Department of Chemical Engineering, NITK

Heat Transfer (CH250)

Assignment – III
PART-A : (Forced Convection)
Due Date : XX-XX-2024 (5 pm)
1. Air at atmospheric pressure and at 37.8oC flows with a velocity of 0.915
m/s along a flat plate. Determine the boundary layer thickness and the local
drag coefficient at a distance of 0.61 m from the leading edge of the plate.
Also calculate the drag force for 0.61 m length of the plate. The physical
properties of air are, ρ = 1.126 kg/m3 and ν = 0.167×10-4 m2/s.

2. A highly viscous liquid flows through a 5 cm ID pipe at the rate of 50

kg/h. After a very long unheated length, the fluid passes through 1 m long
heated section where there is constant heat flux input of 1 kW/m2.
Calculate the bulk temperature of the liquid leaving the heated section if
the entering temperature is 40°C. Obtain also an upper bound for the pipe
wall temperature at the end of the heated section. Assume the following
properties: ρ = 1500 kg/m, Cp = 1.7 kJ/kg K, k = 0.865 W/m K.

3. Water at a uniform temperature of 20°C flows through a long tube (1

cm dia.) with a velocity of 0.1 m/s. After a fully-developed velocity profile
has been attained, the wall temperature is raised to a constant value of
70°C. Obtain the local value of the heat transfer coefficient after (i) a
distance of 5 cm, and (ii) the temperature profile is also fully-developed.
Use the properties of water at 20°C.

4. Water is heated while flowing through a 1.5 x 3.5 cm rectangular cross-

section tube at a velocity of 1 .2 m/s. The entering temperature of the
water is 40°C and the tube wall is maintained at 85°C. Determine the length
of the tube required for raising the temperature of the water by 30°C.

5. Air at 30°C and at 1 atm pressure flows over a long-heated cylinder (5

cm dia.), whose surface is maintained at 70°C. The direction of the air flow
is at right angles to the axis of the cylinder. Using Hilpert's correlation,
calculate the average heat transfer coefficient if the velocity is (a) 2 m/s;
(b) 20 m/s.

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6. Air at 20oC and 1 atm flows over a flat plate at 35 m/s. The plate is 75
cm long and is maintained at 60oC. Calculate the heat transfer from the
plate per unit width of the plate. Also calculate the turbulent boundary
layer thickness at the end of the plate assuming it to develop from the
leading edge of the plate. The physical properties of air at 40 oC are: ν =
17.8×10-6 m2/s, k = 0.02723 W/mK, Pr = 0.7 & Cp = 1.007 kJ/kgoC.

7. Air at 2 atm and 20°C flows across a circular cylinder (5 cm diameter)

with a velocity of 16 m/s. The cylinder is maintained at a temperature of
60°C. Calculate the drag force and the heat transfer rate per unit length
of the cylinder.

8. A plate at 90oC is located parallel to an air stream flowing at a speed

of 75 m/s. The temperature of air is 0oC. The plate is 60 cm wide and 45
cm long. Assuming a transition Reynolds number of 4×105 calculate the
average heat transfer and friction coefficients for the laminar and
turbulent region of the plate.

9. Water at 25°C flows across a copper tube 1.5 cm OD with a velocity of

1.6 m/s, Calculate the heat transfer rate per unit length if the tube wall is
maintained at a temperature of 55°C.

10. Air is being heated by blowing it over a bank of 5 rows of tubes, each
row containing 5 tubes of 2.5 cm dia and 1.2 m long. The surface
temperature of the tubes is 108.5oC and 14.5 m3/min of air while passing
over the tubes gets heated from 15oC to 40oC. The tubes are spaced with
their centres at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side equal to two
tube diameters. There is a space of 1.25 cm between the outside tubes and
the duct. Estimate the convective heat transfer coefficient between the
air and the tubes.

11. Air at 1 atmosphere pressure and a temperature of 225°C flows over a

flat plate with a velocity of 6 m/s. The plate is 15 cm wide and is maintained
at a temperature of 75°C. Calculate the thickness of the velocity and
thermal boundary layers and the local heat transfer coefficient at a
distance of 0.5 m from the leading edge. Also calculate the drag force
exerted on the plate and the rate of heat transfer to the plate over a
length of 0.5 m. Assume that there is flow over both sides of the plate.

