Teacher: Abdellah El Kahl “GENERAL REVIEW” 2nd Bac Level

Unit 1: “Gerund and Infinitive”

Gerund [ verb + ing] . Infinitive [ to + verb] . Bare infinitive [ verb without “to”]
(Working) . ( to work ) . (Work) .
 Words followed by gerund:  Words followed by infinitive:  Words followed by bare infinitive:
( looking forward to – enjoy – finish – like ( want – decide – refuse – promise – forget ( Modals: can , should , must, may .....)
– stop – hate – suggest – mind – start – - would like – agree – hope)  After certain verbs:
keep – recommend …..)  After adjectives: ( make – help- let .....
 After prepositions: ( happy – glad – easy........)

( in – on – at – for – about….. )

EXERCISE: Put the verbs between brackets in the correct form (Gerund or Infinitive).

1. She decided (leave)....................................................................................................................school at an early age.

2. The president is fond of (read)...............................................................................................................daily news.
3. Sarah’s father should not (let).............................................................................................................her get married at the age of 17.
4. I always enjoy (play).................................................................................................................................chess with my friends.
5. Brahim is looking forward to (meet)...................................................................................................................his family in Morocco.

Unit 2: “Modals”
 Modals in Present: [ modal + verb (infinitive)]
 Modals in Past: [ modal + have + verb (Past Participle) ]

EXERCISE: Fill in the blanks with the correct modal.

1. My parents...........................................................................................travel at the weekend if the weather is nice.

[may – may have – should]
2. You.................................................................................................bought all this food. There aren’t many guests.
[needn’t – needn’t have – must]
3. We......................................................................................be at the bus station at 8:00 if we don’t want to miss the bus.
[may – must have – must ]
4. When Jane was a child, she......................................................................................................play the piano very well.
can – can have – could]

Unit 3: “Past Perfect Simple”

 Structure: [ had + verb ( Past Participle ) ]
 Keywords of Past Perfect Simple: [ after – already ...]
 Keywords of Simple Past: [ before – when ]

EXERCISE: Put the verbs in brackets in Past Perfect Simple OR Past Simple.

1. Hamid (work)...............................................................................in the call centre before he (become)............................................................an English teacher.

2. When Ali (arrive)........................................................in the class, his teacher (already/start)...........................................................................the explanation.
3. After he (be).....................................................................................a teacher of physics, Mr.Kim (change)................................................................to a manager.
4. Before she (answer)……….……………………….…………………the questions, she (read)…..…………….…………………………………..the text twice.
 Unit 4: “Future Perfect Simple”

 Structure: [ will have + verb ( Past Participle) ]

 KEYWORDS of Future Perfect Simple: [ by the end of …..+ time / by next......]

EXERCISE: Put the verbs in brackets in Future Simple OR Future Perfect Simple.

1. By this time next year, my brother (spend)…………………………………….……………………………………………three years in Canada.

2. By the end of this century, we (find)…………………………..……………………………………….cures for almost all life-threatening diseases.
3. Mr. Karimi (open)…………………………………………………………………………………………….his new car rent agency by December 2023.
4. Kamal (set up) ………………………………………………………………………..………………….his own business next month.

Unit 5: “Passive Voice”

- Tenses - Passive Rule

 Present Simple Object + is / are + verb (past participle) + by + agent

 Present Continuous Object + is / are + being + verb (past participle) + by + agent.

 Present Perfect Simple Object + have / has + been + verb (past participle) + by+ agent.

 Past Simple Object + was / were + verb (past participle) + by + agent.

 Past Continuous Object + was / were + being + verb (past participle) + by+ agent.

 Past Perfect Simple Object + had + been + verb (past participle) + by + agent.

 Future Simple Object + will + be + verb (past participle) + by + agent.

 Future Perfect Simple Object + will have + been + verb (past participle) + by+ agent.

 Be going to Object + am / is / are + going to + be + verb (past participle) + by + agent.

 Modals (can, must, should….) Object + modal +be+ verb (past participle) + by + agent.

EXERCISE: Rewrite the following sentences as suggested.

