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Basic Calculus

Calculus is the mathematics of motion and change. It was founded in the mid-17th century and deals with concepts like rates of change, slopes, areas, and volumes. The document provides information on differential and integral calculus, functions, limits, continuity, derivatives, differentiation, and antiderivatives.

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Abraham Dalumpines
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38 views44 pages

Basic Calculus

Calculus is the mathematics of motion and change. It was founded in the mid-17th century and deals with concepts like rates of change, slopes, areas, and volumes. The document provides information on differential and integral calculus, functions, limits, continuity, derivatives, differentiation, and antiderivatives.

Uploaded by

Abraham Dalumpines
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CALCULUS

-fromthe Latin
word calculus, meaning
"small pebble”

--
the Mathematics of motion
and change
Calculus was founded in the mid- 17th
century by Sir Isaac newton (English
Physicist and mathematician) and Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz ( a German Philosopher and
Mathematician).
DIFFENTIAL CALCULUS
- concerned with the study of the rates at
which quantities change
- Example:
1. finding velocities/accelerations of
moving bodies.
2. finding slopes of curves
3. finding optimum values
INTEGRAL CALCULUS

- the calculus of accumulation


-deals with problems of determining a
function from information about its rate of
change
Example:
1. finding areas of irregular plane regions
2. finding volumes of arbitrary solids
FUNCTIONS

A function is a rule or correspondence which


associates to each number x in a set A a
unique number f(x) in a set B.

The set A is called the domain of f and the


set of all f(x)'s is called the range of f.
1. F(x) = x+4
2. F(x) = x^2 + 2x + 5
3. F(x) = 4x + 2/ x
4. F(x) = x + 1/ x – 1
5. F(x) = x^3 – 8/2x + 4
6. F(x) = square root of x + 2
LIMIT

The function f(x) has a real limit L as x


approaches the number a,

if we can get f(x) as close to L by taking


x close enough to a (from the left and
right side of a), but excluding a.
1. Find
1) Lim x + 2 =4+2=6
x→4

2) Lim x - 3 = 2 – 3 = -1
x→2

3) Lim x - 4 = -1 – 4 = -5
x→-1
1) Lim f(x) = 2 4) Lim f(x) = 4
x→-2 x→4

2) Lim f(x) =6 5) Lim f(x) =


x→1 x→∞

3) Lim f(x) =DNE 6) Lim f(x) =


x→2 x→-∞
THEOREMS ON LIMITS
1.

Example:
THEOREMS ON LIMITS

2.

Example:
THEOREMS ON LIMITS

3.

Example:
THEOREMS ON LIMITS

4.

Example:
THEOREMS ON LIMITS

5.

Example:
THEOREMS ON LIMITS

6.

Example:
THEOREMS ON LIMITS

7.

Example:
TECHNIQUES FOR FINDING LIMITS

1. Direct Substitution
2. Cancellation (if substitution fails)
3. Rationalization
INFINITY

Infinity (denoted by ∞) is a mathematical


concept that refers to a quantity being
boundless or having no end.
Infinity is NOT a number.
CONTINUITY

A function f is continuous at x=a provided all


three of the following are true:
REMOVABLE DISCONTINUITY
- a discontinuity that can be "repaired" by
filling in a single point.
- a discontinuity at which the limit of
the function exists but does not equal the
value of the function at that point
ESSENTIAL DISCONTINUITY

- a discontinuity that is not removable


- a discontinuity at which the limit of the
function does not exist.
Is f(x) continuous at x = -1? Why or why not? If it is not,
state the type of discontinuity
Is f(x) continuous at x = 2? Why or why not? If it is not, state
the type of discontinuity
Is f(x) continuous at x = 0? x=3? Why or why not? If it is
not, state the type of discontinuity
Is f(x) continuous at x = 1? Why or why not? If it is not, state
the type of discontinuity
THE DERIVATIVE

- the derivative of the functions f is that


function f’ such that its value at a number x
in the domain of f is

if the limit exists.


DIFFERENTIATION

- the process of finding the derivative of a


function

- d is an operator for the process of


differentiation
dx
NOTATIONS FOR THE DERIVATIVE

Lagrange notations

Leibniz notation
THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION

Theorem 1: The derivative of a constant is o.


THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION

Theorem 2: THE POWER RULE

If n is a positive integer
THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION

Theorem 3: If u is a function and c is a


constant,
THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION

Theorem 4: If u and v are functions


THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION

Theorem 5: The Product Rule

If u and v are functions,


THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION

Theorem 6: The Quotient Rule


THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION

Theorem 7: The Chain Rule


APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE

A. Optimization Problems
(Maxima/Minima)

Find two positive numbers whose


sum is 60 and whose product is a
maximum.
Find two positive numbers
whose sum is 76 such that the
product of one number and the
cube of the other is a
maximum.
Find the dimensions of a
rectangular field with the largest
possible area that can be enclosed
with 400 ft of fencing.
Find the dimensions of the box of
greatest volume which can be made
from a rectangular piece of cardboard
10 in. wide by 16 in. long by cutting a
square from each corner and bending
up.
ANTIDERIVATIVE
F is an antiderivative of f if F’(x) = f(x)

Example:
Find an antiderivative of f(x) = 3x2
ANSWERS:

3
X +7
3
X –8
3
X + 2π
3
X +C
ANTIDIFFERENTIATION

where: f(x) is the integrand


F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x)
C is the constant of integration
AREA OF A PLANE REGION

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