. Examine the Convergence of the Xerics Du, , where orn ea) - tin nla 2)(n45) solution : Let us consider a series Sv, , where v= — ns n= lim“ ore, lit Heres 5-50 y, sie Met P a Di, being a p-series with p= 1is divergent, Hence 4, is also divergent, Example. 14. Show that the series 1 Jn+1—Jn_ ‘8 not convergent. an+i+dn 1 n Solution : Here, 4, === = —___~—— = "Ans 1—dn~ (Une ~dn)(dn1 +n) = n+l+vn im, = lim n+1+n)=+4040 where “n Hence the series x is not convergent. : § n(n+l) , Example. 15.Show that the series i(n+2)(n+3) is properly divergent. n(n+1) Solution : Here, 4, “tae 2ne3) n(n+1) . (i+) 2 lim 4, = lim —S2> > — = tim —Y_ 4 _ $9 aS +2) G3) ad CE) n We find that the condition for convergence of Sus , viz, lim w, =0 is not satisfied. rn Also each term of the given series is positive, so it cannot be oscillatory, Hence the given series is properly divergent. ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -1 ) on . 5 ‘ ! 2 3 Example, 16, Show that the series: ty ta 2) Nae Va Solution : Here, 1, © ii a (ney is divergent Let, Yn =— n Then >", is a divergent series, =140 tim |, (3) a Unl , Since the limit of the sequence {2+} is anon-zero number, 4, and n Gee te Now, lim —*= lim ns Vy, tn) 7 are both convergent or both divergent. But “ is divergent. Hence the given series u, is divergent. F . Bil 4.0 5 Example. 17. Examine the convergence of the series 2 + = + — + 8 27 64 n+l Solution : If we denote the given series by My, then u, =~ 1” Let us compare ‘1, with the series Y'v,, where Vp Evidently)", , being a p-series with p=2>1, is convergent, 4, ntl og 1 lim —* = lim] —- xn° | = lim] 1+—]=1 n Hence, the given series is convergent, since vy is so. Example. 18. Test the convergence of the series > [CP 1998) logn Solution : Since logn 1, 3) for alt w>2 logn on PM INFINITE Seip, skQu! Let us comp 0s © the given a *S with the divergent series Vy = ! x» The totd . 4 fa Each (erm of the given serie. , BIVEN Series exceeds the correspondi f the divergent series Mn, esponding term of Hence, the given series ig also divergent, z crgent, Example. 19. Test the Convergence of the seri > 1, } series = Solution : Denoting the given Series by XY I EL We have u,=—=+—1_ dn=l+vn Se Let us introduce a comparison series Dyn, where v Mimi +n lim 4 tim! Example 20. Examine whether th i amas an SSS 1333" Ba 45 convergent. Solution : Denoting the given series by 51, , we have, 4, =(-1)"" n(n +1) 5, Dhul=(1-3)+(} So, lim S, =1 no Thus the series Yu, is absolutely convergent, so it is convergent, “= —— Nie ' whe + 3 — 3 = z ce nel Example 21. Obtain the sum of the series aay [CP 2006] (n+3)(n Solution : Denoting the given series by vu , we have 1 Gn +3) (n+4) ING MATHEMATICS 1 = ENGINEE 1S, denote the nth partial sum of ty « Sy OM EM My bybdeqadie 2 1 4S S60 67 (14 3)(n 44) 11), (t th (1 3 (—5--G)-t--4 laos) ls o) le 7)" nia nt4) 4 nea ee sax at] So lim S, = 3) Hence the sum of series is 7+ Example 22. Test for convergence of the serics : 1 1 a (+a tah a Vii Solution : (i) If'we denote the given series by "+ Uy = : as nt we notice that n!22""! for all n22. 1 “pS Spat forall n22 gl eeerele 2 2 - being an infinite geometric se- P poll A ries with common ratio — <1, is convergent. I Hence the given series ye is also convergent. (ii) we know, nt>2""! for all 722 n-l or, vnl>2 2 , for all n22 |, forall n22 I F F Ps roel . >» ar being a geometric series with common ratio a7) <1 is con- 2 1 vergent. Hence, Lae is also convergent. n! pQUENCE & INFINITE SERIES, -gample 23, Test cach of the fottowi Series Owing series f , ‘ les for convergence: 23° 234" 345° (ii) yi LE iat . 2° a3" Ga’ solution = (i) Denoting the given Series by __ ae y Yu, n(n +1) (n+2) Let us compare > uy with Sv, , where > ns Where y, n 2n-1)n? vow, 2 go n )(n-1) { , \f2-! 