Module IV – Arrays, Classes & Objects, Exception Handling in PHP

Module IV
Arrays, Classes & Objects, Exception Handling in PHP

PHP Arrays and Superglobals, Arrays, $_GET and $_POST Superglobal Arrays,
$_SERVER Array, $_Files Array, Reading/Writing Files, PHP Classes and Objects,
Object-Oriented Overview, Classes and Objects in PHP, Object Oriented Design,
Error Handling and Validation, What are Errors and Exceptions?, PHP Error
Reporting, PHP Error and Exception Handling

4.1 Arrays
PHP supports arrays, like most other programming languages. An array is a data structure that
allows the programmer to collect a number of related elements together in a single variable. In
PHP an array is an ordered map, which associates each value in the array with a key.

An array of key-value pair, containing the days of the week can be visualized as follows –

• Array keys in most programming languages are limited to integers, start at 0, and go up by
1. InPHP, keys can be either integers or strings.

• Array values are not restricted to integers and strings. They can be any object, type, or
primitive supported in PHP.

• In PHP, there are three types of arrays:

o Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index
o Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
o Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays

• Defining and Accessing an Array

Declaration of an empty array named days:

$days = array()

Two different ways of defining an array –

Arrayvariable = array(elements separated by
comma);Arrayvariable = [elements separated by
comma];

Eg -
$days = array(“Mon”,”Tue”,”Wed”,”Thu”,”Fri”);
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$days = [“Mon”,”Tue”,”Wed”,”Thu”,”Fri”]; // alternate syntax

$count=array(“one”,”two”,3,4);
$count = [“one”,”two”,3,4];

In these examples, because no keys are explicitly defined for the array, the default key values are
0, 1, 2, . . . , n.

The array elements can also be defined individually using the square bracket notation:
$days = array();
$days[0] = "Mon";
$days[1] = "Tue";
$days[2] = "Wed";
// also alternate approach
$daysB = array();
$daysB[] = "Mon";
$daysB[] = "Tue";
$daysB[] = "Wed";

• Arrays are dynamically sized - elements are added to or deleted from the array during run-
time.Elements within an array are accessed using the familiar square bracket notation.
Arrayvariable[index];

The code below echoes the value of our $days array for the key=1, which results in
output of Tue.
echo "Value at index 1 is ". $days[1]; // index starts at zero

• In PHP, keys can be explicitly defined along with the values. This allows us to use keys
otherthan the classic 0, 1, 2, . . . , n to define the indexes of an array. The array
$days = array(“Mon”,”Tue”,”Wed”,”Thu”,”Fri”); can be defined more explicitly by specifying
the keys and values as

$days = array(0 => "Mon", 1 => "Tue", 2 => "Wed", 3 => "Thu", 4=> "Fri");

Where 0,1,2,… are the keys and “Mon”,”Tue”,… are the values.

These types of arrays in PHP are generally referred to as associative arrays. Keys must be either
integer or string values, but the values can be any type of PHP data type, including other arrays.

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In the above example, the keys are strings (for the weekdays) and the values are weather
forecasts for the specified day in integer degrees. To access an element in an associative array,
simply use the key value rather than an index:
echo $forecast["Wed"]; // this will output 52

• Multidimensional Arrays
PHP also supports multidimensional arrays, an array within another array. It can be defined as -

$month = array(
array("Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"),
array("Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"),
array("Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri"),
array("Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri")
);
echo $month[0][3]; // outputs Thu

OR

$cart = array();
$cart[] = array("id" => 37, "title" => "Burial at Ornans", "quantity" => 1);
$cart[] = array("id" => 345, "title" => "The Death of Marat", "quantity" => 1);
$cart[] = array("id" => 63, "title" => "Starry Night", "quantity" => 1);

echo $cart[2]["title"]; // outputs Starry Night

Program-1.Indexed array
There are two ways to create indexed arrays:
• The index can be assigned automatically (index always starts at 0), like this
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
or
• the index can be assigned manually:
$cars[0] = "Volvo";
$cars[1] = "BMW";
$cars[2] = "Toyota";
Example:
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>
Output: I like Volvo, BMW and Toyota.
Program2: Associative array
Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign to them.
There are two ways to create an associative array:
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
or:
$age['Peter'] = "35";
$age['Ben'] = "37";

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$age['Joe'] = "43";
Example:
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
echo "Peter is " . $age['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>
Output:
Peter is 35 years old.

Program2: Multidimensional array

The syntax of two-dimensional array, like this:
$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
array("Land Rover",17,15)
);
Output:

• Iterating through an Array

Iteration through the array contents is performed using the loops. Count() function is used to
check the size of the array.

When there is nonsequential integer keys or strings as keys (i.e., an associative array), the
accessing of elements can’t be done using a $i, in such cases foreach loop is used. Foreach loop
iterates till the end of array and stops. Each value can be accessed during the iterations, or both
the key and value can be accessed, as shown below.

// while loop
$i=0;
while ($i < count($days)) {
echo $days[$i] . "<br>";
$i++;
}

// do while loop
$i=0;
do {
echo $days[$i] . "<br>";
$i++;
} while ($i < count($days));

// for loop
for ($i=0; $i<count($days); $i++) {
echo $days[$i] . "<br>";
}

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// foreach: iterating through the values
foreach ($forecast as $value) {
echo $value . "<br>";
}

// foreach: iterating through both the values and the keys

foreach ($forecast as $key => $value) {
echo "day" . $key . "=" . $value;
}

• Adding and Deleting Elements

In PHP, arrays are dynamic. The arrays can grow or shrink in size. An element can be added to
an array simply by using a key/index that hasn’t been used.
$days[5] = "Sat";
Since there is no current value for key 5, the array grows by one, with the new key/value pair
added to the end of our array. If the key had a value already, the new value replaces the value at
that key.