1. The government offered financial support to small businesses.
- Financial support....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Scientists will find a cure to cancer.
- A cure to cancer........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. Heavy rain has destroyed many roads this year.
- Many roads....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Mark Zuckerberg created Facebook.
- Facebook ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. People should check their cars before travelling.
- Cars......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. The cooperative awarded a prize to Rachida.
- Rachida.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7. They will build a primary school in our village.
- A primary school..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
 Unit 6: “Phrasal Verbs”
 Phrasal verbs consist of a base verb and a particle. ( give up / go out .......)
Base verb particle

 Here are some common phrasal verbs and their collocations.

Phrasal verbs Translation Meaning in English It collocates with

Apply for ‫قدم طلب‬ Make a request for A job / a visa

Stand for ‫يعني‬ Mean Acronyms (USA = United States of America)

Look for ‫يبحث‬ Search In a dictionary.

Set up ‫أسس‬ Establish A business / a company......

Bring up ‫يربي طفال‬ Educate a child A child / a baby / little brother........

Look up ‫يبحث غي المعجم‬ Search in a dictionary Words in a dictionary

Pick up ‫تعلم بسرعة | التقط‬ Learn easily / collect Languages

Dress up ‫ارتدى المالبس‬ Wear clothes Clothes

Put up ‫ استضاف‬Host a person

Put up with ‫يتسامح‬ Accept / tolerate

Take up ‫ احترف هواية | حرفة‬Start a hobby

Give up ‫ توقف عن شيء ما‬Stop doing something Smoking……..

Eat out ‫أكل خارجا‬ Eat outside A restaurant

Go out ‫ خرج من‬Leave Home / work / school

Find out ‫اكتشف‬ Discover Cultures

Put out ‫أخمد حريقا‬ Stop fire

Break down ‫تعطل‬ Stop working Machines ( car – phone – computer.....)

Turn down ‫رفض طلب‬ Refuse / Reject

Cut down ‫أ نقص من‬ Reduce Volume / Voice.

Let down ‫يخذل‬ Disappoint

Jot down ‫كتب‬ Write

Log on ‫دخل لموقع‬ Enter Social networks (Facebook, Twitter......)

Turn on ‫شغل‬ Start The radio / TV / light…..

Carry on ‫أكمل‬ Continue

Fill in ‫أمأل‬ Complete Application form

Come across ‫التقى صدفة‬ Meet by chance An old friend or teacher.

Take off ‫أقلع‬ Leave the ground A plane . Clothes

Put off ‫أ ّجل‬ Postpone A meeting.......

Go through ‫ مر بتجربة‬/ ‫واجه‬ Experience Hard situations(divorce...) / Experience

Look after ‫اعتنى‬ Take care A child / a baby / grandparents.

Bring about ‫سبّب حدوث شيء‬ Cause to happen Changes

Break in ‫اقتحم بقوة‬ Enter by force

Check in ..‫حجز (غرفة‬ Register A hotel.

Run into ‫التقى صدفة‬ Meet by chance

  Give up ‫ =توقف عن‬stop ( give up smoking(
 Stand for. ( WHO stands for World Health Organisation.)

EXERCISE: Fill in the blanks with the correct phrasal verb from the list:

[ log on – pick up – set up – stand for – apply for - fill in – pick up – take off – stand for – break down]
1. We couldn’t ………………………………………..…………………..……….a new company because we didn’t have enough budget.
2. You need your username and password to………………………………….……………………………….to your Facebook page.
3. Why don’t you…………………………………………………….…..………that job? I think you have the required qualifications.
4. If you immigrate to France, you will be able to…………………………..……………..……………………..the French language very quickly.
5. The initials FAO………………………………………..…………………..……….Food and Agriculture Organization.
6. My computer is too old. It’s likely to………………………………….……………………………….at any time.
7. All the candidates need to…………………………………………………….…..………the application form before sitting for the interview.
8. Because of the rain, the plane couldn’t…………………………..……………..…………………….. .

Unit 7: “Reported Speech”

 When the reporting verb is in the present ( says , thinks , asks…) , NO CHANGES are introduced into the indirect speech in terms of
TENSE.
 Example: present simple
 Direct Speech: “ I live in this village now”. He says
 Indirect Speech: He says that he lives in that village then.

 When the reporting verb is in the past ( said , asked , told…) , many CHANGES are introduced into the Indirect Speech in terms of
TENSE, Pronouns and Time expressions.
 Example: present simple
 Direct Speech: “I live in this village now”. He said
 Indirect Speech: He said that he lived in that village then. past simple

I. Reporting a Statement.
 Direct Speech: “I will visit my family next week”. He told me
 Indirect Speech: He told me that he would visit his family the following week.