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12. Air at 1 atmosphere pressure and 100°C enters a 4 cm dia., 2 m long
tube with a velocity of 9 m/s. A 1 kW electric heater is wound on the outer
surface of the tube. Find (i) the mass flow rate of air; (ii) the exit
temperature of the air, and (iii) the wall temperature at the outlet
assuming uniform heat generation.

13. Liquid mercury flows through a long tube (2.5 cm ID) with a velocity of
1 m/s. Calculate the local heat transfer coefficient for (a) the constant
wall temperature boundary condition, and (b) the constant heat flux
boundary condition. Assume the following properties for mercury: Density
= 12, 870 kg/m3 Specific heat = 134 J/kg K Viscosity = 0.863 x 10-3 N s/m2
Thermal conductivity = 14.0 W/m K

14. Water flows through a tube of 22 mm diameter with a velocity of 2

m/s. Steam at 150oC is being condensed on the outer surface of the tube
thereby raising temperature of water flowing inside the tube from 15oC to
60oC. Find the heat transfer coefficient and the length of the tube
required to meet the above requirement of heat. The resistances of tube
and film may be neglected.

15. Water flowing at the rate of 0.22 kg/s and at a temperature of 50°C
enters a 1.5 x 1.5 cm square tube which is 1 m long. The tube wall is at 90°C.
Calculate the exit water temperature.

16. Water flowing at the rate of 1 m/s at a temperature of 50°C enters a

1.5 cm dia. tube. The wall is at 80°C. Calculate the length of the tube if the
exit water temperature is 60°C, and the pressure drop in the required
length.

17. Water at a uniform temperature of 20°C flows through a long tube (1

cm dia.) with a velocity of 0.1 m/s. After a fully-developed velocity profile
has been attained, the wall temperature is raised to a constant value of
70°C. Obtain the local value of the heat transfer coefficient after (i) a
distance of 5 cm, and (ii) the temperature profile is also fully-developed.
Use the properties of water at 20°C.

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18. Air at 10oC flows across a bank of tubes 15 rows high and 5 rows deep
at a velocity of 7 m/s measured at a point in the flow before the air enters
the tube bank. The diameter of the tubes is 2.54 cm and they are arranged
in the in-line manner so that the spacing in both the normal and parallel
directions to the flow is 1.5D. Estimate the total heat transfer per unit
length of the tube bank and the exit air temperature if the surface of the
tubes are maintained at 65oC.

19. Water is heated while flowing through a 1.5 x 3.5 cm rectangular cross-
section tube at a velocity of 1.2 m/s. The entering temperature of the
water is 40°C and the tube wall is maintained at 85°C. Determine the length
of the tube required for raising the temperature of the water by 30°C.

20. A plate 20 cm in height and 1 m wide is placed in air at 20 oC. If the

surface of the plate is maintained at 100oC, calculate the boundary layer
thickness and local heat transfer coefficient at 10 cm from the leading
edge. Also calculate the average heat transfer coefficient over the entire
length of the plate.

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 PART-B
(Single Phase Natural Convection)
Due Date : 25-03-2024 (5 pm)

1. A 25 W plate heater has a 20 cm square area and is 3 mm thick. It is

held vertically and loses heat by natural convection from both faces to the
surrounding air at 25°C. Neglecting internal temperature gradients, find
the steady state temperature attained by the heater.

2. A plate of size 20 cm × 30 cm is used as a water heater in a process

plant. The temperature of water is 20oC while the heater plate is
maintained at a temperature of 120oC. Determine the heat transfer rate
by free convection when 20 cm side of the heater is kept vertical.

3. A vertical plate 25 cm high is maintained at a temperature of l0°C in

stagnant air at a temperature of 30°C. Using the results of the integral
method, calculate the thermal boundary layer thickness and the local heat
transfer coefficient at the bottom edge of the plate.

4. Saturated steam at 100°C condenses as it flows inside a long horizontal

metal tube 2.5 cm ID and 2.9 cm OD. From the outer surface of the tube,
heat is lost by natural convection to the surrounding air at 20°C. Neglect
radiation and calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient.

5. A cylindrical heating element 25.4 mm diameter and 4570 mm long is

inserted vertically into a tank of water at 21.1oC. The surface of the
heating element is maintained at a uniform temperature of 54.4oC.
Calculate the mean heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat loss by
the free convection from the entire surface of the element to the water.