As an alternative to specifying the index, a new element can be added to the end of any existing
array by -
$days[ ] = "Sun";

The advantage to this approach is that you don’t have to remember the last index key used.

$days = array("Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri");
$days[7] = "Sat";
print_r($days);

The print_r() - will display the non-NULL elements of the array, as shown below -
Array ([0] => Mon [1] => Tue [2] => Wed [3] => Thu [4] => Fri [7] => Sat)

The NULL value are not displayed.

Elements can be deleted from the array explicitly by using the unset() function –
$days = array("Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri");
unset($days[2]);
unset($days[3]);
print_r($days); // outputs: Array ( [0] => Mon [1] => Tue [4] => Fri )
The Null values in arrays can be removed and array is reindexed by using the array_values()
function.

$b = array_values($days);
print_r($b); // outputs: Array ( [0] => Mon [1] => Tue [2] => Fri )
// Array is reindexed.
print_r($days) // outputs: Array ( [0] => Mon [1] => Tue [4] => Fri )

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• Checking If a Value Exists
It is possible to check if an array index contains a value or NULL by using the isset() function.
The returns true if a value has been set, and false otherwise.

$days = array (1 => "Tue", 3 => "Wed", 5 => "Thurs");

if (isset($days[0]))
{
// The code below will never be reached since $days[0] is not set!
echo "Monday";
}
if (isset($days[1]))
{
echo "Tuesday";
}

Array Sorting – Array Operations

There are many built-in sort functions, which sort by key or by value in PHP.

• sort(arrayname); - sort the array in ascending order by its values. The array itself is sorted.

$days = array("Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri");
sort($days);
print_r($days); // outputs: Array ([0] => Fri [1] => Mon [2] => Thu [3] => Tue [4] => Wed)

sort() function loses the association between the values and the keys.

• asort(arrayname) – sort the array in ascending order by its values, association is

maintained.Eg –asort($days);
print_r($days); // outputs: Array ([4] => Fri [0] => Mon [3] => Thu [1] => Tue [2] => Wed)

• More Array Operations some key array functions are

array_keys($Arrayname) array_values($Arrayname)
array_rand($Arrayname, $num=1)
array_reverse($Arrayname) array_walk($Arrayname,
$callback, $optionalParam) in_array($value,
$Arrayname)
shuffle($Arrayname)
• array_keys($Arrayname): This method returns an indexed array with the values being the keys
of $Arrayname.
Eg : print_r(array_keys($days))
outputs - Array ( [0] => 0 [1] => 1 [2] => 2 [3] => 3 [4] => 4 )

• array_values($Arrayname): This method returns an indexed array with the values being the
values of $ Arrayname.
Eg: print_r(array_values($days))
Outputs - Array ( [0] => Mon [1] => Tue [2] => Wed [3] => Thu [4] => Fri )
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• array_rand($Arrayname, $num=1): This function returns an array of, as many random keys
as are requested. If you only want one, the key itself is returned;otherwise, an array of keys is
returned.
For example, print_r(array_rand($days,2))might output: Array (3, 0)

• array_reverse($Arrayname): This method returns $Arrayname in reverse order. The passed

$Arrayname is not altered, a new array of reversed elements is returned.
For example, print_r(array_reverse($days))
outputs: Array ( [0] => Fri [1] => Thu [2] => Wed [3] => Tue [4] => Mon )

• array_walk($Arrayname, $callback, $optionalParam): This method allows to call a

method ($callback), for each value in $Arrayname. One or more additional parameters can
also be sent tothe function.
The $callback function typically takes two parameters by default, the value, and the
key of the array.
Eg - prints the value of each element in the array is shown below.
$someA = array("hello",
"world");
array_walk($someA,
"doPrint");

function doPrint($value,$key)
{
echo $key . ": " . $value . “<br />”;
}

Output:
0 : hello
1 : world

Additional parameters can be sent to the function as shown below –

$someA = array("hello", "world");
array_walk($someA,
"doPrint",”one”,”two”,3);

function doPrint($value,$key,$t1,$t2,$t3)
{
echo $key . ": " . $value .
“<br />”; echo “$t1 $t2 $t3
<br />”,
}

Output:
0 : hello
one two 3
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1 : world
one two 3

• in_array($value, $arrayname): This method search the array $ arrayname for a value
($value).It returns true if value is found, and false otherwise.
if(in_array(“Wed”,$days))
echo “Element found”;
else
echo “Element not found”;

shuffle($arrayname): This method shuffles $arrayname in random order and makes it an

indexed array.
shuffle($days);
print_r($days); // Array ( [0] => Thu [1] => Fri [2] => Wed [3] => Mon [4] => Tue)
shuffle($days);
print_r($days); // Array ( [0] => Tue [1] => Mon [2] => Thu [3] => Wed [4] => Fri )

Superglobal Arrays
PHP uses special predefined associative arrays called superglobal variables. It allows the
programmer to easily access HTTP headers, query string parameters, and other commonlyneeded
information. They are called superglobal because these arrays are always accessible, from a
function , class or file, without using the global keyword.

Some of the superglobal variables are –

NAME DESCRIPTION
$GLOBALS Array for storing user data that needs superglobal scope
$_COOKIES Array of cookie data passed to page via HTTP request
$_ENV Array of server environment data
$_FILES Array of file items uploaded to the server
$_GET Array of query string data passed to the server via the URL
$_POST Array of query string data passed to the server via the HTTP header
$_REQUEST Array containing the contents of $_GET, $_POST, and $_COOKIES
$_SESSION Array that contains session data
$_SERVER Array containing information about the request and the server

4.2 $_GET and $_POST Superglobal Arrays

The $_GET and $_POST arrays allows the programmer to access data sent by the client in a
query string. They are the most important superglobal variables in PHP.