Notes:
1. Omit the quotation marks.
2. + that (optional)
3. Change the pronouns.
4. Change the verb tense.
5. Change the time expressions.

II. Reporting a Command / Advice / Request.

 Direct Speech: “read the text”. The teacher ordered his students
 Indirect Speech: The teacher ordered his students to read text.

 Direct Speech: “Don’t eat fast-food”. The doctor advised the patient.
 Indirect Speech: The doctor advised the patient not to eat fast-food.
 Notes:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Affirmative: infinitive……………………. To + infinitive…………..…………

Negative: don’t + infinitive…….………. Not to + infinitive………………

III. Reporting Questions.

 Direct Speech: “Do you live in this house?”. She wanted to know [Do = S. Present]
 Indirect Speech: She wanted to know if I lived in that house.

 Direct Speech: “Did you go to school yesterday?” [Did = S. Past]

 Indirect Speech: my friend asked me if I went to school the day before.
 Direct Speech: “will you play sports tomorrow?”. My friend asked me [will  would]
 Indirect Speech: My brother asked me if I would play sports the following day.

 Direct Speech: “Can you speak English?”. A tourist asked me [can  could]
 Indirect Speech: A tourist asked me if I could speak English.

 Direct Speech: “Where do you live?”. He wanted to know

 Indirect Speech: He wanted to know where I lived.

Questions
Wh-Questions: Yes / No Questions
Where – what – when – how – why Do – Does
Did
Are – Is / Were – Was
Have – Has
Modals ( can/will/would/could .......

NO “if” we use “if” or “whether”

 Changes:

Tenses Time Expressions

Direct Speech Reported Speech Direct Speech Reported Speech
- S. Present - S. Past - now - then
am / is / are was / were - today - that day
live / lives lived - tomorrow - the next / following day
take / takes took - yesterday - the day before
don’t / doesn’t didn’t - ago - before
- Pre. Continuous - Past Continuous - this (week – month – year) - that (week – month – year)
am / is / are eating was / were eating - next (week – month – year) - the following (week - …….)
- Pre. Perfect - Past perfect Simple - last (night - week – month – year) - the (night……) before
Have / has eaten had eaten
- S. Past - Past Perfect Simple Demonstratives
was / were had been Direct Speech Reported Speech
lived had lived - this - that
took had taken - these - those
don’t take hadn’t taken - here - there
- S. Future - Conditional Pronouns
Will come would come Direct Speech Reported Speech
Modals -I - he / she
Direct Speech Reported Speech - we - they
- can - could - my - his / her
- can’t - couldn’t - our - their
- must - had to
- may - might
- will - would
Exercise: Report the following statements as suggested.

1- “I visited this place last year". The man said

The man said....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2- “Keep your classroom clean!” . He said
The director ordered students............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3- “Where is the train station?”. A tourist asked me
A tourist asked me ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4- “Did you enjoy the party?”. Youssef wanted to know
Youssef wanted to konw....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5- “I will travel to Madrid next month". Najat told her classmates.
Najat told her classmates..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6- “Don’t forget to lock the window!”. My mother reminded me.
My mother reminded me.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
7- “Will you watch the match at home tomorrow?”. He asked me
He asked me...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8- “Please, help me with the homework”. My brother asked me
My brother asked me................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9- “I bought a new laptop yesterday “. My friend told me.
My friend told me.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
10- “Don’t use mobile phones while driving!”. The policeman advised me.
The policeman advised me .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Unit 9: “if only / wish”

 Present Wishes:
 I don’t have a sport car. Negative
 If only
I had a sport car. Positive
 I wish
 I have many problems in my life. Positive
 If only
I didn’t have many problems in my life. Negative
 I wish
 Form: ( Present Wishes )
If only / I wish + subject + Simple Past.
 Positive  Negative [didn’t + verb (infinitive)] Negative  Positive.