'n )(n+2) (net nar *|—7 + 1 n Uy = 1+ n so, lim “2 =2#0, and finite 192 Vy Then vu and >», converge or diverge together. But 1%) = 5 —>, being a p-seriers with p=2>1 is convergnet. Hence 4% is convergent, (ii) Ifthe given series is represented by tm . 1 Ina +1) Let, us introduce a comparison series yy , where v, =— =140 and finite. yo 4, tim = = lim nny, 12 In| (n+l) nm So, either both Yu and oe converge or both diverge. ! i ‘i i om i pes, But y» = ea, being a p-series with p=1, diverges PNGINEE RING MATHEMATICS 1 606. Henee x tty Ze, an is divergent ‘est for convergence of the series. 5 1 1 1 Example 24. 1 "40' 54) Os Solution : If the given series is represented by I My (11-2) 205) uy Now lim 18 Vy 1 aie 9 and finite. Hence ya is convergent. Example 25. Test for convergece of the series: S (Fair) Solution : Denoting the given series by ym, , we have Uy . Vib stednt 1 we shall compare vo with x» » Where Yn = n Since ms lis ie ie [a and finite and > ef QUENCE & INFINITE SERIES 607 ——_—_e_e_—_—_—_—_—_____ 12 34 5:6 + . » 26. Show that the s Tot ST Example. 2 at the series is + 452.6? 77.8? js convergent. solution : If we denote the given series by vu (241) (an+2)? Uy) = 1 | Let v,, =—z > then >» is convergent. n 2 3(2n— 4-= Nant 2 le 1 Vy (2n+1P(2n42) (2+ Ay (2-2) F n so that lim—*=1 19 Vy Therefore, ys and > either both converge or both diverge. But yy is convergent. Hence, Ya is convergent. Example. 27. Test for convergence of the series : an aes 1 1 i in ii) > sin. 3 (iii) D = tan— @ Ysi wy > iy Pal 1 Solution : (i) Let “» ra and Vy ae al sin— . sin® Now, lim = tim —!-= jim, wheré 9 =+ ity, nee L040 0 7 n 2140 So, yu and y» both converge or diverge together. 1 n = )_— is divergent. But Sve = Dod is iver Peers ke Hence vs = ysin= is divergent. r PNGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 608 ————— (n) Here, 1, = sins «Het vy, on le) thus tin = tim 7 140, and finite as before So, Dim, and Dv, both converge or both diverge is convergent - . 1 Here, "=o 2 being a p-scries with p= 2, " ~ 1 Hence Don = ae is convergent, 1 tan— 1 (iii) Let, u, == vnoon , F 1 1 We consider a comparison series >" v, , where Y, = 1 tn( 2) ln (2 ) = tim HY =140, and finite n Now, Jim “= tim tan os () nay, > dn So. > u, and yy, are both convergent or both divergent. 1 But Dn i Ly , being a p-series with p>1, is convergent. 2 n 1 1 Hence )v, -Lzm(2] is convergent. 18.20. D’Alembert’s Ratio test. . . 4, Let >> u, be a series of positive numbers such that lim ntl exist no Up, finitely and let Jim Ens =/, The series x u,, is convergent if / <1 and non Uy =I divergent if />1. When / =], the test fails. [W.B.U.T.2005,2016] Proof. Beyond scope. gr QUENCE & INFINITE SERIES ow i eel 18,21. Hlustrative Examples, 2 2 Seili4s uy ntl 2 il +] Therefore, tim “#t! — 0 u, te Hence the given series ys -y2 y is convergent. 1 A pout, Example. 2. Show that the series = 2 2 hr ton is convergent. Solution : Denoting the given series by ya > , n+12" +1 11 1 stim “#1 = tim = lim 4¢ s\=5 A(n+1)+1}° 2n+2) We have Un = and My Ana) m4? (42) n Unst and jim, a=l 2 Un 39 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -1 610 —_——————————_- We sce that D'Alembert's ratio test fails Now ea. -(1+2) (103) (red) Myst n) n ” Example. 4. Examine the convergence of the series: '* >) * 3) * gi Solution : Denoting the given series by Mm + n+! Mol Orel)! 2n-1 we have, ty = nl Knot 2Nt! yg as nm um, (n+i)(2n=1) Therefore, '% is convergent. Sn Example. 5. Examine the convergence of >> a aan n (n+ yt Se ie t =— YU, a Solution : Here, uy ==> and “met "(4 yr (os) nt . U, lim “th = ti So, ae Uy rea (+1)! on (+1) = tin(1+4) =e>t [Since 2 M» is divergent. Example. 