Object Oriented Concepts-Module 1 18CS45

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO OBJECT ORIENTED CONCEPTS

A Review of structures
The Need for Structures
 Structure is a programming construct in C that allows us to put together
variables that should be together.
 Library programmers use structures to create new data types.
 E.g.
struct date //a structure to represent dates
{
int d, m, y;
};

 Now, the next_day() function will accept the address of a variable of

the structure date as a parameter. Accordingly, its prototype will be as
follows:
void next_day(struct date *);

 The need for structures

struct date
d1; d1.d=28;
d1.m=2;
d1.y=1999;
next_day(&d1);
 „d1.d‟, „d1.m‟, and „d1.y‟ will be correctly set to 1, 3, and 1999,
respectively.
 Since the function takes the address of an entire structure variable as a
parameter at a time, there is no chance of variables of the different
groups being sent to the function.

Creating a New Data Type Using Structures

 Creation of a new data type using structures is loosely a three-step

process that is executed by the library programmer.

Step 1: Put the structure definition and the prototypes of the associated functions in a header
file, as shown in Listing 1.3.

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Step 2: As shown in Listing 1.4, put the definition of the associated functions in a source
code and create a library.

Step 3: Provide the header file and the library, in whatever media, to other programmers who
want to use this new data type.

Using Structures in Application Programs

The steps to use this new data type are as follows:

Step 1: Include the header file provided by the library programmer in the
source code.
/*Beginning of dateUser.c*/
#include“date.h”

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void main( )
{
....
....
}
/*End of dateUser.c*/

Step 2: Declare variables of the new data type in the source code.
/*Beginning of dateUser.c*/
#include“date.h”
void main( )
{
struct date d;
....
....
}
/*End of dateUser.c*/
Step 3: As shown in Listing 1.5, embed calls to the associated functions by
passing these variables in the source code.

Step 4: Compile the source code to get the object file.

Step 5: Link the object file with the library provided by the library
programmer to get the executable or another library.

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Overview of C++
 C++ extension was first invented by “Bjarne Stroustrup” in 1979.
 He initially called the new language “ C with Classes”.
 However in 1983 the name was changed to C++.
 c++ is an extension of the C language, in that most C programs are also c++programs.
 C++, as an opposed to C, supports “Object-Oriented Programming”.

Object Oriented Programming System (OOPS)

 In OOPS we try to model real-world objects.
 Most real world objects have internal parts (Data Members) and interfaces (Member
Functions) that enables us to operate them.
Object:
 Everything in the world is an object.
 An object is a collection of variables that hold the data and functions that operate on the
data.
 The variables that hold data are called Data Members.
 The functions that operate on the data are called Member Functions.
The two parts of an object:
 Object = Data + Methods (Functions)
 In object oriented programming the focus is on creating the objects to accomplish a task
and not creating the procedures (Functions).
 In OOPs the data is tied more closely to the functions and does not allow the data to flow
freely around the entire program making the data more secure.
 Data is hidden and cannot be easily accessed by external functions.
 Compliers implementing OOP does not allow unauthorized functions to access the data
thus enabling data security.

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 Only the associated functions can operate on the data and there is no change of bugs
creeping into program.
 The main advantage of OOP is its capability to model real world problems.
 It follows Bottom Up approach in program design.
Object A object B object C

data data data

Functions
Functions Functions

Communication

 Identifying objects and assigning responsibilities to these objects.

 Objects communicate to other objects by sending messages.
 Messages are received by the methods (functions) of an object.

Basic concepts (features) of Object-Oriented Programming

1. Objects

2. Classes

3. Data abstraction

4. Data encapsulation

5. Inheritance

6. Polymorphism

7. Binding

8. Message passing

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 Objects and Classes:

 Classes are user defined data types on which objects are created.
 Objects with similar properties and methods are grouped together to form class.
 So class is a collection of objects.
 Object is an instance of a class.
 Data abstraction
 Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including
the background details or explanation.
 Ex: Let's take one real life example of a TV, which you can turn on and off,
change the channel, adjust the volume, and add external components such as
speakers, VCRs, and DVD players, BUT you do not know its internal details, that
is, you do not know how it receives signals over the air or through a cable, how it
translates them, and finally displays them on the screen.
 Ex: #include <iostream>

int main( )
{
cout << "Hello C++"
<<endl; return 0;
}
 Here, you don't need to understand how cout displays the text on the user's screen.
You need to only know the public interface and the underlying implementation of
cout is free to change.
 Data encapsulation
 Information hiding
 Wrapping (combining) of data and functions into a single unit (class) is known as
data encapsulation.
 Data is not accessible to the outside world, only those functions which are
wrapped in the class can access it.