 Past Wishes:.
1. I didn’t revise my lessons. I got a bad mark. Negative
 If only
I had revised my lessons. Positive
 I wish
2. I ate so much food. Positive
 I only
I hadn’t eaten so much food. Negative
 I wish
 Form: ( Past Wishes)
If only / I wish + Subject + Past Perect [had + Verb (p.p.)] .
 Positive  Negative (hadn’t + verb (p.p)) Negative  Positive.
 Exercise: Complete these sentences as suggested (national exams)
1. Jalal doesn’t have a driving license.
 If only……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .
2. I had a bad mark in the test because I didn’t prepare well.
 I wish……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .
3. It’s a pity I didn’t study Physics.
 If only…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .
4. I didn’t watch the football World Cup finals.
 If wish……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .
5. Najwa didn’t accept Jamal’s marriage proposal.
 Najwa wishes…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .
6. I don’t have enough money, so I can’t buy this computer.
 If only……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .
7. It’s a pity I didn’t send them the message on time.
 I wish……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .
8. Fadoua left school at an early age.
 If only……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .

“Conditional Type 3”
- I didn’t go to school. Triggering action.
- I didn’t do the test. Result.
 If I had gone to school , I would have done the test.
 If + triggering action + result.
- He drove too fast. Triggering action.
- He had a terrible accident. Result.
 If he hadn’t driven too fast , he wouldn’t have had a terrible accident.

Rule:
 If + subject + Past Perfect , Subject + would / could + have + verb (p.p.)
o Positive Negative. Negative Positive

EXERCISE: Rewrite these sentences as suggested.

1. Jamal didn’t take the plane because he didn’t have enough money.
 If Jamal………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………….…………………………………………………………………..
2. I had a bad mark at the test because I didn’t prepare well.
 If I………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………….…………………………………………………………………..
3. Yassine didn’t stop at the red light. He had a bad accident.
 If Yassine ………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………….……………………………………………………………….
4. Amadou didn’t stay in France because he didn’t have a good job.
 If Amadou…………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………….……………………………………………………………………..
5. Omar was too late. He didn’t take the exam.
 If Omar hadn’t been too late, he………………………………………….……….………………………………….……………………………………………………………………..
6. Latifa gained more weight because she didn’t follow the doctor’s advice.
 If Latifa had followed the doctor’s advice, ……………………………………………………..……………….……………………………………………………………………..
7. Leila didn’t get a front seat at the theatre because she didn’t buy a ticket early.
 If Laila had bought a ticket early, she……………………………………………………………..……………….……………………………………………………………………..
 Unit 10: “Relative Pronouns”
Relative Pronouns Use Examples
 Who - People - The man who wears a black jacket is my father. [who + verb]
 Whom - People - The man whom you met yesterday, is my brother. [whom + object pronoun]
 Which - Objects / - The phone which was ringing is mine.
Animals - This is the dog which saved my life.
 Whose - Possession - Ahmed, whose father is a dentist, is my classmate. [whose + noun]
 When - Time - May 10th is the date when I celebrate my birthday.
 Where - Place - Al Hoceima where I was born is a nice city.

EXERCISE: Choose the correct relative pronoun.

1. Essaouira is a city ..................................................................................people are friendly and hospitable.

[Which – whom – where]
2. The old man ............................................................................lives next door has just died.
[Whose – who – which]
3. Najib Mahfoud, ..................................................................................novels are translated into many languages, won the Noble Prize.
[Whom – which – whose ]
4. Achraf Hakimi .................................................................was selected best young player, is originally from Oued Zem.
[Who – whose – where]
5. I downloaded the video..............................................................gained millions of likes on YouTube.
[Whose – which – whom]
6. May 1st is a day ...............................................................people in many countries honour workers.
[When – who – which ]
7. The doctor.....................................................................we met last night, was my classmate.
[Whom – whose – which]
8. Adil Imam, ......................................................................movies are very funny is from Egypt.
[Who – which – whose]
9. The company..................................................................he works based in Germany.
[Where – whom – who]
10. I can’t remember the person...................................................................sent me this video.

[Whom – who – which ]

“Expressing Purpose”

1. To / in order to / so as to + bare infinitive:

Example: People go jogging. They want to keep fit and healthy.
to
 People go jogging in order to keep fit and healthy.
so as to

2. In order not to / so as not to + bare infinitive:

Example: I took a taxi. I didn’t want to be late.
in order not to
 I took a taxi be late.
so as not to
 3. So that / in order that + subject + a modal:
Example: She asked for a credit. She wanted to set up her own business.
so that
 She asked for a credit she could / would set up her own business.
in order that (past)
Example: He sleeps early. He wants to wake up early.
so that
 He sleeps early he can get up early.
in order that (present)

EXERCISE: Rewrite these sentences using words in brackets.