6. Test for convergence of the series whose n-th terms are n! Feo; Gr Solution : Here, 4, So, lim “##! = lim Saar wae ty 07! (nt 1)" on fd mr din - t ') wt yt yond tin( + ) ro nol By ratio test yu is convergent, \ tg, = UD! (n+ (ii) Here, Mn n jim “#4 = tim cs 22 U, no al aa = lim(n +1). nae qe 1) n = tin = lim nal nt] mw(meiy aad ey foe 2 I. But this test fails when x = 1. 1 When, x= 1,4, =—y— <7 wet i =a) Let y, ty <%q for n= 1, 2p. j 1, . But the series Dv, i.c., D—z is a convergent series n (being a p-series with p = 2 > 1). Hence by comparison test the series ).¥, is convergent when x = 1. Thus the given series is convergent when x <1. example. 8. Discuss the convergence of the series P at 3p a 7 Solution. Let u,(” =1,2,...) denote the n-th term of the given series, [W.B.U.T. 2008,2014] Then for n = 1, 2. nP My = _ (nti? Una = (n+1)! : : P Ps Le lim “##h= tim (= ts tim 1+ A no uy, n>ol n n+l ne Bd Py + n = (1+ 0)". >= 0< Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test the given series is convergent o ni” Example. 9, Test the convergence of the series >” 2 n=l n” [WB.U.T. 2003} sEQU! K & INFINITE SERIES 613 OO solution. Let “,(7=1,2,... Then for n=1,2,... ni2" ) denote the n-th term of the given series. (a+tyt * _(n+1yi2™" (ey ‘nat 2 Tae : 2 =o Un (43) (240) n Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test, the given series is convergent when x < 1 and divergent when x > 1. 7 ora ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -1 ———— Example. 11, Discuss the convergency of the power series 1 yt gt gt ai avo ava 's Solution, Let 1,(17 = 1, 2,...) denote the n-th term of the given series, Then for 7 =1,2,... yon? “Gabi x nl OW n+l Moet u, n+2Vn+l Te — it n n lim Zael 1+0 nou, 1420 Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test, the given series is convergent when x? <1 and divergent when x? >1, when x? =1 the test fails. 1 1 ee Gn a(re2) n ; , 1 Consider a series Sv, where v, =>. lim “= lim ai i = 1, a finite number. nov, nop, 1 1+ n . 1, Ps Now >, i.¢., 2 —> is a convergent series n? 3 (being a p-series with p= 3 >1). So by comparison test ou, i.e., the given series is convergent when =l. Hence the given series is convergent if x? <1 and divergent if x? > 1. SEQUENCE & INFINITE SER 61s a Pot Gan aRey AN een Gus) B+1) QB4q) Solution, Omitting the fi of the given series, Then +1) Q6+1) (aps) +" st term, Jet 4u,(n=1,2,, ++) denote the n-th term for n=1,2 (a+1)( : vi 20 +1)... (ner4 1 Ga pee (mB +1)” (2+1) 2a 41) G seg = (710+1) (n+ 1)0.+1) (B+1) +1). 08+) (ner) 4 lim “41 _ 1+0)040 _a@ n2 ty (4040 Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio ‘est, the given series is convergent when a : " pci ie, when a B. When - Lie, a=8, the test fails, When @=B,u,=1. Then lim u, =1#0. 00 So, by Note (2) of a Previous Theorem, Yu, does not converge. Therefore being a series of Positive terms, it must diverge. Hence the given series is Convergent if B>a>0 and divergent if a2>B>0. Example. 13. Test the convergence of the series 2 2 2 ayy 3) (3) es (B.U.T.2002,2007,2010,2012) 3 3.5 3.5.7 Solution. Let u,(n=1, 2,...) denote the n-th term of the given series, Then for n =1,2,... _(_ 123... i “*\357..Qne)) 123...n(n+1) y: Uy ( net ) ri 4, 2n43 203 2 1 him Mn ( I 0) Ps nm Uy, 240 4 Hence by D*Alembert’s ratio test, the given series is convergent. 18.22. Cauchy's Root test. ; Let Sw, be a series of positive numbers such that lim u," exists mi ' , finitely and let lim u/! = /. Then the series 5) uw, is convergent if nal 7 < 1 and divergent if /> 1. [W.B.U.T. 2004} Proof, Beyond the scope of this book. Note. When / = 1, the test fails. 18.23. Illustrative Examples. Example. 1. Test the series (4) . nai\n+l Let w,(=1, 2,...) denote the n-th term of the given series. Then for n = 1,2, an) pay rad a 1)" a 1 lim wu? = lim {(e3) } sel=—<1, ne n>0 n @ Therefore by Cauchy’s root test, the given series is convergent. -e>1)

You might also like