An HTML form allows a client to send data to the server. That data is formatted such that each
value is associated with a name of control defined in the form. If the form was submitted using
an HTTP GET request ie. <form method=”get” action=”server file path” >, then the resulting
URL will contain the data in the query string.
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Eg-
https://name-processing.php?firstname=amith&lastname=kumar%20singh
retrieve the values sent through the URL using $_GET[“firstname”] and $_GET[“lastname”]

PHP will populate the superglobal $_GET array using the contents of this query string in the
URL.

If the form was sent using HTTP POST, then the values will be sent through HTTP POST
request body. The values and keys are stored in the $_POST array.

Thus the values passed by the user can easily be accessed at the server side using the global
arrays $_GET[] and $_POST[] for ‘get’ and ‘post’ methods respectively.

Determining If Any Data Sent

Forms are used to send the input to the server. At the server side, to check if the user is sending
the data by a POST or GET method the global variable $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] is
used.

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The variable $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] contains as a string, indicating the type of
HTTP request as GET, POST, etc.

isset() function is used to check if any of the fields are set. It returns true if the value is sent
otherwise returns false.

Syntax – isset($POST[fieldname]); or isset($GET[fieldname]);

isset($POST[‘name’]);

Program to display the name and password using php script.

User.html Userpass.php
<html> <?php
<body> if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] ==
<h1>User Login Page</h1> "POST")
<form action="userpass.php" {
method="POST"> if ( isset($_POST["uname"]) &&
Name <input type="text" isset($_POST["pass"]) )
name="uname"/><br/> {
Pass <input type="password" echo "handling user login now ...";
name="pass"/><br/> $a=$_POST["uname"];
<input type="submit"> $b=$_POST["pass"];
</form> echo "username is $a <br /> password is
</body> $b";
</html> }
}
?>

Output:

Accessing Form Array Data

Sometimes it is required to access multiple values associated with a single name from few
controls in form, like checkboxes.

A group of checkboxes will have the same name eg :(name="day"), and multiple values.

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 Module IV – Arrays, Classes & Objects, Exception Handling in PHP
$_GET['day'] value in the superglobal array will only contain a single value - the last value from
the list.

To overcome this limitation, change the HTML in the form, ie. change the name attribute for
each checkbox from day to day[].

<form method="get">
Please select days of the week you are free.<br />
Monday <input type="checkbox" name="day[ ]" value="Monday" /> <br />
Tuesday <input type="checkbox" name="day[ ]" value="Tuesday" /> <br />
Wednesday <input type="checkbox" name="day[ ]" value="Wednesday" /> <br />
Thursday <input type="checkbox" name="day[ ]" value="Thursday" /> <br />
Friday <input type="checkbox" name="day[ ]" value="Friday" /> <br />
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

After making this change in the HTML, the corresponding variable $_GET['day'] will now have
a value that is of type array. The values are accessed using the foreach loop and count() function
returns the length of the array.

Program-access form data

<html>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
<label>What Destination Would you Like to Go To?</label><br>
<input type="checkbox" name="Islands[]" value="Aruba- Aruba is a
beautiful desert island">Aruba<br>
<input type="checkbox" name="Islands[]" value="Hawaii- Hawaii is a
beautiful strand of islands located in the heart of the Pacific
Ocean.">Hawaii<br>
<input type="checkbox" name="Islands[]" value="Jamaica- Jamaica is a
beautiful island located in the Caribbean Sea">Jamaica<br>
<input type="submit" name="button" value="Submit"/></form>
</form>
</body>
</html>
<?php

$destinations= $_POST['Islands'];

if(isset($destinations)) {
echo 'You have chosen:' . '<br>' . '<br>';
foreach ($destinations as $key => $value)
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{
echo $value . '<br>';
}
}
else
{
echo "You haven't selected any destination";
}
?>
Output:

Sanitizing Query Strings

The process of checking user input for incorrect or missing information is referred to as the
process of sanitizing user inputs.
The user can give input in any way – wrong unexpected input, different data type, empty fields
etc. The developer should be able to handle all such issues. He should always develop the web
by distrusting user input.

The developer must be able to handle the following cases for every query string or form value:
• Query string parameter doesn’t exist.
• Query string parameter doesn’t contain a value.
• Query string parameter value isn’t the correct type.
• Value is required for a database lookup, but provided value doesn’t exist in the database
table.

4.3 $_SERVER Array

The $_SERVER associative array contains a variety of information. It contains information
contained within HTTP request headers sent by the client. It also contains many configuration
options for PHP.

Eg. of $_SERVER array and accessing the defined values -

echo $_SERVER["SERVER_NAME"] . "<br/>";
echo $_SERVER["SERVER_SOFTWARE"] . "<br/>";
echo $_SERVER["REMOTE_ADDR"] . "<br/>";
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The $_SERVER array can be classified into keys containing information about the serversettings
and keys with request header information.

Server Information Keys

In the $_SERVER array,
SERVER_NAME key returns the name of the site that was requested.
SERVER_ADDR key returns the IP of the server.
DOCUMENT_ROOT key returns the file location from which the script is currently running.
SCRIPT_NAME key returns the name of actual script being executed.

Eg: $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] ;
$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']; etc.

Request Header Information Keys

The web server responds to HTTP requests, and each request contains a request header. The
following keys provide programmatic access to the data in the request header-
In the $_SERVER array,

• REQUEST_METHOD key returns the request method that was used to access the
page: GET,HEAD, POST, PUT.

• REMOTE_ADDR key returns the IP address of the requestor.

• HTTP_USER_AGENT key returns the operating system and browser used by the client.
• HTTP_REFERER key returns the address of the page that referred (linked) us to
this page.Eg: $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] ;
$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']; etc.

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4.4 $_FILES Array

The $_FILES associative array contains information about the file that have been uploaded by
the client to the current script. The <input type="file"> element is used to create the user
interface for uploading a file from the client to the server. The user interface is only one part of
the uploading process. A server script processes the upload file(s) using the $_FILES array.