1. She took a taxi. She didn’t want to come to work late. ( in order not to )
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. He sold his old car. He wanted to buy another one. ( so that)

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. She stayed in England for a year. She wanted to pick up the language. (in order to)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Jihad was waiting for his teacher. He wanted to get his mark. (so as to)
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

“Cause and Effect”

1. Cause :
a. Because / since / as + subject + verb:

Example: It was raining (cause). The football match was cancelled (effect).

since subject verb

 The football match was cancelled because it was raining.
as

b. Due to / Owing to / Because of + noun / ing :

Example: I was sick (cause). I didn’t go to school (effect).

Because of
 Owing to my sickness, I didn’t go to school. ● adjective (sick) noun (sickness)
Due to (noun)

Because of
 Owing to being sick, I didn’t go to school. ● ing: ( verb + ing )

Due to (ing)
 Effect + Expressions of Cause+ Cause.
2. Effect :
Example: It was raining (cause). The football match was cancelled (effect).
So
Thus
Therefore
 It was raining. Consequently , the football match was cancelled.
As a consequence
As a result
Because of this

 Cause+ Expressions of Effect+ Effect.

EXERCISE 1: Choose the right answer.

1. Laila is fit and healthy..........................................................................................she exercises regularly.

[due to – because of – because]
2. She is rich and beautiful. .................................................................................. , everybody wants to marry her.
[As a result – Since – Because]
3. Nabil took the medicine regularly. ....................................................................................... , he got better.
[Owing to – Consequently – because]
4. ................................................................................................his laziness, he didn’t pass the exam.
[Since – Because of – Because of this]

EXERCISE 2: Join these sentences using the words between brackets.

1. Jilali divorced his wife. He had family problems. ( Because of )

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

2. Lamiae is getting fatter. She eats unhealthy food. ( As a result )

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

3. He had an accident. He was careless. ( Owing to )

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

4. Otman had eaten too much. He had a stomach-ache. ( Consequently )

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

5. Jamila didn’t attend the meeting. She was ill. (Due to)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

"Addition and Concession”

1. Addition:
a. In addition / Moreover / Furthermore.
 TV is a source of information. It’s a source of entertainment.

Moreover
 TV is a source of information. In addition , it’s a source of entertainment.
Furthermore

b. Subject + not only + verb......................, but + subject + also + verb.

 He speaks English. He speaks Spanish fluently.

 He not only speaks English, but also he speaks Spanish fluently. [not only + verb…….but also + verb]

 Bilal is an intelligent student. He is very polite.

 Bilal is not only an intelligent student, but also very polite. [to be + not only……… but also]

c. Along with / As well as + ing:

 Sarah cleaned the house. She watered the plants as well.
along with
 Sarah cleaned the house watering the plants.
as well as
 Along with cleaning the house, Sarah watered the plants.
 2. Concession:
a. Although / Though / Even though.
Example:
 He was sick. He went to school.
Even though
 he was sick, he went to school. – He was sick , though he went to school.
Although

b. However / Yet / Nevertheless.

Example:
 He was sick. He went to school.
Yet
 He was sick. However , he went to school.
Nevertheless

c. Despite / In spite of + noun / ing /the fact that.

Example:
 He was sick. He didn’t go to work.

Despite being sick, he went to work. +ing [verb + ing]

 his sickness, he went to work. +noun [adjective to noun]
In spite of the fact that he was sick, he went to work

EXERCISE: Rewrite these sentences using the words between brackets.

1. Jilali is a poor man. He managed to send his children to school. ( although)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

2. Merrakech is a beautiful city. It has a nice weather. ( In addition )

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

3. Many people still use plastic bags. They are dangerous for the environment. (though)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

4. Nada got up early. She missed the bus. ( In spite of )

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

5. Good students participate in class. They revise their lessons at home. ( not only.........but also)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

6. The government invests a lot of money in tourism. Not many tourists visit our town. (however)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

7. Khalid did a great job. He was not offered a better position. (although)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

8. Many African countries have natural resources. They still suffer from poverty. (yet)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………

“Don’t forget me in your Dua’a”

GOOD LUCK 🙂