6. A long horizontal cylinder (5 cm dia.) is maintained at a temperature of

70°C and loses heat by natural convection to the surrounding air at 30°C.
Calculate the heat transfer rate per unit length of the cylinder.

7. A 15 cm dia. horizontal iron pipe is supplied with saturated steam at

100°C and exposed to still air at 20°C. Calculate the convection heat
transfer coefficient at the outer surface. Also calculate the radiant heat
flux from the pipe surface if the surrounding surfaces are at 20°C and
compare it with the heat flux lost by natural convection. Assume the
emissivity of the pipe surface to be 0.8.

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8. Calculate the value of the natural convection heat transfer coefficient
for air in the enclosed space between the two parallel plates tilted at an
angle of 45° if the lower plate is maintained at 70°C and the upper plate is
at 50°C. The plates are separated by a distance of 2.5 cm. It may be
assumed that the aspect ratio is high.

9. A vertical pipe 80 mm diameter and 2 m height is maintained at a

constant temperature of 120oC. the pipe is surrounded by still atmospheric
air at 30oC. Find heat loss by natural convection.
Data: Vertical pipe diameter (D) = 0.08 m, Length (L) = 2 m, Surface
temperature (Tw) = 120 oC, Air temperature (T∞) = 30 oC.

10. Consider a rectangular cavity of height 2 cm and width 1 m containing

water. The cavity is initially in the horizontal position with a temperature
difference of 1 °C between the bottom and top horizontal surfaces.
Calculate the variation in heat flux from the hot to the cold surface as the
angle of inclination with the horizontal is increased from 0° to 90°. Assume
that the water is at a mean temperature of 60°C. At what inclinations do
the maximum and minimum heat fluxes occur?

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 PART-C
(Two Phase Natural Convection: Condensation & Boiling)
Due Date : 25-03-2024 (5 pm)

1. Saturated steam at 1.43 bar and 110°C condenses on a vertical tube

with a 1.9 cm OD and a length of 20 cm. The tube wall is at a temperature
of 109°C. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient and the
thickness of the condensate film at the base of the tube.

2. Saturated steam at 100°C condenses on a bank of 10 vertical tubes in

a steam condenser. Each tube is 2 cm in diameter and 2 m long and the wall
temperature is 90°C. Calculate the rate of condensation.

3. Saturated steam at 100°C condenses on the outside of a horizontal

tube (2.5 cm OD) whose surface is maintained at a temperature of 80°C.
Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient. Find the length which
would yield the same value of the average heat transfer coefficient if the
tube is held vertically.

4. A pool of saturated water at 145°C boils off an emery-polished,

horizontal copper plate. The diameter of the plate is 5 cm. Calculate the
peak heat flux and the temperature difference at which it occurs. Take Ksf
= 0.0128.

5. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient during stable film boiling of

water from a 0.9 cm dia. horizontal carbon tube. The water is saturated
and at 100°C and the tube surface is at 1000°C. Take the emissivity of the
carbon surface to be 0.8.

6. Consider a pool of saturated water at 90°C. Calculate the peak heat

flux if heat is supplied through (i) a horizontal plate 8 cm in diameter facing
up, and (ii) a horizontal tube 8 cm in diameter. Take ρv = 0.424 kg/m3.
Suppose the horizontal heated plate is facing down. How would the peak
heat flux value for this situation compare with the values in (i) and (ii)?

7. A heater wire (3 mm in diameter) is held horizontally in a pool of

saturated water at 100°C. The wire is maintained at a temperature of
500°C. Calculate the heat flux to be supplied at the wire's surface if stable
film boiling occurs. To what value would the wire's temperature change if
nucleate boiling occurred at the the same heat flux? For the heater
surface, assume Kst = 0.011 and ε = 0.8.

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8. Pure saturated potassium vapour at a pressure of 100 mm condenses on
a vertical surface. Given (Ts - Tw) = 5 °C and L = 1 m. Calculate the value of
the condensing side heat transfer coefficient if Nusselt's solution is valid.
(For potassium, λ= 2077 kJ/kg, ρ = 705 kg/m3 , µ = 0.00016 kg/m s, k = 35.8
W/m K.)