HTML Requirements for File Uploading-

• The HTML form must use the HTTP POST method, since transmitting a file through the
URL is not possible.
• Must add the enctype="multipart/form-data" attribute to the HTML form that is
performing the upload so that the HTTP request can submit data in multiple pieces.
• Must include an input tag of type file in the form. This will show up with a browse button
beside it so the user can select a file from their computer to be uploaded.

A simple form tag to upload a file to the server -

<form enctype='multipart/form-data' method='post'>
<input type='file' name='file1' id='file1' />
<input type='submit' />
</form>

Handling the File Upload in PHP

The superglobal $_FILES array is utilized at the server to handle the file uploaded by the client.
This array will contain a key=value pair for each file uploaded in the post. The key for each
element will be the name attribute from the HTML form, while the value will be an array
containing information about the file as well as the file itself. The keys in that array are the name,
type, tmp_name, error, and size.

$_FILES[name of file control][other keys]

Different files, uploaded will have a different file control names.

The values for each of the keys are -

• name is a string containing the full file name of file, including any file extension.
• type defines the MIME type of the file.
• tmp_name is the full path to the location on your server where the file is being
temporarily stored. The file should be copied to another location if it is required.
• error is an integer that encodes many possible errors and is set to UPLOAD_ERR_OK
(integer value 0) if the file was uploaded successfully.
• size is an integer representing the size in bytes of the uploaded file.

The below figure illustrates the process of uploading a file to the server and how the
corresponding upload information is contained in the $_FILES array.

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Checking for Errors

For every uploaded file, there is an error value associated with it in the $_FILES array. The error
values are specified using constant values, which resolve to integers. The value for a successful
upload is UPLOAD_ERR_OK. The other errors are –

File Size Restrictions

Some scripts limit the file size of each upload. There are three main mechanisms for maintaining
uploaded file size restrictions: via HTML in the input form, via JavaScript in the input form,
and via PHP coding.

• To restrict the filesize using HTML form, add a hidden input field before any other
input fields in your HTML form with a name of MAX_FILE_SIZE. This technique
allows php.ini (a file used for configuring PHP settings) maximum file size to be large,
while letting files with smaller size. The checking of file size is done at the server side.

<form enctype='multipart/form-data' method='post'>

<input type="hidden" name="MAX_FILE_SIZE" value="1000000" />
<input type='file' name='file1' />
<input type='submit' />
</form>

• The more complete client-side mechanism to prevent a large file from uploading is to
prevalidatethe form using JavaScript.

<script>
var file = document.getElementById('file1');
var max_size = document.getElementById("max_file_size").value;
if (file.files && file.files.length ==1){
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if (file.files[0].size > max_size) {
alert("The file must be less than " + (max_size/1024) +
"KB");e.preventDefault();
}
}
</script>

• The third mechanism for limiting the uploaded file size is to add a simple check on the server
side using PHP. This technique checks the file size on the server by simply checking the size
field in the $_FILES array.
$max_file_size = 10000000;
foreach($_FILES as $fileKey => $fileArray)
{
if ($fileArray["size"] > $max_file_size) {
echo "Error: " . $fileKey . " is too big";
}
printf("%s is %.2f KB", $fileKey, $fileArray["size"]/1024);
}

• Limiting the Type of File Upload

To check the type of file, check the file extension and the type of file using type key of $_FILES
array.

Program

<html>

<body>
<form action="" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
Select File:
<input type="file" name="fileToUpload"/>
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

<?php
$target_dir = "upload-images/";
$target_file = $target_dir . basename($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["name"]);
$uploadOk = 1;

// Check file size

if ($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["size"] > 50) {
echo "Sorry, your file is too large.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
else
{

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echo "uploaded sucessfully";

}
?>

Output:

Moving the File

PHP function move_uploaded_file() is used to move the file from the temporary file location to
the file’s final destination. This function will only work if the source file exists and if the
destination location is writable by the web server (Apache). If there is a problem the function
will return false.

Program
<?php
if(isset($_FILES['images']))
{
echo "<pre>";
print_r($_FILES);
echo "<pre>";
$file_name=$_FILES['images']['name'];
$file_size=$_FILES['images']['size'];
$file_tmp=$_FILES['images']['tmp_name'];
$file_type=$_FILES['images']['type'];

if(move_uploaded_file($file_tmp,"upload-images/".$file_name))
{
echo "Succesfully uploaded";
}
else
{
echo "couldnot uploded succesfully";

}}
?>
<html>
<body>
<form action="" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">

<input type="file" name="images"/><br>

<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

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Output:

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4.5 Reading/Writing Files

There are two basic techniques for read/writing files in PHP:
• Stream access In this technique, just a small portion of the file is read at a time. It is the
most memory-efficient approach when reading very large files.
• All-In-Memory access In this technique, the entire file is read into memory (i.e., into a
PHP variable). While not appropriate for large files, it does make processing of the file
extremely easy.

Stream Access
The functions used in this technique are similar to that of C programming.
The function fopen() takes a file location or URL and access mode as parameters. The returned
value is a stream resource (file handle).
Some of the common modes are “r” for read, “w” for write, and “c” creates a new file for
writing, “rw” for read and write.

The other functions are –

fclose(file handle)- closing the file
fgets(file handle)- To read a single line, returns 0 if no more data
fread(file handle, no.of bytes) - To read an specified amount of data
fwrite(file handle, string)- To write the string to a file
fgetc(file handle) – To read a single character
feof(file handle) –checks for EOF

• A program to read from a file and display it -

<?php
$f = fopen("sample.txt", "r");
while ($line = fgets($f))
{
echo $line . "<br>";
}
fclose($f);
?>
In-Memory File Access
While the previous approach to reading/writing files requires more care in dealing with the
streams, file handles etc. The alternative simpler approach is to read/write the entire contents into
the memory with the help of variable.
The alternative functions to process the file are –

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The file_get_contents() and file_put_contents() functions allow you to read or write an entire file
in one function call. To read an entire file into a variable you can simply use:
$fileAsString = file_get_contents(FILENAME);

To write the contents of a string $writeme to a file, use

file_put_contents(FILENAME, $writeme);

• Write a PHP script to retrieve the fields from the text file (EmpID, EmpName, Department).
Thefields are delimited by comma(,). Display the fields separately.