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 Inheritance
 Acquiring qualities.
 Process of deriving a new class from an existing class.
 Existing class is known as base, parent or super class.
 The new class that is formed is called derived class, child or sub class.
 Derived class has all the features of the base class plus it has some extra features
also.
 Writing reusable code.
 Objects can inherit characteristics from other objects.
 Polymorphism
 The dictionary meaning of polymorphism is “having multiple forms”.
 Ability to take more than one form.
 A single name can have multiple meanings depending on its context.
 It includes function overloading, operator overloading.
 Binding
 Binding means connecting the function call to the function code to be executed in
response to the call.
 Static binding means that the code associated with the function call is linked at
compile time. Also known as early binding or compile time polymorphism.
 Dynamic binding means that the code associated with the function call is linked at
runtime. Also known as late binding or runtime polymorphism.
 Message passing
Objects communicate with one another by sending and receiving information.

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The process of programming in an OOP involves the following basic steps:

1. Creating classes that define objects and behavior.
2. Creating objects from class definitions.
3. Establishing communications among objects.

Advantages of OOPS
 Data security
 Reusability of existing code
 Creating new data types
 Abstraction
 Less development time
 Reduce complexity
 Better productivity

Benefits of OOP
 Reusability
 Saving of development time and higher productivity
 Data hiding
 Multiple objects feature
 Easy to partition the work in a project based on objects.
 Upgrade from small to large systems
 Message passing technique for interface.
 Software complexity can be easily managed.

Applications of OOP
 Real time systems
 Simulation and modeling
 Object oriented databases

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 Hypertext, hypermedia
 AI (Artificial Intelligence)
 Neural networks and parallel programming
 Decision support and office automation systems
 CIM/CAD/CAED system

Difference between POP(Procedure Oriented Programming) and OOP(Object

Oriented Programming)
Sl.No PO OO
P P
1. Emphasis is on procedures (functions) Emphasis is on data
2. Programming task is divided into a Programming task is divided into objects
collection of data structures and (consisting of data variables and associated
functions. member functions)

3. Procedures are being separated from data Procedures are not separated from data, instead,
being manipulated procedures and data are combined
together.

4. A piece of code uses the data to The data uses the piece of code to perform
perform the specific task the specific task

5. Data is moved freely from one Data is hidden and can be accessed only by
function to another function using member functions not by external function.

parameters.
6. Data is not secure Data is secure
7. Top-Down approach is used in the Bottom-Up approach is used in program
program design design

8. Debugging is the difficult as the code Debugging is easier even if the code size is
size increases more

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Comparison of C with C++

Sl.No C C+
+
1. It is procedure oriented language It is object-oriented language
2. Emphasis is on writing the functions Emphasis is on data which uses functions to
which performs some specific tasks. achieve the task.

3. The data and functions are separate The data and functions are combined
4. Does not support polymorphism, Supports polymorphism, inheritance etc.
inheritance etc.

5. They run faster They run slower when compared to

equivalent C program

6. Type checking is not so strong Type checking is very strong

7. Millions of lines of code management Millions of lines of code can be managed
is very difficult very easily

8. Function definition and declarations Function definitions and declarations are

are not allowed within structure allowed within structure definitions.

definitions

Console Output/input in C++

Cin: used for keyboard input.
Cout: used for screen output.
Since Cin and Cout are C++ objects, they are somewhat “Intelligent”.
 They do not require the usual format strings and conversion specifications.
 They do automatically know what data types are involved.
 They do not need the address operator and ,
 They do require the use of the stream extraction (>>) and insertion (<<) operators.
Extraction operator (>>):
 To get input from the keyboard we use the extraction operator and the object Cin.