<?php
$filearr = file(“Emp.txt”);
Foreach($filearr as $empdata)
{
$EmpFields = explode(‘,’, $empdata);
$id= $EmpFields[0];
$name = $EmpFields[1];
$dept = $EmpFields[2];
Echo “ID of Employee is $id <br /> Name is $name <br /> Department is $dept<br />”;
}

4.6 Object-Oriented Overview: php classes and objects

PHP is a full-fledged object-oriented language like Java and C++.
Class is a user defined data-type which has data members and member functions.
Each variable created from a class is called an object or instance, and each object maintains its
own set of variables.

The Unified Modeling Language

The standard diagramming notation for object-oriented design is UML (Unified Modeling
Language). UML is a set of diagramatic notations for visualizing, specifying, constructing and
documenting the components of software system.It was created by OMG(Object Management
Group) in 1997.
Consider the ‘Artist’ class, with firstname, lastname, birthdate, birthcity and deathdate asmembers.

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Differences between Server and Desktop Objects
One important distinction between web programming and desktop application programming is
that the objects created exists only until a web script is terminated. While desktop software can
load an object into memory and make use of it for several user interactions. Object must be
recreated and loaded into memory for each request in web applications.

In a server, there are thousands of users making requests at once, so objects are destroyed upon
responding to each request and also the memory is shared between many simultaneous requests.

It is possible to have objects persist between multiple requests in a server using serialization,
which rapidly stores and retrieves object .
The below figure shows the lifetimes of objects in memory between a desktop and a browser
application.

4.7 Classes and Objects in PHP

Developers can create their own classes in PHP. Classes should be defined in their own files so
they can be imported into multiple scripts. A class file is named as classname.class.php. Any
PHP script can make use of an external class by including the class file in the script.

Defining Classes
The PHP syntax for defining a class uses the class keyword followed by the classname and { }
braces. The properties and methods of the class are defined within the braces.
Eg –
class Employee{
public $EmpName;
public $EmpID;
public $Dept;
public $Designation;
public $salary;
}

Each property in the class is declared using one of the keywords public, protected, or private
access specifiers followed by the property or variable name.

Instantiating Objects
Once a class has been defined, any number of instances of that class can be created, using the
new keyword.

To create two new instances of the Employee class called $emp1 and $emp2, you instantiate two
new objects using the new keyword as follows:
$emp1 = new Employee();
$emp2 = new Employee ();

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Properties
The objects can access and modify the properties using an arrow (->).
$emp1 = new Employee();
$emp2 = new Employee ();
$emp1->EmpName = “Pablo”;
$emp1->EmpID = “M123”;
$emp1->Dept = “Testing”;
$emp1-> Designation = “Manager”;
$emp1->salary = “35K”;

Constructors
A constructor is a member function of a class which initializes objects of a class. Objects can be
done by using above method also, but if there are many objects then it is difficult to initialize.

In PHP, constructors are defined as functions with the name construct() (two underscores
before the word construct.).

class Employee{
public $EmpName;
public $EmpID;
public $Dept;
public $Designation;
public $salary;
function construct($name,$id,$dept,$desig,$sal)
{
$this->EmpName = $name;
$this->EmpID = $id;
$this->Dept = $dept;
$this-> Designation = $desig;
$this->salary = $sal;
}
}
In the constructor each parameter is assigned to an internal class variable using the $this->
syntax. Inside a class $this syntax must be used to reference all properties and methods
associated with this particular instance of a class.
The object is created as follows –
$emp1 = new Employee("Pablo","M123","Testing","Manager","35K");
$emp2 = new Employee ("Salvador","M124","Testing","Trainee",”10K”);

Methods
In object-oriented concept, the operations on properties of objects are performed within the
methods defined in a class. Methods are like functions, except they are associated with a class.
They define the tasks each instance of a class can perform and are useful since they associate
behavior with objects.

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The below code uses the display function to display the details of an object.
Program Output
<?php
Class Student
{
public $name;
public $USN;
public $address;
public $avg;

function __construct($n,$usn,$add,$avg)
{
$this->name = $n;
$this->USN= $usn;
$this->address = $add;
$this->avg = $avg;
}
function display()
{
echo "name is $this->name <br /> USN is
$this->USN <br />";
echo "Address is $this->address <br /> Avg is
$this->avg <br />";
}
}

$s1 = new Student("Shwetha",

"123","Bangalore",66);
$s1->display();
?>

Class Object
Student $s1:Student
+ name: String + name: Shwetha
+ USN: String + USN: 123
+ address: String + address: Bangalore
+ avg: float + avg: 66
+ construct(int, String, String, String) + construct(int, String, String, String)
+ display( ) : void + display( ) : void

_ _toString( ) method – Any function which returns a string, can be renamed as _ _toString( ).
The function is called by just using the object as a variable.
Eg-
$s1 = new Student( );
Echo $s1; //calls the _ _toString( ) function and displays the string returned.

Visibility
The visibility of a property or method determines the accessibility of a class member (i.e., a
property or method) and can be set to public, private, or protected.

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The public keyword means that the property or method is accessible to any code anywhere that
has a reference to the object.
The private keyword sets a method or variable to only be accessible from within the class. This
means that we cannot access or modify the property from outside of the class, even if it is
referenced with an object.
The protected keyword sets a method or variable to be accessible from within the class and from
its derived classes.

In UML, the "+" symbol is used to denote public properties and methods, the "–" symbol for
private members, and the "#" symbol for protected members.

Static Members
A static member is a property or method that all instances of a class share. Unlike an instance
property, where each object gets its own value for that property, there is only one value for a
class’s static property. It is common for all objects.

A variable is declared static by including the static keyword in the declaration:

public static $StudentCount = 0;

A static property is accessed within a class using self::syntax. This is an indication to

programmer to understand that the variable is static and is not associated with an instance ($this).
This static variable is accessed outside the class, without any instance of an Student object by
using the class name, that is, Student::$StudentCount.
Static methods are similar to static properties in that they are globally accessible (if public) and
are not associated with particular objects. Static methods cannot access instance members. Static
methods are called using the same double colon syntax as static properties.

Static members are used when some data or operations are independent of the instances of the
class.

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Programs Output
<?php
Class Student 1
{
public $name;
public $USN;
public $address;
public $avg;
public static $StudentCount = 0;

function __construct($n,$usn,$add,$avg)
{
$this->name = $n;
$this->USN= $usn;
$this->address = $add;
$this->avg = $avg;
self::$StudentCount++;
}
}
$s1 = new Student("abc","1120","Bangalore",66);
echo Student::$StudentCount;
?>
Output:
In the UML notation the shared property is underlined to indicate its static nature.

Class
Student Object
+ StudentCount: int $s1:Student
+ name: String + self::$StudentCount
+ USN: String + name: Shwetha
+ address: String + USN: 123
+ avg: float + address: Bangalore
+ construct(int, String, String, String) + avg: 66
+ construct(int, String, String, String)

Class Constants
Constant values are stored more efficiently as class constants using ‘const’ keyword. There will
be the constant values as long as they are not calculated or updated.
Eg - const EARLIEST_DATE = 'January 1, 1200';
Unlike all other variables, constants don’t use the $ symbol when declaring or using them. They
can be accessed both inside and outside the class using self::EARLIEST_DATE in the class and
classReference::EARLIEST_DATE outside.

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4.8 Object-Oriented Design
The object-oriented design of software offers many benefits in terms of modularity, testability,
and reusability.

Objects can be reused across the program. The software is easier to maintain, as any changes in
the structure need to change only the class. OO concepts enables faster development and easier
maintenance of the software.

Data Encapsulation
Object-oriented design enables the possibility of encapsulation (hiding), that is, restricting
access to an object’s internal components (properties and methods). Another way of
understanding encapsulation is: it is the hiding of an object’s implementation details.

In properly encapsulated class, the properties and methods, are hidden using the private access
specifier and these properties and methods are accessed to outside the class using the public
methods. Thus we can restrict the usage of required properties and methods.

The hidden properties are accessed and modified using public methods commonly called getters
and setters (or accessors and mutators). A getter returns a variable’s value does not modify the
property. It is normally called without parameters, and returns the property from within the class.

The below example shows the modified Student class with getters and setters. Some of the
properties are private. These properties cannot be accessed or assigned from outside the class,
the getters and setters.
Program Output
<?php
class student{
// Properties
public $name;
public $USN;

// Methods
function set_name($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
function get_name() {
return $this->name;
}
}

$s1 = new student();

$s2 = new student();
$s1->set_name('shwetha');
$s2->set_name('vinutha');
$s2->set_name('Sunitha');

echo $s1->get_name();
echo "<br>";

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echo $s1->USN=1110;
echo "<br>";
echo $s2->get_name();
echo "<br>";
echo $s2->USN=1111;
echo $s3->get_name();
echo "<br>";
echo $s3->USN=1112;
echo "<br>";
?>

Two forms of the UML class diagram for our data encapsulated class are –

Class Class
Student Student
- name: String - name: String
- USN: String - USN: String
+ address: String + address: String
+ avg: float + avg: float
+ construct(int, String, String, String) + construct(int, String, String, String)
+ getname() : String
+ getUSN() : String
+ setname(String) : void
+ setUSN(String) : void

The first UML diagram includes, all the getter and setter methods. UML diagram may also
exclude the getter and setter methods from a class as shown in the second diagram.

Inheritance
Inheritance enables you to create new PHP classes that reuse, extend, and modify the behavior
that is defined in another PHP class. A class that is inheriting the properties and methods from
another class is said to be a subclass, a derived class or a child class. The class that is being
inherited is called a superclass , a base class or a parent class.

When a class inherits from another class, it inherits all of its public and protected methods and
properties. Just as in Java, a PHP class is defined as a subclass by using the extends keyword.

class Painting extends Art { . . . }

Inheritance in a UML class diagram –

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Base Class
Student
- name: String
+ USN: String
+ address: String
+ avg: float
+ construct(int, String, String, String)
# display( ): void

Derived Class
Student
- sports: int
- academic: int
+ construct(int, String, String, String,int,int)
+ total ( ):void
+ display( ): void

Program
<?php
Class Student
{
private $name;
public $USN;
public $address;
public $avg;

function __construct($n,$usn,$add,$avg)
{
$this->name = $n;
$this->USN= $usn;
$this->address = $add;
$this->avg = $avg;
}
protected function display()
{
echo $this->name;
}
}

class FeeDetails extends Student

{
private $sports;

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private $academic;

function __construct($n,$usn,$add,$avg,$s,$ac)
{
parent:: __construct($n,$usn,$add,$avg);
$this->sports= $s;
$this->academic= $ac;
}

public function total()

{
$sum= ($this->sports)+($this->academic);
echo "total fee is $sum";
}
public function display()
{
parent::display();
$this->total();
}}

$f1 = new FeeDetails("Shwetha", "1123","Bangalore",66,25000,3000);

$f1->display();
?>
Output:

Referencing Base Class Members

A subclass inherits the public and protected members of the base class. In PHP any reference to a
member in the base class requires the addition of the parent:: prefix instead of the $this->
prefix. So within the FeeDetails class, a reference to the parent constructor or display() method
would be done by using parent:: prefix.
It is important to note that private members in the base class are not available to its subclasses.
Thus, within the FeeDetails class, a reference like the following would not work.