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 Syntax: Cin>> variable;

 No need for “&” infront of the variable.
 The compiler figures out the type of the variable and reads in the appropriate type.
o Example:
#include<iostream.h>
Void main( )
{
int x;
float y;
cin>>
x;
cin>>y;
}

Insertion operator (<<):

 To send output to the screen we use the insertion operator on the object Cout.
 Syntax: Cout<<variable;
 Compiler figures out the type of the object and prints it out appropriately.
Example:
#include<iostream.h>
void main( )
{
cout<<5;
cout<<4.1;
cout<<
} “string”;
Programs cout<< „\n‟;
Example using Cin and Cout
#include<iostream.h>
void main( )
{
int a,b;
float k;
char name[30];
cout<< “Enter your name \n”;
cin>>name;

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cout<< “Enter two Integers and a Float \n”;

cin>>a>>b>>k;
cout<< “Thank You,” <<name<<”,you
entered\n”;
cout<<a<<”,”<<b<<”,and”<<k<<‟/n‟;
}

Output:
Enter your name
Mahesh
Enter two integers and a Float
10
20
30.5
Thank you Mahesh, you entered
10, 20 and 30.5

C++ program to find out the square of a number

#include<iostream.h>
int main( )
{
int i;
cout<< “this is output\n”;
cout<< “Enter a number”;
cin>>i;
cout<<i<< “Square is” <<
i*i<<”\n”; return 0;
}

Output:
This is output
Enter a number 5 5
square is 25

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Variables

Variable are used in C++, where we need storage for any value, which will change in program.
Variable can be declared in multiple ways each with different memory requirements and
functioning. Variable is the name of memory location allocated by the compiler depending upon
the datatype of the variable.

Declaration and InitialIZation

 Variable must be declared before they are used. Usually it is preferred to declare them at
the starting of the program, but in C++ they can be declared in the middle of program too,
but must be done before using them.

Example :

int i; // declared but not initialised

char c;
int i, j, k; // Multiple declaration

InITIALIZation means assigning valUE to an already declared variable,

int i; // declaration

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i = 10; // initialization

InITIALIZation and declaration can be done in one single step also,

int i=10; //initialization and declaration in same step int

i=10, j=11;

 If a variable is declared and not initialized by default it will hold a garbage value. Also, if
a variable is once declared and if try to declare it again, we will get a compile time error.

int i,j;
i=10;
j=20;
int j=i+j; //compile time error, cannot redeclare a variable in same scope

Scope of Variables

All the variables have their area of functioning, and out of that boundary they don't hold their
value, this boundary is called scope of the variable. For most of the cases its between the curly
braces, in which variable is declared that a variable exists, not outside it. we can broadly divide
variables into two main types,

 Global Variables
 Local variables

Global variables

Global variables are those, which are once declared and can be used throughout the lifetime of
the program by any class or any function. They must be declared outside the

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main() function. If only declared, they can be assigned different values at different time in
program lifetime. But even if they are declared and initialized at the same time outside the
main() function, then also they can be assigned any value at any point in the program.

Example : Only declared, not initialized

include <iostream>
int x; // Global variable declared
int main()
{
x=10; // Initialized once
cout <<"first value of x = "<< x;
x=20; // Initialized again
cout <<"Initialized again with value = "<< x;
}

Local Variables

Local variables are the variables which exist only between the curly braces, in which its
declared. Outside that they are unavailable and leads to compile time error.

Example :

include <iostream>
int main()
{
int i=10;
if(i<20) // if condition scope starts
{
int n=100; // Local variable declared and initialized

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} // if condition scope ends

cout << n; // Compile time error, n not available here
}

Reference variable in C++

 When a variable is declared as reference, it becomes an alternative name for an

existing variable. A variable can be declared as reference by putting „&‟ in the
declaration.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int x = 10;

// ref is a reference to x.
int& ref = x;

// Value of x is now changed to 20

ref = 20;
cout << "x = " << x << endl ;

// Value of x is now changed to 30 x

= 30;
cout << "ref = " << ref << endl ;

return 0;
}

Output:

x = 20
ref = 30

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Functions in c++:

Definition:Dividing the program into modules, these modules are called as functions.