$abc = parent::name; // would not work within the FeeDetails class

If a member has to be available to subclasses but not anywhere else, it can be done by using the
protected access modifier. ‘name’ member of base class can be accessed in base class only as it
is private. It is displayed using ‘$this->name’ in base class.

Inheriting Methods
Every method defined in the base/parent class can be overridden when extending a class, by
declaring a function with the same name. A simple example of overriding is done in the previous
program, the display( ) method of subclass FeeDetails overrides the display( ) method of parent
class.
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To access a public or protected method or property defined within a base class from within a
subclass, use the member name with parent:: prefix.

Parent Constructors
To invoke a parent constructor from the derived class’s constructor, use the parent:: syntax and
call the constructor on the first line parent:: _ _construct(). This is similar to calling other parent
methods, except that to use it we must call it at the beginning of constructor.

Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the OO concept, where the object can act differently at different times. Even if
the same function name is used.

Overriding of methods in two or more derived classes takes place, the actual method called will
depend on the type of the object. In the below example program, the display ( ) method is
defined in both the derived classes. The method accessed depends on the object used to access
the function.

<?php

Class Student
{
private $name;
public $USN;
public $address;
public $avg;

function construct($n,$usn,$add,$avg)
{
$this->name = $n;
$this->USN= $usn;
$this->address = $add;
$this->avg = $avg;
}
protected function display()
{
echo $this->name;
}
}

class FeeDetails extends Student

{
private $sports;
private $academic;

function construct($n,$usn,$add,$avg,$s,$ac)
{
parent:: construct($n,$usn,$add,$avg);

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$this->sports= $s;
$this->academic= $ac;
}

public function total()

{
$sum= ($this->sports)+($this->academic);
echo "total fee is $sum";
}
public function display()
{
parent::display();
$this->total();
}
}

class Scholarship extends Student

{

function construct($n,$usn,$add,$avg)
{
parent:: construct($n,$usn,$add,$avg);
}

public function display()

{
parent::display();
echo "No fees";
}
}

$f1 = new FeeDetails("Sajeev", "15CS013","Bangalore",66,25000,3000);

$s1=new Scholarship("Amith", "15CS013","Bangalore",66);
$f1->display();
$s1->display();

?>

OUTPUT:
Sajeev total fee is 28000 Amith No fees

The same display( ) method is invoked by two different objects. First the display( ) function of
FeeDetails class is invoked and then the display( ) function of Scholarship class is invoked.

The run time decision of determining the function to be invoked at run time, is called dynamic
dispatching. Just as each object can maintain its own properties, each object also manages its
own table of methods. This means that two objects of the same type can have different
implementations with the same name.

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Object Interfaces
An object interface is a way of declaring a formal list of methods(only) without specifying their
implementation. The class that uses the interface must implement the declared functions.

Interfaces provide a mechanism for defining what a class can do without specifying how it does
it. Interfaces are defined using the interface keyword. It looks similar to PHP classes, except an
interface contains no properties and its methods do not have method bodies defined.

Eg -
interface Viewable {
public function getmessage();
public function getData();
}
Notice that an interface contains only public methods, and instead of having a method body, each
method is terminated with a semicolon.

In PHP, a class can be said to implement an interface, using the implements keyword:

class FeeDetails extends Student implements Viewable { ... }

This means then that the class ‘FeeDetails’ must provide implementations for the getmessage()
and getData() methods.Implementing an interface allows a class to become more formal about
the behavior it promises to provide. The same interface can be inherited by more than one class.
It helps in the implementation of multiple inheritance.

PHP allows implementing two or more interfaces. The UML diagram to denote the interfaces
include the <<interface>> stereotype. Classes that implement an interface are shown to
implement using the same hollow triangles as inheritance but with dotted lines.

Base Class
Student Interface
- name: String <<interface>>
+ USN: String Viewable
+ address: String + getmessage ( ) : void
+ avg: float + getData ( ):void
+ construct(int, String, String, String)
# display( ): void

Derived Class
Student
- sports: int
- academic: int
+ construct(int, String, String, String,int,int)
+ total ( ):void
+ display( ): void

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Runtime Class and Interface Determination
During the implementation, it might be required to know the class of a particular object or the
interfaces used in the object and so on, this is possible in PHP using some of the built-in
functions.

To display the class name of an object $x use the get_class() function:

echo get_class($x);

Similarly we can access the parent class with:

echo get_parent_class($x);

To determine what interfaces this class has implemented, use the function class_implements(),
which returns an array of all the interfaces implemented by this class or its parents.
$allInterfaces = class_implements($x);

Error Handling and Validation

4.9 What Are Errors and Exceptions?

Even the best-written web application can suffer from runtime errors. Most complex web
applications must interact with external systems such as databases, web services, email servers,
file system, and other externalities that are beyond the developer’s control. A failure in any one
of these systems will mean that the web application will no longer run successfully. It is vitally
important that web applications gracefully handle such problems.

Types of Errors
There are three different types of website problems:
• Expected errors
• Warnings
• Fatal errors

An expected error is an error that routinely occurs during an application. The most common
example of this type of error is as a result of user inputs, ie. , entering letters when numbers were
expected. The web application should be developed such that, we expect the user to not always
enter expected values. Users will leave fields blank, enter text when numbers were expected,
type in too much or too little text, forget to click certain things, and click things they should not
etc.

Not every expected error is the result of user input. Web applications that rely on connections to
externalities such as database management systems, legacy software systems, or web services is
expected to occasionally fail to connect. So there should be some type of logic that verifies the
errors in code, check the user inputs and check if it contains the expected values.

PHP provides two functions for testing the value of a variable.

isset() function - which returns true if a variable is not null.
empty() function - which returns true if a variable is null, false, zero, or an empty string.