General form of function:

return_type function_name(parameter list)
{
Body of the function
}
Where,
return_type:
 What is the value to be return.
 Function can written any value except array.


Parameter_list: List of variables separated by comma.
The body of the function(code) is private to that particular function, it cannot be accessed
outside the function.

Components of function:
 Function declaration (or) prototype.
 Function parameters (formal parameters)
 Function definition
 Return statement
 Function call

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Example:
#include<iostream.h>
int max(int x, int y); //prototype(consists of formal arguments)

void main( ) //Function caller

{
int a, b, c;
cout<< “enter 2 integers”;
cin>>a>>b;
c=max(a,b); //function call
cout<<c<<endl;
}

int max(int x, int y) // function definition

{
if(x>y)
return x; // function return
else
return y;
}

Function prototype:
int max(int x, int y);
 It provides the following information to the compiler.
 The name of the function
 The type of the value returned( default an integer)
 The number and types of the arguments that must be supplied in a call to the function.
 Function prototyping is one of the key improvements added to the C++ functions.
 When a function is encountered, the compiler checks the function call with its prototype
so that correct argument types are used.

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Consider the following statement: int

max(int x, int y);
 It informs the compiler that the function max has 2 arguments of the type integer.
 The function max( ) returns an integer value the compiler knows how many bytes to
retrieve and how to interpret the value returned by the function.

Function definition:
 The function itself is returned to as function definition.
 The first line of the function definition is known as function declarator and is followed by
function body.
 The declarator and declaration must use the same function name, number of arguments,
the argument type and return type.
 The body of the function is enclosed in braces.
 C++ allows the definition to be placed anywhere in the program.
int max(int x, int y) // function declaration, no semicolon
{
if(x>y) //function body return
x;
else
return y;
}
Function call:
c= max (a, b) ;
 Invokes the function max( ) with two integer parameters, executing the call statement
causes the control to be transferred to the first statement in the function body and after
execution of the function body the control is resumed to the statement following the
function call. The max( ) returns the maximum of the parameters a and b. the return
value is assigned to the local variable c in main( ).

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Function parameters:
 The parameters specified in the function call are known as actual parameters and
specified in the declarator are known as formal parameters.
c=max(a,b);
 Here a and b are actual parameters. The parameters x and y are formal parameters. When
a function call is made, a one to one correspondence is established between the actual
and the formal parameters. In this case the value of the variable aa is assigned to the
variable x and that of b to y. the scope of formal parameters is limited to the function
only.
Function return:
 Functions can be grouped into two categories. Functions that do not have a return
value(void) and functions that have a return value.
The statement: return x;// function return and
return y;//function return
ex: c=max(a,b);//function call
the value returned by the function max( ) is assigned to the local variable c in main(
).
 The return statement in a function need not be at the end of the function. It can occur
anywhere in the function body and as soon as it is encountered , execution control will
be returns to the caller.

Argument passing:
Two types
1. Call by value
2. Call by reference

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Call by value:
 The default mechanism of parameter passing( argument passing) is called call by
value.
 Here we pass the value of actual arguments to formal parameters.
 Changes made to the formal parameters will not be affected the actual parameters.
Example 1:
#include<iostream.h>
void exchange(int x, int y);
void main( )
{
int a, b;
cout<< “enter values for a and b”; // 10 and 20
cin>>a>>b;
exchange(a,b);
cout<<a<<b; output: 10, 20
}

void exchange(int x, int y)

{
int temp;
temp=x;
x=y;
y=temp;
cout<<x<<y; output: 20, 10
}

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Example 2:
#include<iostream.h>
void main( )
{
int a, b;
cout<<” enter the value of a and b\n”; // 20 and 10
cin>>a>>b;
sub(a, b);
getch( );
}
void sub(int x, int y)
{
int result;
result=x-y;
cout<<result; output: 10
}
Example 3:
#include<iostream.h>
void main( )
{
int a=10, temp;
temp=add(a);
cout<<temp<<”,”<
<a;
}
int add(int a)
{
a=a+a;
return a;
}
Output: 20