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To check a numeric value, use the is_numeric() function, as shown

$id = $_GET['id'];
if (!empty($id) && is_numeric($id) ) {
// use the query string since it exists and is a numeric value
...
}

Another type of error is warnings, which are problems that generate a PHP warning message
(which may or may not be displayed) but will not halt the execution of the page. For instance,
calling a function without a required parameter will generate a warning message but not stop
execution. While not as serious as expected errors, these types of incidental errors should be
eliminated by the programmer.

The fatal errors, which are serious in that the execution of the page will terminate unless
handled in some way. These types of errors are exceptional and unexpected, such as a required
input file being missing or a database table or field disappearing. These types of errors need to be
reported so that the developer can try to fix the problem, and also the page needs to recover
gracefully from the error so that the user is not excessively puzzled or frustrated.

Exception
In the context of PHP, error and exception is not the same. An error is some type of problem that
generates a nonfatal warning message or that generates an error message that terminates the
program’s execution. An exception refers to objects that are of type Exception and which are
used in conjunction with the object-oriented try . . . catch language construct for dealing with
runtime errors.

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4.10 PHP Error and Exception Handling
When a fatal PHP error occurs, program execution will eventually terminate unless it is handled.
The PHP documentation provides two mechanisms for handling runtime errors: procedural error
handling and the more object-oriented exception handling.

Procedural Error Handling

In the procedural approach to error handling, the programmer needs to explicitly test for error
conditions after performing a task that might generate an error. Eg - While connecting to the
database, we may need to test for and deal with errors after each operation that might generate an
error state -
$connection = mysqli_connect(DBHOST, DBUSER, DBPASS, DBNAME);
$error = mysqli_connect_error();
if ($error != null) {
// handle the error
...
}

This type of coding requires the programmer to know ahead of time what code is going to
generate an error condition and also result in a great deal of code duplication. The advantage of
the try . . . catch mechanism is that it allows the developer to handle a wider variety of
exceptions in a single catch block.

Object-Oriented Exception Handling

When a runtime error occurs, PHP throws an exception. This exception can be caught and
handled either by the function, class, or page that generated the exception or by the code that
called the function or class. If an exception is not caught, then eventually the PHP environment
will handle it by terminating execution with an “Uncaught Exception” message.

PHP also uses the try . . . catch programming construct to programmatically deal with exceptions
at runtime. The catch construct expects some type of parameter of type Exception. The
Exception built-in class provides methods for accessing not only the exception message, but also
the line number of the code that generated the exception and the stack trace, both of which can
be helpful for understanding where and when the exception occurred.

// Exception throwing function

function throwException($message = null,$code = null)
{
throw new Exception($message,$code);
}
try {
// PHP code here

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$connection = mysqli_connect(DBHOST, DBUSER, DBPASS, DBNAME)

or throwException("error");
//...
}
catch (Exception $e) {
echo ' Caught exception: ' . $e->getMessage();
echo ' On Line : ' . $e->getLine();
echo ' Stack Trace: '; print_r($e->getTrace());
}

finally {
// PHP code here that will be executed after try or after catch
}

The finally block is optional. Any code within it will always be executed after the code in the try
or in the catch blocks, even if that code contains a return statement. It is typically used if the
developer wants certain things to do regardless of whether an exception occurred, such as closing
a connection or removing temporary files.

It is also possible in PHP to programmatically throw an exception via the throw keyword. An
exception is thrown when an expected programming assumption is not met. It also possible to
rethrow an exception within a catch block.

function processArray($array)
{
// make sure the passed parameter is an array with values
if ( empty($array) ) {
throw new Exception('Array with values expected');
}
// process the array code
...
}

Rethrowing the exception

try {
// PHP code here
}
catch (Exception $e) {
// do some application-specific exception handling here
...
// now rethrow exception
throw $e; // same exception is rethrown
}

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4.11 PHP Error Reporting
PHP has a flexible and customizable system for reporting warnings and errors that can be set
programmatically at runtime or declaratively at design-time within the php.ini file. There are
three main error reporting flags:
• error_reporting
• display_errors
• log_errors

Note: PHP.ini is a configuration file, that is used to customize behavior of PHP at runtime. It
consists of settings for different values such as register global variables, display errors, log
errors, max uploading size setting, maximum time to execute a script and other configurations.
When PHP Server starts up it looks for PHP.ini file first to load various values for settings.

The error_reporting Setting

The error_reporting setting specifies which type of errors are to be reported. It can be set
programmatically inside any PHP file by using the error_reporting() function:
error_reporting(E_ALL);

It can also be set within the php.ini file:

error_reporting = E_ALL

The possible levels for error_reporting are defined by predefined constants(the default setting is
zero, that is, no reporting).

The display_errors Setting

The display_error setting specifies whether error messages should or should not be displayed in
the browser. It can be set programmatically via the ini_set() function:
ini_set('display_errors','0');

It can also be set within the php.ini file:

display_errors = Off

The log_error Setting

The log_error setting specifies whether error messages should or should not be sent to the server
error log. It can be set programmatically via the ini_set() function:
ini_set('log_errors','1');

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Module IV – Arrays, Classes & Objects, Exception Handling in PHP 18CS63
It can also be set within the php.ini file:
log_errors = On

When logging is turned on, error reporting will be sent to either the operating system’s error log
file or to a specified file in the site’s directory. If error messages is to be saved in a log file in the
user’s directory, the file name and path can be set via the error_log setting.
ini_set('error_log', '/restricted/my-errors.log');

It can also be set within the php.ini file:

error_log = /restricted/my-errors.log

You can also programmatically send messages to the error log at any time via the error_log()

$msg = 'Some horrible error has occurred!';

// send message to system error log (default)
error_log($msg,0);
// email message
error_log($msg,1,'[email protected]','From: [email protected]');
// send message to file
error_log($msg,3, '/folder/somefile.log');

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