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Call by reference:
 We pass address of an argument to the formal parameters.
 Changes made to the formal parameters will affect actual arguments.
Example 1:
#include<iostream.h>
void exchange(int *x, int *y);
void main( )
{
int a, b;
cout<< “enter values for a and b”; //10, 20
cin>>a>>b;
exchange(&a,&b);
cout<<a<<b; //output: 20,10
}
void exchange(int *x, int *y)
{
int temp;
temp=*x;
*x=*y;
*y=temp;
cout<<x<<y; // output: 20, 10
}

Example 2:
#include<iostream.h>
void main( )
{
int a=10, temp;
temp=add(&a);
cout<<temp<<”,”<
<a; getch();
}
int add(int *a)
{
a=*a+*a;
return a;
}

Output: 20

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Default arguments:
 Default values are specified when the function is declared.
 The compiler looks at the prototype to see how many arguments a function uses and
alerts the program for possible default values.

Example:
#include <iostream.h>
void add(int a=10, int b=20,int c=30);
void main( )
{
add(1,2,3);
add(1,2);
add(1);
add( );
}
void add(int a, int b, int c)
{
cout<< a+b+c;
}
 A default argument is checked for type at the time of declaration and evaluated at the
time of call.
 We must add defaults from right to left.
 We cannot provide a default value to a particular argument in the middle of an argument
list.

Example:
int mul (int i, int j=5, int k=10); //legal.
int mul (int i=5, int j); //illegal.
int mul (int i=0,int j, int k=10); //illegal. int
mul (int i=2, int j=5, int k=10); //legal.

 Default arguments are useful in situations where some arguments always have the same
value.

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Classes & Objects

Structure of C++ Program

Programming language is most popular language after C Programming language. C++ is first
Object oriented programming language.

Header File Declaration Section:

 Header files used in the program are listed here.

 Header File provides Prototype declaration for different library functions.
 We can also include user define header file.
 Basically all preprocessor directives are written in this section.

Global declaration section:

 Global Variables are declared here.

 Global Declaration may include
 Declaring Structure
 Declaring Class
 Declaring Variable

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Class declaration section:

 Actually this section can be considered as sub section for the global declaration
section.
 Class declaration and all methods of that class are defined here

Main function:
 Each and every C++ program always starts with main function.
 This is entry point for all the function. Each and every method is called indirectly
through main.
 We can create class objects in the main.
 Operating system calls this function automatically.
Method definition section

 This is optional section. Generally this method was used in C Programming.

Class specification:

 A Class is way to bind(combine)the data and its associated functions together. it

allows data and functions to be hidden.
 When we define a class, we are creating a new abstract data type that can be
created like any other built-in data types.
 This new type is used to declare objects of that class.
 Object is an instance of class.

General form of class declaration is:

class class_name
{
access specifier: data access

specifier: functions;

};

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 The keyword class specifies that what follows is an abstract data of type
class_name.the body of the class is enclosed in braces and terminated by semicolon.

Access specifier can be of 3 types:

Private:
 Cannot be accessed outside the class.
 But can be accessed by the member functions of the class.

PUBlic:
 Allows functions or data to be accessible to other parts of the program.

Protected:
 Can be accessed when we use inheritance.

Note:
By default data and member functions declared within a class are private. Variables
declared inside the class are called as data members and functions are called as
member functions. Only member functions can have access to data members and
function.

 The binding of functions and data together into a single class type variable is referred as
EncapSUlation.

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Example:
#include<iostream.h>
class student
{

private:
char name[10]; // private variables int
marks1,marks2;

public
: void getdata( ) // public function accessing private members
{
cout<<”enter name,marks in two subjects”;
cin>>name>>marks1>>marks2;
}
void display( ) // public function
{
cout<<”name:”<<name<<endl;
cout<<”marks”<<marks1<<endl<<mar
} ks2;
}; // end of class

void main( )
{
student obj1;
obj1.getdata( );
obj1.display( );
}
Output:
Enter name,marks in two subjects
Mahesh 25 24

Name: Mahesh
Marks 25 24

In the above program,class name is student,with private data members name,marks1 and
marks2,the public data members getdata( ) and display( ).

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Functions,the getdata( ) accepts name and marks in two subjects from user and display( )
displays same on the output screen.

Scope resolution operator (::)

 It is used to define the member functions outside the class.

 Scope resolution operator links a class name with a member name in order to tell
the compiler what class the member belongs to.
 Used for accessing global data.

Syntax to define the member functions outside the class using Scope resolution operator:

return_type class_name : : function_name(actual arguments)

{
function body
}

Example:
#include<iostream.h>
class student
{

private:
char name[10]; // private variables int
marks1,marks2;
public:
void getdata( );
void display( );
};

void student: :getdata( )

{
cout<<”enter name,marks in two subjects”;
cin>>name>>marks1>>marks2;
}

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void student: :display( )

{
cout<<”name:”<<name<<endl;
cout<<”marks”<<marks1<<endl<<mar
ks2;
}

void main( )
{
student obj1;
obj1.getdata( );
obj1.display( );
}

Accessing global variables using scope resolution operator (: :)

Example:
#include<iostream.h>
int a=100; // declaring global variable

class x
{
int a;
public
: void f( )
{
a=20; // local variable
cout<<a; // prints value of a as 20
}
};
void main( )
{
x g;
g.f( ); // this function prints value of a(local variable) as 20
cout<<::a; // this statement prints value of a(global variable) as 100
}

In the above program,the statement ::a prints global variable value of a as 100.

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Defining the functions with arguments(parameters):

#include<iostream.h>
class item
{
private:
int number,cost;
public:
void getdata(int a,int b );
}; void display( );

void item::getdata(int a,int b)

{
number=a;
cost=b;
}
void item::display( )
{
cout<<”cost:”<<number<<en
dl;
cout<<”number:”<<cost<<en
dl;
}
void main( )
{
item i1;
i1.getdata(10,20);
} i1.display( );

output:
number:10
cost:20

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Access members
 Class members(variables(data) and functions) Can be accessed through an object and dot
operator.
 Private members can be accessed by the functions which belong to the same class.

The format for calling a member function is:

Object_name.function_name(actual arguments);

Example: accessing private members

#include<iostream.h>
class item
{
Private: int a;

public: int b;
};

void main( )
{
item i1,i2;
i1.a=10; // illegal private member cannot be accessed outside the class

i2.b=20;
cout<<i2.b; // this statement prints value of b as 20.
}

Note: private members cannot be accessed outside the class but public members can be
accessed.

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Example: private members can be accessed by the functions which belongs to the same
class

#include<iostream.h>
class item
{
int a=10; // private member
public:
void display( )
{
cout<<a; // it prints a as10
}
};

void main( )
{
item i1;
i1.display( );
}

Defining member functions

 We can define the function inside the class.
 We can define the function outside the class.

The member FUnctions have some special characteristics:

 Several different classes can use same function name.
 Member function can access private data of the class.
 A member function can call another function directly, without using dot operator.

Defining the function inside the class:

 Another method of defining a member function is to replace the function declaration
by actual function definition inside the class.

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Example:
#include<iostream.h>
class item
{
private:
int cost,number;

public: void getdata(int a,int b ) // defining function inside the class

{
number=a;
cost=b;
}
void display( )
{
cout<<”cost:”<<number<<en
}; dl;
cout<<”number:”<<cost<<en
void main( ) dl;
{ }
item i1;
i1.getdata(10,30 );
} i1.display( );

output:
number:10
cost:30

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Function Overloading in C++

 Two or more functions have the same names but different argument lists. The arguments
may differ in type or number, or both. However, the return types of overloaded methods
can be the same or different is called function overloading. An example of the function
overloading is given below:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define pi 3.14

class fn
{
public:
void area(int); //circle
void area(int,int); //rectangle void
area(float ,int,int); //triangle
};

void fn::area(int a)
{
cout<<"Area of Circle:"<<pi*a*a;
}
void fn::area(int a,int b)
{
cout<<"Area of rectangle:"<<a*b;
}
void fn::area(float t,int a,int b)
{
cout<<"Area of triangle:"<<t*a*b;
}

void main()
{
int ch;
int a,b,r;
clrscr();

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Object Oriented Concepts-Module 1 18CS45

fn obj;
cout<<"\n\t\tFunction Overloading";
cout<<"\n1.Area of Circle\n2.Area of Rectangle\n3.Area of Triangle\n4.Exit\n:”;
cout<<”Enter your Choice:";
cin>>ch;

switch(ch)
{
case 1:
cout<<"Enter Radious of the Circle:";
cin>>r;
obj.area(r);
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter Sides of the Rectangle:";
cin>>a>>b;
obj.area(a,b);
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter Sides of the Triangle:";
} cin>>a>>b;
getch(); obj.area(0.5,a,b);
} break;
case 4:
exit(0);

Static data members

 Data members of class be qualified as static.

A static data member has certain special characteristics:

 It is initialized to zero when first object is created. No other initialization is permitted.
 Only one copy of the data member is created for the entire class and is shared by all the
objects of class. no matter how many objects are created.

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Object Oriented Concepts-Module 1 18CS45

 Static variables are normally used to maintain values common to entire class objects.

Example
class item
static int count; // static data member
{ int number;
public:
void getdata( )
{
number=a;
count++;
}

void putdata( )
{
cout<<”count value”<<count<<endl;
}
};
void main( )
{
item i1,i2,i3; // count is initialized to zero
i1.putdata( );
i2.putdata( );
i3.putdata( );
i1.getdata( );
i2.getdata( );
i3.getdata( );
i1.putdata( ); // display count after reading data
i2.putdata( );
i3.putdata( );
}

Output:
Count value 0
Count value 0
Count value 0
Count value 3
Count value 3
Count value 3

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In the above program,the static variable count is initialized to zero when objects are
created.count is incremented whenever data is read into object.since three times getdata( )
is called,so 3 times count value is created.all the 3 objects will have count value as 3
because count variable is shared by all the objects,so all the last 3 statements in
main( ) prints values of count value as 3.
i1 i2 i3

100 200 300

3
Count(common for all objects)

Static member functions

 Like a static member variable, we can also have static member functions.

A member FUnction that is declared as static has the following properties:

 A static member function can have access to only other static members declared in
the same class.
 A static member function can be called using the class name, instead of objects.

Syntax:
class_name : : function_name ;

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Object Oriented Concepts-Module 1 18CS45

Example:

class item
{
int number;
static int count;

public:
void getdata(int a )
{
number=a;
count++;
}
static void putdata( )
{
cout<<”count value”<<count;
}
};

void main( )
{
item i1,i2;
i1.getdata(10);
i2.getdata(20);
item::putdata( );
// call static member function using class name with scope resolution operator.
}

Output:
Count value 2
 In the above program, we have one static data member count, it is initialized to zero,
when first object is created, and one static member function putdata( ),it can access only
static member.
 When getdata( ) is called,twice,each time, count value is incremented, so the value of
count is 2.when static member function putdata( ) is called, it prints value of count as 2.

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Object Oriented Concepts-Module 1 18CS45

Inline functions:
 First control will move from calling to called function. Then arguments will be pushed on
to the stack, then control will move back to the calling from called function.
 This process takes extra time in executing.
 To avoid this, we use inline function.
 When a function is declared as inline, compiler replaces function call with function code.
Example:
#include<iostream.h>
void main( )
{
cout<< max(10,20);
cout<<max(100,90)
; getch( );
}
inline int max(int a, int b)
{
if(a>b)
return a;
else
return b;
}
Output: 20
100
Note: inline functions are functions consisting of one or two lines of code.
Inline function cannot be used in the following situation:
 If the function definition is too long or too complicated.
 If the function is a recursive function.
 If the function is not returning any value.
 If the function is having switch statement and goto statement.
 If the function having looping constructs such as while, for, do-while.
 If the function has static variable

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